Kunezinhlobo eziningi emndenini wesicabucabu sokwenza utshani - ezingaphezu kuka-1 800. Isici sabo esiyinhloko esihlukanisayo yimilenze emide kakhulu, ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi lesi silwane siqukethe cishe imilenze kuphela, ngoba umzimba waso uqobo mncane. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isiqu eside. Isicabucabu seHaymaking kaningi uhlala ezindlini, cishe wonke umuntu uzibonile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sikaHaymaker
Ukuvela kwama-arachnids akuqondakali kahle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi bahlala emhlabeni wethu amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka, futhi okhokho babo basendulo babeyizidalwa zasolwandle zokuqala ukuphuma emhlabeni bazivumelanisa nokuphila kuwo. Ukutholwa kwabo okubaluleke kakhulu kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyiwebhu.
Kancane kancane, izicabucabu zathola ukusetshenziswa okuthe xaxa ngakho, nezinye izidalwa zaze zafunda nokundiza ukuze zibalekele zona kanye namawebhu azo. Manje izinhlobo zesicabucabu zasendulo azisatholakali, ngoba zihlala ziguquka, kanti izinhlobo ezintsha zithatha indawo yezindala.
Ividiyo: IHaymaker Spider
Ngakho-ke, umndeni wesicabucabu esenziwa hay wasakhiwa "kuphela" eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-0.5-2 edlule - ngamazinga wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lesi isikhathi esincane kakhulu impela. Kwenzeka kanjani impela ukuthi ukukhula kwesicabucabu sokwenza utshani, okuvela kubo, kungakatholakali ngokuthembekile, isifundo sabo siyaqhubeka.
Igama lomndeni ngesiLatini nguPholcidae. Kuchazwe uK. Koch ngo-1850. Sekukonke, kubhekiswe kuye okungu-94 genera, futhi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1820 nhlobo - futhi basaqhubeka nokuthola ezintsha, ngoba iningi labo lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, imvamisa ezindaweni ezingenabantu abaningi, eziqhelile zeplanethi yethu.
Eminyakeni emibili eyedlule kuphela, uB. Huber uchaze izizukulwane eziyishumi nambili, kufaka phakathi amakhulu ezinhlobo ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi yethu: i-Arnapa e-Indonesia naseNew Guinea, eMuruta naseNipisa eMalaysia, ePemona eVenezuela, eMagana e-Oman - nokunye. ...
Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi mningi kangakanani umsebenzi okusamele wenziwe umphakathi wezesayensi maqondana nezicabucabu jikelele, kanye nomndeni wezicabucabu ikakhulukazi: ngisho nokuchazwa kohlobo lwazo akukapheli, ingasaphathwa eyokwakha isithombe esicacile sokuziphendukela kwemvelo - isisekelo lapho kufanele kuqhutshekwe khona kufundwe.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isicabucabu seHaymaker emvelweni
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesicabucabu i-haymaker esingezona, izici zesakhiwo sazo zingahluka kakhulu. Okokuqala, umehluko uhlobene nomzimba wayo omncane: kwezinye izinhlobo uhlukaniswe kahle waba yi-cephalothorax nesisu, kokunye ukwahlukaniswa akucaci kangako, kokunye kunabile, kanti kwezinye kuyindilinga, njalonjalo.
Osayizi nabo bangahluka kakhulu - imvamisa ungathola abantu abanobukhulu bomzimba ngaphandle kwemilenze kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-12 mm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize imilenze evulekile ibhekwa njengesici esivelele somndeni, ubude bayo empeleni buhluke kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo zehlathi abasadluli njengenkonyane.
Kodwa noma kunjalo, zonke izicabucabu ezinjalo ezihlala endaweni yomuntu zinemilenze emide kakhulu - yile ndlela ezingabonakala ngayo kalula. Kwezinye izici ezivamile, kufanelekile ukugqamisa ukuthi kunamabhangqa amane ale milenze, nenani elifanayo lamehlo. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlotsheni ezihlala emihumeni, ngababili bamehlo bancane.
Abesilisa bangaphansi kwabesifazane ngokobukhulu bethole uqobo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye banemilenze emide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-pedipalps abo nawo ahlukile, kepha lokhu akubonakali ngeso elilula.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izicabucabu zikaHaymaker zibizwa kanjalo ngokufana kwazo nabenzi bezinkuni abavamile - bavame ukudideka. Eqinisweni, abenzi bezinkuni ababi nezezigcawu, ngakho-ke abayiluki iwebhu. Futhi abahlali ezindlini; imvamisa ungazibona emadlelweni nasezinsimini, kanye nasezihlahleni.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isicabucabu se-haymaker sinobuthi noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kuphi nokuthi udlani.
Sihlala kuphi isicabucabu esakha utshani?
Isithombe: Isakhi sesicabucabu esinobuthi
Cishe wonke umhlaba ufakiwe endaweni yawo yokuhlala; abekho ezindaweni ezibanda kakhulu emhlabeni - i-Arctic ne-Antarctic. Nomaphi lapho umuntu ehlala khona, lezi zigcawu nazo ziyakwazi ukuhlala, ziseGreenland nasezindaweni ezisenyakatho kakhulu eRussia ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle.
Kepha lokhu kusebenza kubahlali bezakhiwo zokuhlala kanye namafulethi, ngokwemvelo bakhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele, kunzima kubo ukubekezelela isithwathwa sasebusika. Ngakho-ke, endle kuneziningi zazo ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezindawo ezishisayo, futhi kungaphansi kakhulu ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, nasezindaweni ezibandayo azitholakali.
Ngisho nasezindlini ezisenyakatho, zivamile kakhulu - yize zisajwayelekile. Ngokwemvelo, bathanda ukuhlala emihumeni, eminye imifantu nezimbobo ezihlahleni noma emhlabathini, amanxiwa amadala ezakhiwo. Ezindlini nasemafulethini okuhlala abantu, bakhetha izindawo ezifudumele emakhoneni noma ngemuva kwama-radiator - ngokuvamile, bathanda imfudumalo nokoma.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isicabucabu se-haymaker singahamba ngemilenze yaso emide, futhi ngobunyoninco obukhulu, ngenxa yokuthi sihlanganisa imigomo yemishini ne-hydraulic. Ukuthamba kwemilenze kwenzeka ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisipha, kepha ayigoqeki ngesizathu esihluke ngokuphelele - ngenxa yomjovo we-hemolymph.
Le ndlela yokuhamba yonga amandla kakhulu. Umsebenzi wemilenze yesicabucabu esakha utshani uthakazelisa kakhulu kangangokuba ababhali bezinganekwane zesayensi beza nezinqubo ezinomgomo ofanayo wokusebenza, futhi ososayensi nabaqambi balwela ukudala izindlela ezinjalo empeleni - kungenzeka ukuthi zisazovela.
Isicabucabu esidla utshani sidlani?
Isithombe: Isicabucabu esiyingozi se-haymaker
Isisekelo semenyu yakhe yizinambuzane.
Phakathi kwazo:
- amabhungane;
- izintuthwane;
- izimpukane;
- imikhaza;
- imidji;
- omiyane;
- i-aphid.
Ziqothula ngempumelelo izidalwa eziphilayo ezingena efulethini, futhi zingazivumeli ukuba zizale - lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu. Kepha kukhona nobubi obusobala bokuba khona kwabo endlini - inethiwekhi. Zibanzi kakhulu kwizicabucabu ezenziwe hay, ngakho-ke ziyabonakala kakhulu. Isicabucabu esisodwa singabamba yonke ikona bese sibhekana nesilandelayo. Imvamisa amanetha abo atholakala eduze kophahla.
Inetha alinamatheli, okulindelwe konke ukuthi inyamazane ebanjwe kuyo izobambeka, futhi lokhu kuzonikeza isicabucabu isikhathi sokuyihlasela. Ujwayele ukuzingela emuva kokushona kwelanga. Ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu singene enetheni, siyasondela futhi ngokungeziwe siyifaka, sisebenzisa imilenze yaso emide.
Lapho singakwazi ukuvika noma ukuhlasela ngenxa yaso, isicabucabu esakha utshani siyamluma, sijova umjovo - asibi yingozi kubantu. Lapho isisulu sifa, kufakwa i-enzyme yokugaya ukudla kuyo, ngemuva kwalokho izicubu zayo zibe yi-soft gruel, eziyimunce.
Futhi nezinhlayiya eziqinile zomzimba wesilwane, isicabucabu siyakwazi nokudla: siyazidabula ngosizo lwe-chelicera, bese sizichoboza ngezinqubo emilenzeni yangaphambili futhi siyazidla. Uma ngemuva kokudla kukhona okusele, uyakususa ukudla akubeke ukuze akusebenzise ngokuzayo - phela, usuku nosuku aludingeki, kwesinye isikhathi akekho ongena kunethiwekhi yakhe isikhathi eside.
Isicabucabu esilambile kwesinye isikhathi siqala nokujaha isisulu esivele siseduze kwewebhu, kepha singabambeki kuso - kulezi zimo, ukuzingela kungahle kube yingozi kuye, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi isisulu singaba namandla futhi sibe nobungcweti kunaye.
Imvamisa kufanele ulambe ebusika, ngoba izidalwa eziphilayo ziba zincane kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho abenzi bezinkuni baqala ukondla ezinye izicabucabu, kufaka phakathi abantu bezinye izizwe noma amaqanda abo. Ukuzingelwa kwezinye izicabucabu kuhlukile: isicabucabu se-haymaker sidonsela kuwebhu yaso ukuze sizikhiphe, bese siphonsa. Vele, lokhu kuyingozi: umphumela wokulwa ungahluka.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Uma inyamazane inkulu kakhulu futhi ukuwela kwayo enetheni kungathandeki, isicabucabu sokwenza utshani siyalunyakazisa inetha ukuze libonakale kahle, futhi ongaba isisulu sayo angalibalekela. Futhi noma ngabe useke wabanjwa, kepha namanje uhlala eyingozi kakhulu, angaziluma eminye yemicu ukuze aphunyuke.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Spider centipede
Izicabucabu eziningi ezivela kulo mndeni we-synanthropus, okungukuthi, zihamba nabantu futhi azikaze zitholakale endle - ziye zajwayela ukuhlala ezindlini nasemafulethini, lapho kulula kakhulu futhi kuphephe kuzo, ngoba zivikeleke ngokuthembekile ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla ezinye.
Ziyasebenza unyaka wonke - ebusika ziyaqhubeka nokweluka ubulembu njengokuthi akukho okwenzekile, zama ukubamba izinambuzane, yize zincane kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zize zibekele amaqanda ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekuqaleni, izicabucabu ezenziwe ngotshani zavela ezindaweni ezishisayo, ngoba isici sonyaka sazo sasingenandaba.
Bachitha izinsuku zabo emakhoneni amnyama, zilenga zinganyakazi emabhokisini abo ombhede - bacasha elangeni, ngoba abayithandi imisebe yalo, noma ngabe bathanda imfudumalo, futhi bamane baphumula, bathola amandla. Isikhathi somsebenzi kubo siwela ebumnyameni. Ngenkathi abantu belele, lezi zigcawu zingazungeza ifulethi ngenhloso yokufuna inyamazane.
Yize izicabucabu zotshani zikwazi ukubulawa yindlala isikhathi eside, ukubekezela kwabo akunamkhawulo, futhi uma kungenasilwane endlini isikhathi eside, bavele bayishiye - imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka inyanga nengxenye ngemuva kokubulawa yindlala, bese beya ezindaweni eziningi "zokusanhlamvu". Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa njalo nokususwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemidges kuzomsiza ukuthi akususe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sikaHaymaker
Izicabucabu zivuthwa ngokocansi ngemuva kwesikhathi esingangonyaka, lapho zihlangana khona izikhathi ezinhlanu. Ngemuva kwalokho, abesilisa baqala ukwakha imfihlo yokukhulelwa futhi babheke eyensikazi. Lapho itholile iwebhu yayo, owesilisa uheha ukunakwa: ngoba lokhu, ukunyathela inetha, kuqala ukuzamazama.
Lapho insikazi iphuma, uyizwa ngemilenze yangaphambili, ukwazisa ukuthi ikulungele ukukhwelana. Ngempela, ngaphandle kwalokho owesifazane angazama ukumhlasela - ungakhohlwa ukuthi ubuzimuzimu abuhambelani nalezi zicabu. Kodwa-ke, ukukhwelwa kuhlehlisa nje ukuhlaselwa kwayo: masinyane ngemuva kokuqedwa kwayo, owesilisa kufanele agijime.
Uma eba buthakathaka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana futhi angakwazi ukubaleka, khona-ke insikazi isazomudla. Ngakho-ke, ukukhwelwa ngakunye kuyingozi kakhulu kowesilisa, futhi imvamisa abavundisi besifazane okungaphezu kwamabili noma amathathu empilweni. Kepha abesifazane baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngoba akekho ozama ukubabulala ngemuva kokukhwelana.
Amaqanda imvamisa ayishumi nambili, aze afike kumashumi amahlanu. Ngasikhathi sinye, insikazi ayakhi cocoon, kunalokho, imane idonse amaqanda ngenetha bese iwathwala nge-chelicera. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye ziyawa - azithuthuki futhi ziyafa.
Emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, kulawo maqanda ayesele kumfece, kuvela izicabucabu ezincane. Futhi lapha, futhi, akuyona yonke into enenhlanhla - ezinye zezicabucabu kuvela ukuthi zibuthakathaka kunezinye, futhi azikwazi ngisho nokwephula iqanda ngokwazo bese liphuma. Isicabucabu siyazidla nje. Okunye kuthuthuka ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha kusazolungiswa okokuqala ngqa.
Ngesikhathi se-molting, balahla ikhava yabo - le inqubo ebuhlungu kakhulu, ngemuva kwalokho imilenze yesicabucabu iba mfushane, nomzimba wayo ucishe ubonakale. Ngenkathi izicabucabu zikhula futhi zizwa i-molting, ziyaqhubeka nokuhlala nonina - uziphatha nazo ngenetha elilukelwe lokhu.
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu sokwenza utshani
Isithombe: Spider centipede
Endle, banezitha eziningi, njengezinye izicabucabu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezidlayo aziphikisi ukuzitika ngazo, kufaka phakathi:
- izinyoni;
- amagundane namagundane;
- amaprotheni;
- amasele;
- izibankwa;
- izinambuzane ezinkulu;
- izinyoka.
Uhlu alugcini nje kulokho okusohlwini - abakubambeli ekubambeni nasekudleni cishe noma yisiphi isilwane esidla usayizi kusuka kusicabucabu se-haymaker uqobo kuya ku-squirrel. Ezinkulu zivame ukungabi nandaba kangako nekhwalithi yokudla, noma kunjalo, zingabanjwa nje ngenxa yentshisekelo - ngokwesibonelo, amakati nezinja ziyakwenza.
Ezindlini nasemafulethini, ngaphezu kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ezivame ukuba nentshisekelo elinganiselayo kwizicabucabu, futhi ekugcineni ziyeke ngokuphelele ukusabela kuzo, cishe azinazitha, ngakho-ke impilo yazo ilula kakhulu kunemvelo. Izitha zazo eziyinhloko ezinye izicabucabu ezenziwe ngotshani noma izicabucabu ezinkulu zezinye izinhlobo.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, zisongelwa yisikhunta esiyisinanakazana esivela kuhlobo lweCordyceps. Zikhula ngaphakathi kwesicabucabu esinegciwane kuze kube yilapho zisigcwalisa ngaphakathi - ngokwemvelo, ziyafa. Ngemuva kwalokho, bayaphuka bese beyidla ngokuphelele, ukuze ngisho nolwelwesi lwe-chitinous lungahlali.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Noma ubulembu besicabucabu bunganamathele, ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa i-glue. Zinezinwele kuma-pedipalps azo, lapho kukhishwa khona i-glue ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ngosizo lwazo, izicabucabu ezenziwe ngotshani zithembele ekubambeni isisulu - kwanele ukusithinta kanye ukuze singabe sisaba nethuba lokuphunyuka.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isakhi sesicabucabu esinobuthi
Izicabucabu ze-haymaking zihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindlu emhlabeni wethu - sekuvele kusobala kulokhu ukuthi inani labo labantu likhulu kakhulu futhi akukho okusongelayo. Lezi yizidalwa eziqinile ezingakwazi ukulinyazwa ukonakala kwemvelo, noma ezinye izinto, ngenxa yokuthi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izinto eziphilayo zigcina sezisongelwa ukuqothulwa.
Kepha lokhu kusebenza ezinhlotsheni ze-synanthropic - zizivumelanise ngokuphelele nokuhlalisana nabantu futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, zandisa indawo yazo yokuhlala. Futhi ngakho-ke labo abasala behlala endle kungenzeka bangavamile - lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi zonke izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto ziyatholakala ezingxenyeni ezikude zeplanethi.
Ububanzi bazo bungalinganiselwa ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu, futhi kunezinhlobo ezihlala esifundeni esisodwa kuphela, imvamisa esendaweni eshisayo. Kodwa-ke, abekho engcupheni yokuqothulwa, ngenxa yokuthi izicabucabu zisebenza kahle futhi zisinda ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngaphezu kokugcina njalo indlu ihlanzekile, kuzosiza futhi nokususa izicabucabu ezenza utshani ngokubasabisa ngephunga. Bayakuzonda lapho benuka u-eucalyptus, isihlahla setiyi neminti obalulekile, ngakho-ke ukufafaza njalo kuzosiza ukucindezela izicabucabu ukuba ziye kwenye indlu.
Futhi kungadingeka ukuthi uyixoshe ngenxa yokuthi, yize isicabucabu singumenzi wotshani futhi singenabungozi kubantu, amanetha aso angacasula. Kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lezi zigcawu zilwa ngempumelelo kakhulu nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokunyamalala, zingaphindaphindeka kakhulu, bese ucabanga futhi uma ngabe isicabucabu noma ezimbili zikukhathaza.
Isicabucabu sikaHaymaker - umhlali ongenabungozi futhi osebenzisekayo wezindlu. Balwa nezinye izilwane eziyingozi, into esemqoka ukuthi zona ngokwazo azibi ziningi kakhulu, ngoba lapho i-web yazo iyoba kuyo yonke indawo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zalezi zigcawu, kwesinye isikhathi abameleli bazo abafani kakhulu, kanti ezinye zihlala ezilwaneni zasendle kuphela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 31
