Umuntu uthanda inyoka yenyoka, emndenini wayo wezinyoka kubhekwa njengokuvame kakhulu. Lona kanye igama lalesi silwane esihuquzelayo lizwakala lisongela, futhi umndeni ubopha lenyoka kusikisela ubungozi nobuthi. Ngakho-ke ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi iyingozi futhi inobuthi kangakanani, inesimo esinjani, ukubukeka nemikhuba.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Snake shitomordnik
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo emndenini omncane wamakhanda emigodi, angamalungu omndeni wezinyoka, zingezinhlobo ze-shitomordnikov. Kusuka egameni lomndeni wezinyoka, kulula ukuqagela ukuthi ikhanda lenyoka linobuthi. Izilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo zibizwa kanjalo ngoba endaweni yekhanda lazo kunezihlangu ezinkulu kakhulu. Uhlobo lwe-shitomordnikov lubandakanya izinhlobo eziyi-13 zezinyoka, sizochaza ezinye zazo.
Kumele uqaphele ukuthi ngobukhulu bezwe lethu, ungathola izinhlobo ezintathu ze-shitomordnik:
- itshe;
- ezejwayelekile;
- Ussuriysk.
I-stony shitomordnik ithatha ubukhazikhazi ohlangothini lwe-talus nolunamadwala ezinqolobane ezahlukahlukene. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-80. Ikhanda elikhulu ligqame kahle kuwo wonke umzimba. Umbala we-dorsal usukela kokunsundu ngokukhanyayo ngokubomvu kuya kokumnyama. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sigudle imigqa emnyama noma empunga. Kukhona iphethini enamachashazi ezinhlangothini, futhi ingxenye ye-ventral icishe ibe mnyama noma ilula ngokumpunga ngamachashazi.
Ividiyo: Inyoka Shitomordnik
I-Ussuri (ngasolwandle) shitomordnik ayinkulu ngosayizi, ubude bayo abudluli amasentimitha angama-65. Inhloko nayo inkulu, inephethini, futhi kukhona umugqa omnyama ngemuva kwamehlo. Isizinda esijwayelekile senyoka sinombala onsundu noma onsundu. Ezinhlangothini, izindawo eziyindilinga ezinesikhungo sokukhanya nokuhlelwa okuvelele kuyabonakala. Isifunda sesisu sinempunga ngamachashaza amhlophe engxenyeni engenhla.
I-corymbus yaseMpumalanga ingafinyelela kubude obungu-90 cm, kepha imvamisa ayidluli amasentimitha angama-80. Isikhumba esinamaxolo sigqamile ekhanda, futhi isikhumba somzimba siyabanjwa. Ummango u-beige-grey noma u-brown-brown ngombala onamasongo amakhulu e-ocher noma amabala amise okwedayimane. Ingqikithi yamaphethini ilula ngombala, futhi ukuhlelwa kwayo kucishe kube mnyama. Amabala amnyama ayindilinga ayabonakala ezinhlangothini.
Inyoka yasempumalanga ikhethe iMelika. Ubukhulu bayo bunesisindo impela, ubude bayo bufinyelela imitha elilodwa nohhafu. Isizinda somzimba wakhe siyi-burgundy noma nsundu ngokuphelele. Ummango wonke ugcwele imivimbo emnyama. Ikhanda linobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo futhi libhalwe ngemigqa emibili emhlophe ye-lateral. Umsila ophuzi okhanyayo uheha ukunakwa, ukuheha inyamazane.
I-cormorant yaseMalay incane, kepha inobuthi kakhulu futhi iyingozi, ubude bayo abweqi umkhawulo wamamitha. Isirhubuluzi sinombala opinki noma onsundu ngokukhanyayo, sinephethini le-zigzag onqenqemeni. Le nyoka izifihla ngokuphelele emaqabungeni futhi ilele ngaphandle kokunyakaza okukodwa kuze kube umzuzu wokuhlaselwa.
IPallas mace (ejwayelekile) uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-mouton. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo siqanjwe ngososayensi waseJalimane, umhambi, isazi semvelo uPeter Simon Pallas, obesebenzela izwe lakithi. Uqale wachaza lolu hlobo lwezinyoka. Ubukhulu besilwane esihuquzelayo bumaphakathi, ubude baso cishe buyi-70 cm.Okulandelayo sizohlaziya izici zezinhlobo zenyoka zangaphandle, okungukuthi, sisebenzisa isibonelo se-shitomordnik ejwayelekile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka enobuthi shitomordnik
Zonke izici zesici sohlobo nezici zikhona ekubukeni kwe-shitomordnik ejwayelekile. Ubukhulu besilwane esihuquzelayo sebuvele buveziwe, kepha ubude bomsila waso cishe ngamasentimitha ayishumi nanye. Ikhanda lenyoka likhulu ngokwanele, libanzi, lihlukaniswe kahle emzimbeni wonke ngosizo lokunqamuka komlomo wesibeletho. Ukuma kwekhanda kuthambile kancane, lokhu kubonakala kahle uma ubona ezinwabuzelayo ezivela phezulu.
Isifunda esingenhla sekhanda sinezihlangu ezinkulu ezisondelana zenze isihlangu. Endaweni kusuka emehlweni kuya emakhaleni, kunemigodi eshisayo ebamba ukushisa kwemisebe nokunye ukushintsha okukuyo. Abafundi be-shitomordnik bame mpo, njengoba kunjalo ngesici sazo zonke izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinobuthi.
Ithoni ejwayelekile yomzimba wenyoka inombala onsundu noma onsundu ngokumpunga. Eqeleni, amabala ombala ushokoledi ayabonakala, atholakala ngaphesheya. Kungaba izingcezu ezingama-29 kuye kwezingu-50. Ezinhlangothini, kukhona umugqa omude wezinhlamvu ezincane zombala omnyama. Ikhanda lenyoka lihlotshiswe ngephethini enamabala ahlukile, futhi umugqa onombala omnyama we-post-orbital ugijima ezinhlangothini zombili.
Umbala wengxenye ye-ventral ungahluka kusuka kokukhanyayo okumpunga kuya kobunsundu obumnyama. Ngemuva okungejwayelekile kwesisu, kukhona ukukhanya okuncane nokumnyama. Kunemigqa engama-23 yesikali ebhokisini lengxenye emaphakathi yomzimba wenyoka. Inani lama-scute asesiswini angaba kusuka ku-155 kuye ku-187, futhi inani lama-scutes esiswini lisuka kumabhangqa angama-33 kuye kwangama-50.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu, kepha ungabona imibala emibalabala, ebomvu ngokubomvu noma ecishe ibe mnyama.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoka inobuthi noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kuphi nokuthi udlani.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka yenyoka?
Isithombe: Common shitomordnik
Uma sikhuluma ngomlomo kaPallas, khona-ke indawo yayo yokuhlala ibanzi kakhulu, iyona evame kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomlomo. Ungahlangana nesirhubuluzi ngobukhulu beMongolia, i-Asia Ephakathi, iCaucasus, ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Iran, iChina neKorea. ERussia, indawo ehlala izinyoka isuka engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yogu lweCaspian kanye nomfula iVolga entshonalanga kuye emfuleni iZeya empumalanga. Itholakala eNtshonalanga Siberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Emazweni okwakuhlala kuwo i-USSR:
- E-Kazakhstan;
- enyakatho yeTurkmenistan;
- eKyrgyzstan;
- Uzbekistan;
- I-Tajikistan.
I-cinquefoil evamile ivumelanisa kalula nezindawo zezulu ezihlukene kanye namathafa, ehlala ezindaweni ezihluke ngokuphelele. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sahlaba umxhwele emathafeni asemaqeleni, emahlathini, emaxhaphozini, ezindaweni eziwugwadule nasehlane eliwugwadule, ogwini oluhlukahlukene lwezinhlelo zemifula, izimfunda ezinotshani. Ngisho nezintaba ngokunakwa kwayo akuzange kudlule i-shitomordnik futhi itholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingafika kumakhilomitha amathathu.
Vele, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-shitomordniki zibhaliswe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, izifunda, amazwe, amazwekazi. Izinhlobo ezihuquzelayo zaseMalay zikhethe iBurma, iVietnam, iThailand, iChina, iMalaysia, iJava, iLaos, iSumatra. Uhlala ezihlahleni zoqalo nasezindaweni ezishisayo, ezinomswakama, emahlathini, emasimini elayisi atshaliwe. Inyoka yamanzi inendawo yokuhlala unomphela ezweni laseMelika iFlorida, lapho umswakama nesimo sezulu esishisayo kuyayithanda khona.
ICopperhead Mace yathatha izwekazi laseNyakatho Melika, noma kunalokho, ingxenye yalo esempumalanga. Izinhlobo ze-Ussuri zisabalale kuyo yonke iMpumalanga Ekude. Izindawo zokukhosela izinyoka zitholakala emihosheni yamagundane, imifantu enamadwala, nesikhuhla esiqinile. Ezindaweni ezihlukene, ama-shitomordniki asebenza ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka nosuku. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuminyana kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kuvame ukuba kuncane, kuphela entwasahlobo futhi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yehlobo lapho ungathola khona izinyoka eziningi.
Inyoka idlani?
Isithombe: Shitomordnik Pallas
Imenyu yenyoka yenyoka igcwele kakhulu nge:
- zonke izinhlobo zamagundane;
- izibhamu;
- izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo ezigoqa izidleke zomhlaba;
- amaqanda ezinyoni;
- amaphuphu.
Izinyoka ezincane zivame ukudla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Izibungu zomlomo ezihlala endaweni engasogwini yemizimba yamanzi zidla amaxoxo nezinhlanzi ezincane. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi ukudla kwesifonyo samanzi kuyingxenye enkulu yezinhlanzi. UShitomordniki ohlala ezindundumeni zesihlabathi saseMongolia uncamela ukuzingela izibankwa. Kwesinye isikhathi inani eliphelele lalezi zinyoka lihlala ezindaweni ze-vole colonies (Kazakhstan naseMongolia steppes). Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi amabhu ezinyoka angadli izinyoni kuphela, kodwa futhi namaqanda ezinyoka ezinwabuzelayo ezincane.
Imvamisa, isilwanyana ngasinye esihuquzelayo sinesabelo saso sokuzingela, lapho singavamisile ukuya khona. Ububanzi bendawo enjalo yokudoba buhluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-100 kuye kwayi-160. Imvamisa, izinyoka ziyaphuma ziye kozingela kusihlwa. Inqubo yokuzingela uqobo iqukethe ukulandela phansi inyamazane, bese kuba nokuhlasela okujikijela umbani kuyo, okugcina ngokuluma okunobuthi. Ubuthi busebenza cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, ababulewe khona lapho inyamazane iqala ukumunca ukugwinya kwengxenye yekhanda.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Imigodi eshisa umzimba isiza isifonyo ukuthi sizwe isisulu saso ngisho nasebumnyameni obukhulu, ngoba sibamba ukushintshashintsha okuncane kokushisa okushisayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Snake shitomordnik
Ubusika benyoka ejwayelekile buphela esikhathini kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, kuya ngezindawo zekhaya lezinyoka. Ngentwasahlobo, imvamisa uyasebenza emini, uyathanda ukufaka imisebe yelanga elifudumele. Ekushiseni kwehlobo, indlela yokuphila kwakhe ishintsha ibe sebusuku, futhi ekushiseni uncamela ukuba semigodini nasezihlahleni ezinomthunzi ezihlahleni. Isikhathi sokuzingela siqala kusihlwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IPallas Mouthworm ibhukuda kahle futhi iyathanda ukubhukuda echibini elipholile ekushiseni kwasehlobo.
Yize i-cormorant ejwayelekile iyingozi, inamazinyo anobuthi egoqeka emuva, ingaveza ukuluma okunobuthi, ayizukukhombisa ubudlova kuqala, kepha ihlasela kuphela ekuzivikeleni, lapho kungekho lapho iya khona. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho abantu, bengaqapheli isilwanyane esihuquzelayo, besinyathela. Ukulungela ukuhlasela kukhonjiswa ukudlidlizela kwethiphu yomsila.
I-toxin enobuthi yesikhamore, njengazo zonke izinyoka, ithinta, okokuqala, uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi, bese kuba uhlelo lwezinzwa, okuholela ekukhubazekeni komsebenzi wokuphefumula. Indoda elunywe ngumlomo wesihlangu iletha ubuhlungu obunzima, okuholela ekopha kakhulu endaweni yokubhoboza, kepha imvamisa kakhulu ngemuva kwesonto yonke into iyadlula, olumayo uyalulama. Izingane ezincane zihlangabezana nezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu ngokulunywa yinyoka. Futhi ezilwaneni ezifuywayo (amahhashi, izinja, izimbuzi), ukulunywa yinyoka kuvame ukubulala.
Emvelweni wesikhala, njengakuwo wonke umndeni wezinyoka, ukucasuka okusheshayo kanye namaphaphu ahlasela ngokushesha kuyachuma. Izinyoka zizigoqa zimile ngohlamvu "s" futhi zenze i-lunge esheshayo iye phambili, ilume okunobuthi, bese ithatha indawo yokuqala. Ukuhlaselwa okubulalayo kungathatha isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke hlala kude nesirhubuluzi esithukuthele. UShitomordnik wabizwa ngesidlaliso esithi uvila, ngoba imvamisa akaphumi endaweni yokuhlaselwa, kepha uhlala endaweni lapho ahlasela khona.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imvamisa izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinoshevu zinika umuntu izimpawu zokuxwayisa ngokuhlaselwa, kugcwalisa i-hood, kuqhekeka umsindo, kukhipha i-hiss, kepha okuhlukile kulolu hlu yinyoka yaseMalay, engasebenzi kuze kube ngumzuzu wokuhlasela, ngakho-ke icashile futhi iyingozi kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: shitomordnik enobuthi
I-shitomordniki ejwayelekile ivuthwa ngokocansi ineminyaka emibili noma emithathu ubudala. Lezi zinyoka ziyi-ovoviviparous, i.e. insikazi ngokushesha izala izinyoka ezincane, idlula inqubo yokubeka amaqanda. Isikhathi somshado sama-mongrels siqala emavikini amabili ngemuva kokuvuka kusuka ebumnyameni obumisiwe, le nkathi ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene iwela ngo-Ephreli-Meyi futhi ihlala phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yomsebenzi wenyoka yonyaka. Kwesinye isikhathi phakathi kwabesilisa abayizinyoka kuba nokulwa kokuphathwa kowesifazane. Enyokeni yamanzi, zenzeka khona kanye emanzini.
Phakathi kukaJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kukaOkthoba, insikazi izala izinyoka ezingamatshumi amathathu kuya kweziyishumi nane. Zingu-16 kuye ku-19 cm ubude futhi zinesisindo esingaba ngama-gram ayi-6. Isikhathi esikahle kakhulu sokuzalwa kwezingane ukuphela kukaJulayi nawo wonke u-Agasti. Lapho zizalwa, izinyoka zembathwa ngamagobolondo asobala, aqeda ngokushesha, azikhulule emaketangeni. Umbala wezinyoka ezincane uphinda ngokuphelele uhlelo lwemibala nephethini yabazali babo. Okokuqala, izingane zidla zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane (izinkumbi, izicabucabu, izintethe, izintuthwane), kancane kancane zidlulela ekudleni okukhulu ngezinyoni namagundane.
Inyoka yaseMalay iyisilwane esihuquzelayo esine-oviparous, esinamaqanda angaba ngu-16 ku-clutch yawo evikelwe ngokucophelela, lapho izinyoka ziqala ukuchanyuselwa khona ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu nambili. Izinyoka ezizalwe ngokushesha zinobuthi kanye nekhono lokuluma. Ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sokuphila sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, i-shitomordniki ejwayelekile ingaphila ezimweni zemvelo kusuka eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya kwengu-15.
Izitha zemvelo zenyoka ye-shieldmouth
Isithombe: Common shitomordnik
Yize i-cormorant iyingozi, ingeyomndeni wezinyoka ezinobuthi, yena uqobo uvame ukuhlupheka ngabahlukumezi abahlukahlukene abangafuni ukukudla.
Izinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama zihlasela amabhu asemoyeni, phakathi kwazo ungabhala:
- izikhova;
- ama-kites;
- isikhubekiso;
- oklebe oklebe;
- izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe;
- igwababa;
- jays.
Ngaphezu kwezinyoni, kukhona abaphula umthetho phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, njengama-badger, i-harzu (i-marten-breasted breast), izinja ze-raccoon. Vele, abasengozini enkulu yintsha engenalwazi, evame ukuhlupheka.
Esinye sezitha zomuntu wenyoka umuntu olimaza isilwane esihuquzelayo, ngokuqondile nangamathonya angaqondile. Imisebenzi yabantu enobudlova ilimaza izilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokuzifaka kozimele bendawo, ezincipha kancane kancane, futhi kunezindawo ezimbalwa nezimbalwa zempilo ephumelelayo, ngoba zihlala abantu.
Kwamanye amazwe, bazingela ama-snipers ngezinhloso ze-gastronomic, ngoba inyama yayo ibhekwa njengesibiliboco ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwabantu basempumalanga. Ubuthi benyoka busetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kwemithi nakwicosmetology, ngoba inezinto eziningi zokwelapha nokulwa nokuguga. Ngakho-ke, impilo ye-shitomordnik endle, ezimweni zemvelo ayilula futhi ingaphansi kwezici eziningi eziyingozi namathonya amabi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Snake shitomordnik eRussia
Indawo yokuhlala ye-shitomordnik ejwayelekile ibanzi kakhulu, kepha inani labantu bayo alilikhulu kangako. Cishe kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kuhlala khona isirhubuluzi, ubukhulu baso abunakwa. Amaqoqo amakhulu ezinyoka atholakala entwasahlobo kuphela, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana; eminyakeni yamuva nje, laba bantu bezinyoka sebeya ngokuya ngokungajwayelekile.
Inani labantu basePallas shitomordnikov lincipha yonke indawo, elingakhathazeki kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yezenzo nemisebenzi yabantu eyahlukahlukene. Kunezindawo ezimbalwa nezingakathintwa lapho izinyoka zizizwa zikhululekile khona, umuntu uhlala ecindezela futhi ehambisa ezinwabuzelayo ezindaweni zazo zokuthunyelwa unomphela.
Ukweluswa kwemfuyo, ukulinywa komhlaba, ukukhipha amaxhaphozi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukunwetshwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu emisha kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi inani lezihuquzelayo liyancipha, futhi kwezinye izindawo liyanyamalala ngokuphelele noma liba yinto encane.
Izindlela zokuphulukisa ubuthi obusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nase-cosmetology nazo zilimaza izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngoba zivame ukubulawa ngenxa yazo. Inyama yenyoka emnandi esetshenziselwa ukudla kwaseMpumalanga nayo ayidlali kusizakale ngemfuyo yamabhu, abahlushwa yizidakamizwa zomuntu. Zonke lezi zinto ezimbi ezingenhla zithinta kabi inani lezinyoka, ezihlala zincipha ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene.
IShieldmouth Snake Guard
Isithombe: Snake shitomordnik ovela eRed Book
Njengoba sekushiwo, inani lenyoka ejwayelekile liyancipha kancane kancane ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene ze-anthropogenic, ezibangela ukukhathazeka ngezinhlangano zemvelo, ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lwezinyoka lubhalwe kuRed Data Books kwezinye zezifunda zezwe lethu, lapho lisengozini enkulu khona.
Isibonelo, i-shitomordnik ejwayelekile ibhalwe kuRed Book of the Republic of Khakassia, lapho ithathwa njengezinhlobo ezingavamile, ezingafundiwe kangako, indawo yokusabalalisa yayo incane kakhulu. Kwezinye izifunda zeriphabhulikhi, lolu hlobo lwezinyoka lunyamalale ngokuphelele. Izici ezikhawulela kakhulu lapha ngukudla kwezimvu, ukulima komhlaba, nokulungiswa komhlaba ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Phakathi kwezinyathelo zokuvikela, okulandelayo kungabalwa:
- ukuphepha nokungaphazamiseki ezindaweni ezihlala unomphela;
- izindawo ezivikelekile zesiqiwu iChazy;
- ukukhuthazwa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela phakathi kwabahlali bendawo.
I-mall Pallas ifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu Yesifunda SaseKemerovo, lapho abantu bayo bancane kakhulu futhi besengozini. Encwadini Ebomvu Incwadi yesifunda saseNovosibirsk, isilwane esihuquzelayo sibhalwe esigabeni sesithathu, esibonisa ukuthi siyivelakancane nenombolo encane.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezinjenge-mace stony ziseRed Book yeKhabarovsk Territory, inani lalesi silwane esihuquzelayo liyancipha ngezinga elikhulu. Ingaphansi kokuvikelwa ezindaweni ze- "Komsomolsky" ne "Bolshoy Khekhtsirsky" reserves.
Ukudweba iziphetho, kuzokwazi ukuthi inyoka yenyoka hhayi njengolaka njengoba abaningi bakholelwa futhi yena uqobo uzama ukugwema ukuhlangana okungafuneki nama-bipped. Lesi silwanyana esihuquzelayo sizoqala ukuhlasela lapho sibanjwe isimanga futhi ayikho indlela yokuphunyuka. Abantu uqobo, kwesinye isikhathi, baziphatha ngokungazi nangokungahloniphi, baphazamisa ngonya ubukhona bezinyoka obulinganisiwe, yingakho bevezwa ukulunywa okunobuthi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 38
