Inyoka ephuzi - uhlobo lwezinyoka ezingenabuthi ezisabalele eningizimu yeRussia, ezingezinyoka ezincane. Kwezinye izindawo, ibizwa ngokuthi inyoka enamabhande aphuzi noma inyoka enamabhande aphuzi. Lezi yizinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu esikhaleni sangemva kweSoviet. Ngenxa yokuziphatha kwayo okunolaka, isisu esiphuzi kuyaqabukela sigcinwa kuma-terrariums nanjengesilwane esifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, inyoka eyiYellowbelly izuzisa ezolimo ngoba idla amagundane adala umonakalo omkhulu wezitshalo. Ngenxa yalezi zinzuzo, umonakalo owenziwe wasendaweni obangelwa ukudla izinyoni namaqanda awo awunakwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoka Ephuzi Ephuzi
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi iyinyoka enkulu, engenabuthi evela emndenini osuvele umile. Esikhathini esedlule, iColubridae kwakungelona iqembu lemvelo, njengoba iningi lazo lalihlobene kakhulu namanye amaqembu kunelinye. Lo mndeni ngokomlando ubusetshenziswa "njengomgqomo kadoti" ngothayela wezinyoka ezahlukahlukene ongangeni kwamanye amaqembu. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngamangqamuzana e-phylogenetics luqinise ukuhlukaniswa kwezinyoka "ezinyinyithekayo", kanye nomndeni manje osuchazwa ngokuthi yi-clophy monophyletic. Kodwa-ke, ukuze sikuqonde konke lokhu, kudingeka olunye ucwaningo.
Kusukela yachazwa okokuqala nguJohann Friedrich Gmelin ngo-1789, inyoka enebhande eliphuzi yaziwa ngamagama amaningi eYurophu.
Uhlu lwamagama lunikezwe ngezansi:
- C. Caspius Gmelin, 1789;
- C. acontistes Pallas, 1814;
- C. thermis Pallas, 1814;
- C. jugularis caspius, 1984;
- IHierophis caspius, ngo-1988;
- IDolichophis caspius, 2004
Lezi zinhlobo zifaka izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba:
- IDolichophis caspius caspius - evela eHungary, eRomania, eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe elaliyiYugoslav Republic, i-Albania, i-Ukraine, iRiphabhuliki yaseMoldova, iBulgaria, iGrisi, iTurkey esentshonalanga, iRussia, ugu lwaseCaucasus;
- IDolichophis caspius eiselti - Kusuka eziqhingini zaseGrisi iRhodes, Karpathos naseKasos oLwandle i-Aegean.
Iningi labamunyu alinawo ushevu noma linobuthi obungeyona ingozi kubantu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka inebhande eliphuzi esifundeni saseRostov
Inyoka enamabhande aphuzi ifinyelela ubude bomzimba obuphelele obungamamitha ayi-2,5, futhi ibhekwa njengenkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, kodwa ubukhulu obujwayelekile bungu-1.5-2 m. Ithiphu lekhala limfishane futhi liyindilinga. Ulimi lude kakhulu futhi lujiyile. Umsila mude futhi mncane. Isilinganiso esiphelele sobude benyoka nobude bomsila ngu-2.6-3.5. Amehlo makhulu futhi anabafundi abayindilinga. Amazinyo ama-maxillary awafani ngobude, amade ngemuva emihlathini; amazinyo amabili okugcina avame ukuhlukaniswa ngegebe elincane.
Ividiyo: Inyoka Ephuzi Ephuzi
Imininingwane ye-Biometric kumasampuli wokuhlola okukhonjisiwe ikhombisa: ubude obuphelele (ikhanda + lomboko + umsila) kwabesilisa - 1160-1840 mm (isilinganiso esingu-1496.6 mm), kwabesifazane - 800-1272 mm (isilinganiso esingu-1065.8 mm). Ubude bekhanda nomzimba (kusuka esicongweni sempumulo kuye emaphethelweni angaphandle we-cloacal fissure) kwabesilisa kungama-695-1345 mm (ngokwesilinganiso esingu-1044 mm); kwabesifazane - 655-977 mm (isilinganiso esingu-817.6 mm). Ubude bomsila: 351-460 mm (isilinganiso esingu-409.8 mm) kwabesilisa, 268-295 mm (isilinganiso esingu-281.4 mm) kwabesifazane. Ubude bekhanda (kusuka kuchopho kuya emlonyeni): abesilisa - 30 mm, abesifazane - 20 mm. Ububanzi bekhanda (obulinganiswa phakathi kwamakhona omlomo) bungu-22-24 mm kwabesilisa no-12 mm wabesifazane.
Isisu esiphuzi sibonakala ngezikali ezibushelelezi zomgogodla. Imigqa yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye yesikali ingatholakala phakathi nendawo, yize kwesinye isikhathi kungaba neshumi nesikhombisa. Isikali se-dorsal sinama-apical fossae amabili ebangeni elingasemuva. Zilula maphakathi kunasemaphethelweni. Umhlane wenyoka unombala onsundu ngokumpunga futhi unezimpawu eziyizimpawu zezinyoka ezincane, kodwa zinyamalale ngokuguga. Uhlangothi lwe-ventral luphuzi ngokukhanyayo noma mhlophe.
Ihlala kuphi lenyoka eyinsimbi ephuzi?
Isithombe: Inyoka enebhande eliphuzi
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi itholakala eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan, ezingxenyeni ezithile zeMpumalanga Yurophu kuya esifundeni iVolga nasengxenyeni encane ye-Asia Minor. Ingatholakala emathafeni avulekile, emathafeni nasemahlathini asezintabeni, emaphethelweni amahlathi asemaqeleni, emahlathini aseduze kwemigwaqo, e-semi-desert, ezihlabathini nasemathambekeni, eduze kwemifudlana yezintaba, phakathi kwezihlahla ezimbozwe uhlaza, amatshe namatshe, emithambekeni yezigodi nezihosha , emabhange amakhulu emifuleni nasemhlangeni owomile.
ENyakatho yeCaucasus, isisu esiphuzi singena ezindaweni eziwugwadule ezinemifantu yesihlabathi. Ngesikhathi sonyaka esomile, ivame ukutholakala eduze kwemifula ngisho nasezixhaphozini. Imvamisa kukhasa kuthungatha ukudla nezindawo zokubeka amaqanda emanxiweni ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amanxiwa ezindlu, ezindlini ezakhiwe ngaphandle noma nasezakhiweni zokuhlala, ngaphansi kwezithungu zotshani, ezingadini, ezivinini nakwezinye izindawo ezifanayo. Ezintabeni, likhuphukela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000 eCaucasus, kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisuka ku-1500 kuye ku-1600 m.
Abantu benyoka enamabala aphuzi bayalotshwa emazweni afana nalawa:
- I-Albania;
- IBulgaria;
- EMakedoniya;
- ISerbia;
- Igalikuni;
- ECroatia;
- IGrisi;
- IRomania;
- eningizimu yeSlovakia;
- IMoldova;
- IMontenegro;
- eningizimu ye-Ukraine;
- E-Kazakhstan;
- eningizimu yeRussia;
- eningizimu yeHungary;
- IJordani.
Indawo yokuhlala ingasatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziphansi eduze kwemifula emikhulu njengeDanube noMfula i-Olt. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi inyoka enamabhande aphuzi yaphela eMoldova, empumalanga yeRomania naseningizimu ye-Ukraine, lapho kwakwaziwa khona izindawo ezimbili kuphela futhi inyoka ayikaze ibonwe kusukela ngo-1937. Kodwa-ke, kwaqoqwa izinhlobo ezintathu ngoMeyi 2007 esifundeni saseGalathi eRomania.
E-Hungary, phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi i-Yellowbelly ihlala ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva lwesifunda luthole izindawo eziningi ezazingaziwa ngaphambili zalezi zinyoka eziseMfuleni iDanube. Eningizimu yeCrimea kunesilinganiso sesilinganiso esingu-1 nge-2 km², enyakatho yeDagestan - izinyoka ezi-3-4 nge-km², naseningizimu ye-Armenia - ngokwesilinganiso isampula eli-1 nge-1 km².
Manje uyazi ukuthi le nyoka ehlala ephuzi iphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ini inyoka eyinsimbi ephuzi?
Isithombe: Inyoka enebhande eliphuzi
Idla kakhulu izibankwa: amatshe, ama-nimble, amaCrimea kanye nesihlabathi. Okungajwayelekile, amatshwele, izinyoni namaqanda azo. Futhi ngamagundane: izingwejeje zomhlabathi, amagundane, amagundane, ama-gerbils, ama-hamsters. Kwesinye isikhathi ezinye izinyoka zifakwa ekudleni, kufaka phakathi okunobuthi: inyoka ejwayelekile nesihlabathi i-epha, elunywa yinyoka enesibindi ephuzi ngokunganaki. Inyoka ayivamile ukuzondla ngezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini; ibamba amaxoxo ezindaweni ezimanzi. Izinambuzane ezinkulu nezicabucabu nazo zingaba izisulu zesisu esiphuzi.
Inyoka ingahamba emigodini yamagundane futhi ibabhubhise. Ekufuneni ukudla, ikhuphuka ezihlahleni, lapho icekela khona izidleke zezinyoni ezingahlali phezulu kakhulu, kepha imvamisa izingela izinyoni ezidla phansi. ECrimea, ukudla okuthandayo kwezinyoka ezihuquzelayo yizibankwa, izinyoka nezilwane ezincelisayo - ama-gopher, shrews, voles, amagundane, ama-hamsters.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, inyoka embi ezifundeni ezisogwadule oluncane izondla ngezibankwa zesihlabathi kanye nesifo esisheshayo sonyawo nomlomo (31.5%), isibankwa esisheshayo (22.5%), insimu kanye nokhakhayi, kanye nogrey (13.5%), i-omelet (9%), izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini (31.7%), ama-gerbils (18.1%), amagundane (13.5%), ama-hamsters (17.8%) nezinambuzane nezicabucabu.
Ekuthunjweni, izingane zikhetha izibankwa, abantu abadala badla kahle amagundane namagundane amhlophe. Le nyoka esheshayo nenamandla ibamba inyamazane yayo ngejubane elimangalisayo. Isisulu esincanyana sigwinywa sisesiswini esiphuzi siphila, ngaphandle kokusohlisa. Izilwane ezinkulu eziphikisayo zibulawa kuqala ngokuzicindezela ngomzimba oqinile noma, ukuzibamba ngomlomo nokuziklinya, zizisongele emasongweni ezizungeze isisulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka Ephuzi Ephuzi
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi ifihla ubuthongo emigodini yamagundane nakwezinye izindawo zobumba. Ukulala ubusika busika cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngamaholide asebusika, abantu abangaphezu kweshumi bavame ukuhlangana endaweni eyodwa. Isisu esiphuzi sishiya indawo yokukhosela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, bese siqala ukukhombisa umsebenzi ngoFebhuwari-Mashi, kuya ngendawo, kuze kube nguSepthemba-Okthoba. ECrimea naseNyakatho yeCaucasus, inyoka ivela phezulu ngemuva kokulala ubusika ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, eningizimu ye-Ukraine - maphakathi no-Ephreli naseTranscaucasia ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari.
Inyoka enebhande eliphuzi iyinyoka engahambisani nobuthi eshisa ilanga, igqitshwe kancane izihlahlana ezithile, futhi icashe ngokulindela izibankwa. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, inyoka isebenza emini, kuthi ehlobo, ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku, iphumule, futhi isebenze ekuseni nakusihlwa. Le nyoka ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu kuzilwane zethu, ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ukuze ingabonakali. Ijubane lokunyakaza livumela isisu esiphuzi ukuthi sithathe inyamazane eshesha kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uphawu lokuziphatha okubi kwenyoka enamabhande aphuzi ulaka olungavamile. Phakathi kwezinyoka zezilwane zethu, lezi zinyoka (ikakhulukazi abesilisa) zinolaka kakhulu futhi ziyingozi. Akazami ukufihla lapho umuntu esondela, njengezinye izinyoka, kepha uzigoqa emasongweni, njengezinyoka ezinobuthi, bese ephonsa u-1.4-2 m, ezama ukushaya ubuso.
Ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ezinezihlahla nezihlahlana, ziyavuka ngokushesha zize zinyamalale emahlamvu endaweni ephakeme (kuze kufike ku-5-7 m). Ubulula obufanayo buzibonakalisa lapho buhamba phakathi kwamatshe nemifantu. Yize inyoka enamabala aphuzi iyinyoka engenabuthi, ukulunywa kwabantu abadala kubuhlungu, kuyopha, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyatheleleka, kepha imvamisa ayinabungozi empilweni yomuntu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Belly Ephuzi Elincane
Isisu esiphuzi sifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eminyakeni eyi-3-4 ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubude benyoka bungamasentimitha angama-65-70. Ubungqingili bezocansi kulolu hlobo busobala: abesilisa abadala bakhulu kunabesifazane, amakhanda abo makhulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana, izinyoka zihlangana ngababili. Ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho zebanga, ukukhwelana kwenzeka ekupheleni kukaMeyi, nasezindaweni eziseningizimu, ngokwesibonelo, eCrimea, kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya maphakathi noMeyi.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izitho zangasese zenyoka azikho ngaphandle komzimba ngaphansi komsila, njengoba zicashe ephaketheni ngaphansi komsila, okuthiwa i-cloaca, equkethe nohlelo lwazo lwamanzi nodoti oluqinile. Izitho zobulili zesilisa, ama-hemipenes, akhiwe ngamalungu amabili exhumene, ngalinye lixhunywe esendeni elilodwa, okwenza kubonakale ukuhlukana.
Eyeduna yeNyoka enebhande Eliphuzi ibamba ngamandla intamo yowesifazane ngemihlathi yakhe futhi imkhubaze, asonge umsila wakhe kuye, bese kwenzeka ukuqhudelana. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, inyoka enamabhande aphuzi ilahlekelwa ukuqapha kwayo okujwayelekile. Uma izinyoka seziqedile ukuya ocansini, ziyahlakazeka.
Ngemuva kwamasonto ama-4-6, insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda endaweni ekhethwe ngayizolo. I-Clutch iqukethe amaqanda ayi-5-12 (ubuningi bama-20) ngosayizi omaphakathi wama-22 x 45 mm. Amaqanda abekwa ezindaweni ezifihliwe: emigodini yemvelo emhlabathini, kwesinye isikhathi ezigunwini noma imifantu yeziqu zemithi. Izisu ezincane eziphuzi zichanyuselwa engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba futhi zifinyelela ku-22-23 cm (ngaphandle komsila) lapho zichanyuselwa. Kuke kwaba nemibiko yezinhlobo ezizalanayo ekuthunjweni. Isikhathi sokuphila sesisu esiphuzi yiminyaka engu-8-10.
Izitha zemvelo zenyoka ephuzi
Isithombe: Inyoka ibhande eliphuzi eRussia
Njengezindawo zokukhosela, isirhubuluzi sisebenzisa imifantu emhlabathini, izimbobo zamagundane, imigodi ezinqwabeni zamatshe, ukwakheka kwamatshe ezigodini ze-steppe, izihlahla, imigodi eseduze kwezimpande zezihlahla nemisele. Lapho ibhekene nesitha noma lapho isondela, inyoka enebhande eliphuzi ayizami ukufihla, ibaleka, kunalokho, ithatha indawo esongelayo, isonta emasongweni futhi iphakamisa ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba, njengezinyoka ezinobuthi, ishaya ngamandla umlomo wayo ovulekile, igijimela ngolaka isitha ngokugxuma okude futhi izama ukushaya isitha.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinyoka zingagxuma ebangeni elingu-1.5-2 m. Lokhu kuziphatha okusabisayo kuhlose ukwethusa isitha esingahle sibe khona, kubangela ukuthi inyoka ibaleke. Ukuziphatha okunolaka kwesisu esiphuzi kungasabisa isilwane esikhulu, ngisho nehhashi. Uma ibanjiwe, inyoka enamabhande aphuzi inolaka kakhulu futhi yenza imisindo yokukhonkotha, izama ukuluma ubuso noma isandla somhlaseli.
Kwenzeka ukuthi izinyoka ezinamabhande aphuzi ziba isisulu sezinyoni ezinkulu, ama-martens, izimpungushe. Ziyafa futhi ngaphansi kwamasondo emoto: imoto ayilona ihhashi, ayikwazi ukwesatshiswa ngokuhayiza okukhulu nangokuxhuma okusongelayo.
Izimuncagazi zale nyoka zilimaza isisu esiphuzi:
- izibungu ze-gamasid;
- ama-scrapers;
- inhlanzi yamaqabunga;
- ama-nematode;
- ama-trematode;
- cestode.
Izinyoka ezinamabhande aphuzi azivamile ukugcinwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo okunolaka.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka enebhande eliphuzi
Ukuwohloka, ukubhujiswa nokuqhekeka kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukunwetshwa kwezolimo kanye nezindawo eziwugwadule, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ezokuvakasha kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadolobha, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo wezolimo, ukubhujiswa ngqo ngabahlali bendawo, ukuqoqwa ngokungemthetho kanye nokuhamba kwezimoto yizona zizathu zokuncipha kwenani lenyoka i-Yellowbelly.
Isimo esibi sesisu esiphuzi sidala ukungathandi ngokweqile kubantu. Lokhu kunezela endleleni yokuphila yomphakathi nosayizi omkhulu futhi kuholela ekubhujisweni njalo kwenyoka. Njengabanye abantu abahlala emathafeni nasemathafeni avulekile, lezi zinhlobo zihlushwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi wezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, inani lenyoka enamabhande aphuzi lehla ngokushesha, kepha inyoka ayikusongeli ukuqothulwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu kungenye yezinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izinto eziphilayo ezinjengezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zisengozini kakhulu ngoba izimo zezulu zinomthelela oqondile kuzo.
Imininingwane ngesimo sokongiwa kwenyoka enebhande eliphuzi cishe ayikho ezifundeni eziningi. Yize kwaziwa ukuthi kuvamile esifundeni saseDobruja, kuyaqabukela futhi kusongelwa kwezinye izindawo. Izinyoka ezibulewe emgwaqweni "yinto ejwayelekile" kubahlali bendawo. Ukufa okuhlobene nomgwaqo kungaba yimbangela yokwehla kwabantu. Ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kudala ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zehle eYurophu. E-Ukraine, inyoka enamabala aphuzi ihlala emapaki ezindawo zesifunda nakumakhasimende (ezindaweni eziningi kubhekwa njengenhlobo ejwayelekile).
Unogada wenyoka ophuzi
Isithombe: Inyoka inebhande eliphuzi elivela eRed Book
Kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN Emhlabeni Wonke Olubomvu Lwesimo Sokulondolozwa Kwezinambuzane ZaseYurophu, inyoka enamabhande aphuzi ibhalwe njengezinhlobo ze-LC ezingekho engozini - okungukuthi, okukhathazwa kakhulu. Kodwa kusenzima ukuhlola inani labantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuthola ngokunembile ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo lwezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini. Le nyoka enamabala aphuzi yafakwa kuSithasiselo seRed Book yaseRussia naseKrasnodar Territory (2002).
Encwadini yaseRomania Red Data Book, lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengolusengozini (VU). IDolichophis caspius nayo ifakiwe kwiRed Data Book of Ukraine njengezilwane ezisengozini (VU), eRed Data Book yaseRepublic of Moldova naseKazakhstan. ERomania, inyoka enamabhande aphuzi nayo ivikelwe nguMthetho No. 13 ka-1993. Lezi zinhlobo zivikelwe yi-Berne Convention (Isithasiselo II), ne-European Directive 92/43 / EEC ye-European Community (Isithasiselo IV).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Yellowbelly ibuye ivikelwe ngumthetho okhethekile kahulumeni mayelana nokuphathwa kwezindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe, ukongiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo, izitshalo zasendle nezilwane, okuvunyelwe ezinye izinguquko nokungezwa, kuthathwa njengezilwane ezisengozini edinga ukuvikelwa.
Izindawo eziphansi ezifana nama-steppes, amahlathi-amahlathi namahlathi, okuyizindawo ezithandwa yiCaspian izinyoka eziphuzizibuthakathaka ikakhulukazi futhi zithambekele ekuguqulweni kokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngenxa yenani lazo njengezinsimu zezolimo nezamadlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo zizwela ngokweqile ekushintshashintsheni okuncane komswakama nokushisa, okungukuthi, emiphumeleni yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Emazweni asathuthuka, izindlela zokongiwa kwemvelo zenziwa kancane futhi kungenzeka zingabi yinto ephambili.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06/26/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-21: 44
