Umgijimi oyiphethini Kungabonakala kuyingozi futhi kusongela, kepha lesi silwane esihuquzelayo asinalo usongo futhi asinabungozi ngokuphelele kubantu, ngoba engenazo izikhali ezinobuthi. Ake sifunde ngokuningiliziwe ngomsebenzi obalulekile walomuntu oyinyoka, obonisa izindawo zokuhlala unomphela, idatha yangaphandle, isimo nemikhuba.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoka enephethini
Inyoka eyiphethini ingeyenyoka engeyona enobuthi yomndeni omise okuncane, evela kuhlobo lwezinyoka ezikhuphukayo. Lolu hlobo lwezinyoka lwaziwa kusukela eMiddle Miocene yaseNyakatho Melika nase-Upper Miocene esempumalanga yeYurophu. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabagijimi abakhuphukayo nabagijimi abancane (bangempela) ukwakheka kwamazinyo. Emhlathini ongenhla, wonke amazinyo ayafana futhi atholakala emugqeni oqhubekayo, ofakwa izingcezu eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-22. Kepha amazinyo angaphambili kakhulu, asemihlathini engezansi, makhulu kakhulu kunamanye, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukuwabiza ngisho.
Ividiyo: Umgijimi Onephethini
Izinyoka ezikhuphukayo nazo zibonakala ngokuba khona kweziqu zemisila ezibhangqiwe, abafundi abayindilinga nezikali ezibushelelezi noma ezinamabhande amancane. Inhloko yenyoka ivelele kahle kuwo wonke umzimba ngosizo lokunqamuka komlomo wesibeletho. Amakhala atholakala phakathi kwamacwecwe amabili acinene. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zibonakala ngokuhlukaniswa kwepuleti lendunu.
Inyoka eyiphethini, njengohlobo oluthile, yaqala ukukhonjwa futhi yachazwa yisazi semvelo saseJalimane uPeter Pallas, lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1773, lapho kuhlonyelwa uhambo oluya eSiberia. NgesiLatin, waqamba lesi silwane esihuquzelayo ngokuthi "u-Elaphe dione" ukuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi wasendulo ongumGreki uDione, ohlonishwa njengobambisene kaZeus nonina ka-Aphrodite noDionysus. Ubukhulu bezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoka bungaba yimitha elilodwa nohhafu ubude, kepha izinhlobo ezinjalo azivamile, ubude obumaphakathi balezi zinyoka buyahluka ngaphakathi kwemitha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesilisa bancane kakhulu kunezinyoka zabesifazane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka eyenziwe ngephethini
Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi le nyoka ibizwa ngokuthi iphethini; ibonakala kalula ngomhlobiso okhethekile ohlobisa ikhanda lesilwane esihuquzelayo. Umugqa omnyama we-arched ugijima unqamule ikhanda, uxhuma amehlo njenge-jumper yezibuko. Esifundeni se-occipital, amabala amabili amakhulu we-longitudinal anemiphetho engalingani ahlukile, lawo angaphandle axhumene nomunye. Ukusuka emehlweni kuya entanyeni, umugqa wesikhashana womthunzi ofanayo ofanayo welula.
Umbala ovame kakhulu wezinyoka ezinephethini ungumbala onsundu ngokunsundu nohlobo lokuqhakaza okunsundu. Ummango ufakwe ngazimbili zemivimbo emnyama yobude obude; ezinye izinyoka zinamabala acishe abe mnyama esikhundleni semivimbo. Isisu senyoka sinethoni empunga noma ephuzi ngemibala emnyama noma ebomvu. Izikali ezisemaceleni zenyoka zibushelelezi futhi ziyacwebezela, futhi endaweni engemuva zinezimbambo ezimbalwa futhi zifakwe izimbotshana kuzona kanye izeluleko. Ngokuvamile, emvelweni kunemibala ehluke ngokuphelele yabagijimi abanamaphethini, kuya ngezindawo zokuthunyelwa kwabo. Ngemuva kwenqubo ye-molting, babukeka bejwayelekile, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhanya kwabo kuyabuyiselwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezimweni zemvelo, kunabagijimi abaphethini be-orange, emnyama, ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, e-shades eluhlaza. Phakathi kwalezi zinyoka kukhona kokubili ama-melanists nama-albino.
Uma sithole ubukhulu benyoka uqobo lwayo, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ubude bomsila wayo, ohluka kusuka ku-17 kuye ku-30 cm. Yize abesifazane bezinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo bakhulu kunama-cavaliers abo, umsila wabo mfushane kunowesilisa futhi awugqinsi kangako esisekelweni. Omunye umehluko phakathi kobulili ubukhona bezivikelo, ezinkulu kubesilisa kunabesifazane.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka eyiphethini?
Isithombe: Inyoka enephethini evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Indawo yokuhlala yenyoka enephethini ibanzi impela, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sandile futhi sashintshwa ngokuphelele ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene. Indawo yokuhlala yomuntu inyoka isuka ezindaweni zase-Ukraine iye emingceleni yaseMpumalanga Ekude idabula i-Asia Ephakathi (izikhala zaseKyrgyzstan, iTurkmenistan, iTajikistan, i-Uzbekistan) kanye namathafa aseKazakh. Inyoka ihlala eKorea, eMpumalanga Transcaucasia, eMongolia, e-Iran naseChina.
Ensimini yezwe lethu, kwasakazeka ku:
- Isifunda seVolga;
- I-Stavropol;
- Dagestan;
- Ingxenye eseningizimu yeSiberia;
- EMpumalanga Ekude.
Mhlawumbe izinyoka sezizinze kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kalula nezindawo ezihlukene zezulu kanye namathafa. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlaba umxhwele emathafeni ezikhukhula zemifula, amahlathi, izindawo ezisenkangala kanye nezindawo eziwugwadule, ama-steppe expanses, amaxhaphozi omhlanga, amadlelo asezintabeni, amaxhaphozi, imithambeka yezintaba, ekhuphukela ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amathathu nohhafu. Laba bantu bezinyoka abesabi kakhulu abantu, ngakho-ke bavame ukutholakala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu, babhekwe iso ezingadini nasezivinini, emasimini atshaliwe.
Inyoka eyiphethini iba nezimpande kahle, zombili emahlathini axubekile naconiferous ehlathini. Akayena umfokazi kuzo zombili izifunda ezimanzi nezingwadule ezomile. Izinyoka zihlala ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi kasawoti, izindunduma, amasimu elayisi, ama-takyrs, amahlathi e-juniper. Ngenxa yokuma kwayo, inyoka ikhetha izikhala zezihlahla eziphakathi kwezimpande, imifantu ehlukahlukene emhlabathini, imigodi.
Idlani inyoka enephethini?
Isithombe: Inyoka enephethini eRussia
Imenyu yenyoka ingabizwa ngokuhlukahluka, iqukethe:
- amagundane;
- gophers;
- ama-jerboas;
- ama-hamsters;
- amagundane;
- enezimpaphe.
Inyoka enephethini ibheke kahle futhi ikhuphuka emagatsheni ezihlahla, ngakho-ke ivame ukona ukonakalisa izidleke zezinyoni, idle amaqanda ayo ngendlela engajwayelekile. Uwagwinya wonke, ngaphandle kokuphula igobolondo ngemihlathi yakhe, emiphakathini, izinqubo ezikhethekile ze-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho ziyaphula. Inyoka iyathanda ukuzitika ngezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo: izibankwa nezinyoka ezincane, ngisho nezinobuhlungu. Iselesele elichumayo, ixoxo, zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, nezinhlanzi ezinesilinganiso esimaphakathi ngeke zenqabe ukudla okulula.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izinyoka ezinamaphethini zilahlwa yicala lokudla abantu, ngakho-ke zingashwabadela umfowabo osondele kakhulu ngaphandle kokuzisola ngonembeza wenyoka.
Iphunga layo elihle nokubona kusiza inyoka ukuzingela, ngenxa yabo, isisulu siyalandelwa. Izinyoka azisoze zadla inyamazane esakhombisa izimpawu zokuphila. Okokuqala, bayambulala, besebenzisa izindlela zokuminyanisa, njengezinkomo, bese kuphela lapho beqala ukudla, bagwinye umzimba ongenalutho wesisulu, abasimanzisa kakhulu ngamathe abo. Inqubo yokumunca iqala njalo kusuka ekhanda.
Izinyoka ezihlala ekuthunjweni nazo zondliwa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zamagundane amancane, izinyoni zezingoma, izibankwa, namaqanda ezinyoni. Abagcini be-Terrarium bavame ukulungisa ukudla kusengaphambili ngokukufaka eqandeni. Ngaphambi kokudla inyoka, ubhekana nenqubo yokuhlehlisa. Inqubo yokondla izinyoka ezivuthiwe yenzeka kanye ngesonto. Ngokuvamile, izinyoka ezinamaphethini zingahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga eyodwa, ezingalimazi impilo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ungayigcina kanjani inyoka enephethini ekhaya. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka enephethini
Inyoka enephethini iyasebenza emini, kanti ebusuku nasekushiseni okunamandla ikhetha ukuba sendaweni yayo ephephile, okuyimigodi, izihlahlana, imigodi. Imvamisa, entwasahlobo, ungabona izinyoka ezimbalwa eziseduze ngasikhathi sinye, kepha azenzi amaqoqo amaningi, njengezinyoka.
Inyoka inikezwe ukubona okuhle nephunga, ingakhuphuka ngobuciko emagatsheni ezihlahla, ayiwesabi neze amanzi. Isirhubuluzi naso sibhukuda kahle, ngakho-ke sihlala singena emanzini angenasawoti nasolwandle. Inyoka enephethini ikwazi ukucwila kahle; ezweni lethu, ivame ukuchitha isikhathi endaweni yomfula osogwini enkampanini yenyoka yamanzi. Izinyoka ziya ezindaweni zokuhlala ebusika ngoSepthemba-Novemba, bese zivuka ekugqwayizeni okumisiwe ngoMashi noma ngo-Ephreli. Lesi isikhathi esingalungile, konke kuncike esifundeni esithile sezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu nasemazweni anezimo zezulu ezifudumele, ubusika basebusika buphela ngokufika kukaFebhuwari.
Kumuntu, inyoka ayinayo ingozi, ngoba ayinabo ubuthi. Unesimo esinokuthula ngokuphelele nobungane. Ukubona abantu beseduze, umuntu wenyoka uqobo uzama ukucasha ukuze aphephe. Abagcini bama-terrariums baqinisekisa ukuthi uhlobo lwezinyoka ezinamaphethini lulinganisela kakhulu, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo azinalo ulaka ikakhulukazi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, bazolile kakhulu futhi abanesizotha, ngakho-ke akunzima kangako ukuwagcina. Izinyoka ezinamaphethini avuthiwe zizwana kahle kwi-terrarium encane, zizizwa zikhulu. Abagijimi bajwayela abantu kalula futhi ngokushesha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoka encane enephethini
Isikhathi somshado wezinyoka siwela ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, kepha kwezinye izindawo lapho isimo sezulu sipholile, singahlala ngoJuni wonke. Ngalesi sikhathi sokuphumula sezinyoka, ungathola amaqoqo aphelele ezihuquzelayo ezinamaphethini. Lezi zinambuzane ziyi-oviparous, ngakho-ke insikazi isondela ngokucophelela kunqubo yokuhlela isidleke sayo, okungaba:
- emaqabungeni abolayo eduze kwamanzi amaningi;
- iziphunzi ezibolile ezibolile;
- Udoti womhlabathi wehlathi;
- izikhala zobumba;
- ngaphansi kwamatshe.
Ukuqubuka kungaqukatha amaqanda ama-5 kuye kwangama-24, wonke angahluka kancane komunye nomunye ngobude (kusuka ku-16 kuye ku-17.6 mm). Kunezimo lapho abesifazane abaningi bebeka amaqanda esidlekeni esisodwa ngasikhathi sinye, ubukhulu bezindlwana ezihlanganisiwe ezinjalo bufinyelela amaqanda ayi-120, kepha imvamisa kakhulu kuleli nani elikhulu, uhhafu wezinyoka zezingane kuphela onamandla okuphila.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokufukamela sifushane (cishe inyanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amasonto amabili), ngoba amaqanda abekiwe asevele enemibungu eseyithuthukile. Imibungu yenyoka enephethini isivele iqala ukukhula lapho isendaweni yama-oviducts kamama.
Izazi ze-Herpetologists ziqaphele ukuthi izinsikazi zenyoka enephethini zingomama abakhathalelayo kakhulu, ngisho nangesikhathi sokufukamela bazikhandla ngokungagodli bamba, bezisonga ngomzimba wabo wenyoka ukuze amaqanda angangeni ezingxenyeni zazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye nakwezinye izifiso ezimbi. Amawundlu ezinyoka ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene aqandusela ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba.
Ubude babo buhluka kusuka ku-18 kuye ku-25 cm, futhi isisindo sabo sisuka ku-3 kuye ku-9 g. Intsha ngaphandle iyafana kakhulu nabazali bayo, ikhula ngokushesha futhi ingatholi ukuzimela nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nesipiliyoni sempilo. Futhi isikhathi sezinyoka endaweni yazo yemvelo cishe siyiminyaka eyi-9, yize ekuthunjweni zingaphila kuze kufike ku-11.
Izitha Zemvelo Zezinyoka Eziphethini
Isithombe: Inyoka enephethini eRussia
Ezimweni zemvelo zasendle, inyoka enephethini ayilula, ngoba ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinabukhulu obukhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke inezitha eziningi. Ingozi ilindele abagijimi, phansi kanye nasemoyeni. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezidlayo (ama-martens, izimpungushe, ama-badger) aziphikisi ukuzitika ngalesi silwane esihuquzelayo. Izidlakudla ezinezimpiko zihlasela emoyeni ngezinyoka ezinamaphethini (izinkozi, ama-kites). Okokuqala, izilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi ziyahlupheka, okuyizona ezisengozini enkulu. Ungakhohlwa ngobuzimuzimu obuchuma phakathi kwezihuquzelayo ezinephethini, ukuze izinyoka uqobo zibe yizitha zabanye.
Inyoka enephethini inecebo lokuzivikela elithakazelisayo. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo nezinobungozi, ifana nenyoka eyinyoka futhi iqala ukudlidliza ngethiphu lomsila wayo wenyoka, kanti ngasikhathi sinye iyakwazi ukwenza uchungechunge lwemisindo yezikhathi, efana nemisindo yenyoka. Yiqiniso, lokhu akuphumeli phezulu kakhulu futhi ngokusongela, ngoba akukho ukukhwabanisa ekugcineni komsila womgijimi, kodwa kaningi inqubo enjalo iyaphumelela, isabisa isitha esibambe ongezansi.
Isitha senyoka naso singathathwa njengomuntu. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu babulala lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, baziphathe njengezingozi futhi zinoshevu. Ukwenza okungapheli komuntu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi abantu bahlala ezindaweni eziningi ngokwengeziwe zempilo yabo, bengacabangi ukuthi bahlasela izindawo zabanye abantu, lapho kuhlala khona izinyoka ezinamaphethini, okumele zingene futhi zihlushwe ukungenelela kwabantu okunonya. Imvamisa, abagijimi basindiswa ubugovu babo, ukushesha kokunyakaza, amandla okubhukuda ngokuphelele nangokuhamba kahle emagatsheni ezihlahla, lapho bekwazi ukugibela kusuka ezilwaneni ezinkulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka eyenziwe ngephethini
Njengoba sekushiwo, indawo yokuhlala izinyoka ezinamaphethini inkulu kakhulu, kepha akunakuphikiswa ukuthi inani lalezi zinyoka likhulu, ukuminyana kwazo ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, kaningi, kuncane. Yiqiniso, kwezinye izindawo bazizwa bekhululekile. Isibonelo, ensimini yesifunda seVolgograd, izinyoka ezinamaphethini zingatholakala cishe yonke indawo, ngaphezu kwakho konke zikhethe izingxenye zalo ezisempumalanga naseningizimu. Ngeshwa, indawo enhle yezinyoka ayikho yonke indawo, ezifundeni eziningi mancane ngokwedlulele ngesibalo futhi aqala ukunyamalala ezindaweni okwakungahlalwa kuzo lapho phambilini zazikhona ngamanani anele.
Lesi simo siyathuthuka, okokuqala, ngenxa yokugxambukela komuntu emvelweni wezinyoka zemvelo. Kunezindawo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezingathintwanga lapho izinyoka zizizwa ziphephile. Abantu bayabasusa ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala unomphela, bakhe amadolobha, balime amasimu, bakhiphe amaxhaphozi, babeke imizila yezokuthutha, babhubhise amahlathi, futhi benze isimo sendawo sibe sibi ngokwedlulele.
Ngakho-ke, singasho ngokuzethemba ukuthi isimo sabantu bezinyoka ezinamaphethini ezifundeni eziningi siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezinhlangano zemvelo, inani lezinyoka liya ngokuya lincipha, futhi kwezinye izindawo linganyamalala ngokuphelele, isici esidumile somuntu kufanele sisolwe, ngakho-ke izinyoka zidinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela.
Ukuvikelwa kwabagijimi abanamaphethini
Isithombe: Inyoka enephethini evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Kusuka kokungenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi isimo ngosayizi wezinyoka ezinephethini asisihle neze, kepha siyadabukisa. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho beziziningi zalezi zinyoka phambilini, seziyivelakancane ngokwedlulele, inani lazo liyancipha ngaso sonke isikhathi, okungenakungakhathazi. Kwezinye izifunda, ukwehla okukhulu kwezinombolo zezinyoka kuholele ekutheni izinyoka zivele zanyamalala, ngakho-ke, kwezinye izindawo ezisendaweni yeRussian Federation, lezi zinambuzane zibhalwe kuRed Data Books.
Inyoka eyiphethini ibhalwe kuRed Data Books yaseKrasnoyarsk Territory naseRiphabhlikhi yaseKhakassia. Lapha kunikezwe isigaba sesine futhi kunesimo sezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, isibalo esithile esingacaciswanga, kepha sincipha njalo. Inyoka enephethini iyatholakala naseRed Data Books ezifundeni zase-Ulyanovsk, Samara nase-Orenburg. Inyoka ingeyesigaba sesithathu futhi inesimo sezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu ezinenombolo engaziwa. Ensimini yeRiphabhulikhi yaseChechen, inyoka enephethini ifakiwe kwiRed Book kusukela ngo-2007 njengezilwane ezingavamile, ezisakazeke ezindaweni ezincane, ezisengozini ezweni.
Izici ezikhawulela kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zihlala zingaziwa, kepha kucace ngokusobala ukuthi umthelela we-anthropogenic unomthelela omubi kubukhulu bezinyoka. Ukungenelela kuma-biotopes omdabu, ukulima umhlaba, ukuhlelwa kwamadlelo ezindaweni ezihlala izinyoka, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha zokuthutha, imililo yaminyaka yonke yasentwasahlobo inethonya elibi kwinani lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, okuholele ekutheni abantu bezinyoka ezinamaphethini basongele ukuqothulwa.
Ukukugwema, kufanele usebenzise lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo:
- ukuthola amasayithi anezinyoka eziphakeme futhi uwabone njengabekiwe;
- inkulumo-ze yesimo sengqondo sobuntu ezihuquzelayo;
- izinyathelo ezichazayo okuhloswe ngazo ukuqeda imililo;
- ubugebengu kanye nokuphatha umsebenzi wokushisa izinkuni ezifile;
- ukwenziwa kwezinqolobane ezivikelekile;
- ukwenqatshelwa okuqinile ekubambeni izinyoka.
Ukufingqa, kusala ukungeza lokho inyoka enephethini hhayi njengoba scary njengoba kubonakala efika kuqala. Eziningi zazo, kufaka phakathi inyoka enephethini, azinabo nhlobo ubuthi obuyingozi futhi ngokwazo ziyabesaba amabhayiphu angabalimaza. Abantu abadingi ukuba yizilwi kangaka ezihuquzelayo, ngoba baletha izinzuzo ezinkulu ngokudla inani elikhulu lazo zonke izinhlobo zamagundane. Isimo sengqondo esihle somuntu, isimo sokukhathalela nokuhlonipha abantu abangena ezinwabuzelweni kuzoholela ekutheni izinombolo zabo zangaphambilini zizobuyiselwa, kunqotshwe zonke izinsongo zokuqothulwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-22: 13
