Idada lesiMandarin - izinyoni zamanzi zasehlathini zomndeni wedada. Incazelo yesayensi yale nyoni negama lesiLatini elithi Aix galericulata yanikezwa nguKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758. Izimpaphe ezimibalabala zamadrake ziheha ukunakwa futhi zehlukanise lezi zinyoni kolunye uhlobo oluhlobene nalo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Idada laseMandarin
Igama lokuqala egameni lesiLatini ledada le-mandarin liyi-aix, okusho ukuthi ikhono lokuntywila, noma kunjalo, ama-mandarin enza ngokungafani nangaphandle kokulangazelela okukhulu. Ingxenye yesibili yegama - galericulata isho umqhele njengekhanda. Kudada lwesilisa, izimpaphe ezisekhanda zifana nokhiye.
Le nyoni evela ku-Anseriformes ibhekwa njengedada lasehlathini. Isici esisehlukanisayo esihlukanisa namanye amalungu omndeni wedada yikhono layo lokuhlela izidleke kanye nokuchamisela amaqanda emigodini yezihlahla.
Ividiyo: Idada lesiMandarin
Okhokho basendulo bamadada batholakala emhlabeni wethu cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 BC. Leli elinye lamagatsha anamapalamende, nawo angawo-Anseriformes. Ukuvela kwazo nokusabalala kwazo kwaqala eningizimu Nenkabazwe. Amadada aseMandarin anendawo yokuhlala eqhelile - lena yiMpumalanga Asia. Izihlobo zabo eziseduze ezihlala ezihlahleni zise-Australia nasezwenikazi laseMelika.
Amadada athola igama lawo ngenxa yezikhulu zaseShayina - ama-mandarin. Izikhulu eziphezulu zoMbuso Wasezulwini zazithanda ukugqoka. Inyoni yesilisa inezimpaphe ezigqame kakhulu, ezinemibala ehlukahlukene, ifana ngokubukeka nezingubo zezicukuthwane. Ukubukeka kusebenze njengegama elijwayelekile laleli dada lesihlahla. Owesifazane, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka emvelweni, unengubo enesizotha.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaTangerines awuphawu lokuthembeka emshadweni nenjabulo yomndeni. Uma intombazane ingashadi isikhathi eside, khona-ke eChina kunconywa ukubeka izibalo zamadada ngaphansi komcamelo ukusheshisa izinto.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yedada laseMandarin
Le nyoni inobude obungamasentimitha angamashumi amane kuya kumashumi amahlanu. Amaphiko amaphiko wesayizi omaphakathi angama-75 cm. Isisindo somuntu omdala singama-500-800 g.
Inhloko yowesilisa enomlomo obomvu inemibala ehlukahlukene. Kusuka phezulu imbozwe izimpaphe ezinde ngamathoni abomvu anombala oluhlaza nonsomi. Ezinhlangothini, lapho amehlo ekhona, izimpaphe zimhlophe, futhi eduze nomlomo ziwolintshi. Lo mbala uphumela phambili ungene entanyeni, kepha eduze kwangemuva kwentamo kushintsha kakhulu kube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Esifubeni esibubende, imivimbo emibili emhlophe iyafana. Izinhlangothi zenyoni yeduna zibomvu ngokunsundu nama "seyili" amabili awolintshi, aphakanyiswe kancane ngenhla komhlane. Umsila umnyama okwesibhakabhaka. Ingemuva inezimpaphe ezimnyama, ezimnyama, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eziluhlaza nokumhlophe. Isisu nomngcwabo kumhlophe. Izidladla zenyoni yesilisa ziwolintshi.
Abesifazane abanokubukeka okunesizotha bagqoke izimpaphe ezimenyezelwe, ezimpunga. Ikhanda elinomlomo ompunga omnyama linesigaxa esingaqapheleki sezimpaphe ezinde ezibheke phansi. Iso elimnyama ligudle umhlophe bese umugqa omhlophe wehla kuwo uye emuva kwekhanda. Umhlane nekhanda kunombala ompunga ngokulinganayo, kanti umphimbo nesifuba kufakwe izimpaphe ezilula ngethoni. Kunombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani ekugcineni kwephiko. Izidladla zesifazane zi-beige noma mpunga.
Abesilisa bakhombisa izimpaphe zabo ezikhanyayo phakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana, ngemuva kwalokho i-molt iyangena futhi izinyoni zasemanzini zishintshe ukubukeka kwazo, zingabonakali futhi zibe mpunga njengabangane bazo abathembekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, zingahlukaniswa ngomlomo wazo osawolintshi nemilenze efanayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuma-zoo nasezindlini zamanzi zasedolobheni, ungathola abantu abanombala omhlophe, lokhu kungenxa yezinguquko eziqubuka ebudlelwaneni obuhlobene kakhulu.
Amadada amadada aseMandarin afana kakhulu namanye amawundlu ezinhlobo ezihlobene, njenge-mallard. Kepha ezinganeni ze-mallard, umugqa omnyama ovela ngemuva kwekhanda udlula ngasesweni futhi ufinyelele emlonyeni, kuthi kudada we-mandarin uphele esweni.
Ihlala kuphi idada le-mandarin?
Isithombe: Idada laseMandarin eMoscow
Ensimini yaseRussia, le nyoni itholakala emahlathini aseMpumalanga Ekude, njalo eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Lona umcengezi wemifula iZeya, iGorin, i-Amur, ezindaweni ezingezansi zomfula. I-Amgun, isigodi somfula i-Ussuri nasendaweni yeLake Orel. Izindawo zokuhlala ezivamile zalezi zinyoni yizintaba zeSikhote-Alin, i-Khankayskaya lowland kanye naseningizimu yePrimorye. Eningizimu yeRussian Federation, umngcele webanga ugudla emithambekeni yezintaba zeBureinsky neBadzhal. Amadada amadada aseMandarin atholakala eSakhalin naseKunashir.
Le nyoni ihlala eziqhingini zaseJapan iHokkaido, iHanshu, iKyushu, i-Okinawa. EKorea, ama-tangerines avela ngesikhathi sezindiza. E-China, le ndawo igudla iziqubu zomfula iGreat Khingan neLaoyeling, ithwebula indawo esenyakatho eseduze, umcengezi weSonghua, kanye nogu lweLiaodong Bay.
Amadada akhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivikelekile eziseduze nemicengezi yamanzi: osebeni lwemifula, amachibi, lapho lezi zindawo zinezihlahlana zamahlathi nezinsika ezinamadwala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amadada athola ukudla emanzini nesidleke ezihlahleni.
Ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo, idada le-mandarin litholakala ehlobo, ukusuka lapha ebusika indizela kulezo zindawo lapho amazinga okushisa angehli ngaphansi kwama-degree Celsius amahlanu. Ukwenza lokhu, amadada ahamba amabanga amade, ngokwesibonelo, esuka eRussia Far East afudukela eziqhingini zaseJapan nasogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeChina.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amadada aseMandarin, akhuliswe ekuthunjweni, imvamisa "abalekela" ema-zoo nasezindaweni zokongiwa kwemvelo, ethuthela aze afika e-Ireland, lapho sekuvele kunamabhangqa angaphezu kwe-1000.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona idada le-mandarin. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani idada le-mandarin?
Isithombe: Idada laseMandarin elivela eRed Book
Izinyoni zinokudla okuxubile. Iqukethe abahlali bemifula, ama-molluscs, kanye nohlaza kanye nembewu. Kusuka ezintweni eziphilayo zezinyoni, ukudla yilezi: fish roe, fish small, tadpoles, molluscs, crustaceans, iminenke, ama-slugs, amaxoxo, izinyoka, izinambuzane zasemanzini, izikelemu.
Kusuka ekudleni kwezitshalo: izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zembewu yezitshalo, ama-acorn, amantongomane e-beech. Kudliwa izitshalo ezinamaqabunga kanye namaqabunga, lezi kungaba yizinhlobo zasemanzini kanye nalezo ezikhula ehlathini, ngasogwini lwemizimba yamanzi.
Izinyoni zidla kusihlwa: entathakusa nasebusuku. Kuma-zoo nakwezinye izindawo zokuzalanisa okufakelwayo, zondliwa ngenyama egayiwe, inhlanzi, imbewu yezitshalo zokusanhlamvu:
- ibhali;
- ukolweni;
- irayisi;
- ukolweni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Chinese Mandarin Duck
Idada laseMandarin lihlala emahlathini aminyene asogwini, lapho likhosela khona emigodini yezihlahla nasemifantwini yamadwala. Bakhetha izindawo eziphansi, imifula yezikhukhula zemifula, izigodi, amaxhaphozi, amadlelo agcwele amanzi, amasimu agcwala amanzi, kodwa lapho kudingeka khona uhlaza olunamakhaza. Emithambekeni yezintaba namagquma, lezi zinyoni zingatholakala endaweni ephakeme engamamitha ayinkulungwane nengxenye ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, amadada akhetha osebeni lwemifula, lapho kukhona amahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi ahlabayo, izigodi ezinezivunguvungu zomoya. Ama-spurs eSikhote-Alin ayimpawu yale ndawo, lapho eminye imifudlana nemifudlana ihlangana khona ne-Ussuri.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amantshontsho amadada aseMandarin awakwazi ukuhlala ezihlahleni kuphela, kepha futhi angandiza acishe abheke phezulu.
Izici zama-mandarin:
- ngesikhathi sezindiza, zihamba kahle;
- lezi zinyoni, ngokungafani namanye amadada, ngokuvamile zingabonakala zihleli emagatsheni ezihlahla;
- babhukuda kahle, kepha kuyaqabukela basebenzise lelo thuba ukucwila ngaphansi kwamanzi, yize bekwazi ukukwenza;
- amadada agcina umsila wawo uphakeme ngaphezu kwamanzi ngenkathi ebhukuda;
- ama-tangerines akhipha impempe ephawulekayo, awenzi mbumbulu, njengabanye abafowabo emndenini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Idada lesiMandarin
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zinyoni ezinhle zamanzi ukuganwa komuntu oyedwa. Ukuzinikela okunjalo komunye nomunye kwabenza eMpumalanga uphawu lokuhlangana okuqinile komshado. Indoda iqala imidlalo yokukhwelana ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Izimpaphe ezikhanyayo zenzelwe ukuheha insikazi, kepha idrake ayigcini lapho, ibhukuda emanzini iyindilinga, iphakamisa izimpaphe ezinde ngemuva kwekhanda layo, ngaleyo ndlela ibonakale ikhulisa ubukhulu bayo. Abafakizicelo abaningana bangabheka idada elilodwa. Ngemuva kokuthi le ntokazi ikhethe, lo mbhangqwana uhlala ethembekile impilo yonke. Uma omunye wabalingani efa, omunye usala yedwa.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siwela ekupheleni kukaMashi, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Lapho-ke insikazi izithola isendaweni ecashile emgodini wesihlahla noma yakha isidleke e-windbreak, ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, lapho izalela khona amaqanda amane kuya kwayishumi nambili.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukwenza zikhululeke lezi zinyoni ukuhlala nokukhuphuka emagatsheni ezihlahla, imvelo inikeze imilenze yazo ngozipho abanamandla abakwazi ukunamathela kumagxolo futhi babambe ngokuqinile idada emqhele womuthi.
Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, futhi lokhu kuthatha cishe inyanga, owesilisa uletha ukudla kumlingani wakhe, kumsize aphile kulesi sikhathi esinomthwalo futhi esinzima.
Amadada aphume emaqandeni amhlophe asebenza kakhulu kusuka emahoreni okuqala. "Ukushicilelwa" kokuqala kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Njengoba la madada ehlala emigodini noma emifantwini yamatshe, kuba nenkinga ukufika emanzini wezingane ezingakwazi ukundiza. Umama we-mandarin uyehla bese ubiza izingane ngokushaya ikhwela. Amantshontsho amadada anesibindi agxuma aphuma esidlekeni, ashaya phansi impela, kepha ngokushesha agxume ngezidladla zawo bese eqala ukugijima.
Ngemuva kokulinda kuze kube yilapho wonke amadada esemhlabathini, umama uwaholela emanzini. Masinyane ziye phansi emanzini, zibhukude kahle futhi zikhuthele. Ngokushesha izingane ziqala ukuzifunela ukudla kwazo: izitshalo ezinambuzane, imbewu, izinambuzane, izikelemu, ama-crustaceans amancane nama-molluscs.
Uma kunesidingo futhi uma kuba nengozi, idada licasha ngamachwane emahlathini aminyene asogwini, kanye nedrake elinakekelayo nelinesibindi, elibangela "umlilo uqobo", liyaziphazamisa izidalwa. Amachwane aqala ukundiza ngenyanga nohhafu.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, amadada amancane asevele ezimele ngokuphelele. Izinsizwa ezisencane ziyancibilika futhi zakhe umhlambi wazo. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kula madada kwenzeka eneminyaka yonyaka owodwa. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu siyiminyaka eyisikhombisa nesigamu.
Izitha zemvelo zamadada e-mandarin
Isithombe: Idada le-mandarin labesilisa
Ngokwemvelo, izitha zamadada yilezo zilwane ezingabhubhisa izidleke emigodini yezihlahla. Isibonelo, ngisho namagundane anjengama-squirrels ayakwazi ukungena emgodini adle amaqanda e-mandarin. Izinja ze-Raccoon, ama-otter awagcini ngokudla amaqanda, kepha futhi azingela amadada amancane ngisho namadada amadala, angenkulu kakhulu futhi angakwazi ukumelana nawo uma ebanjwa ngokuzuma.
Ama-Ferrets, ama-mink, noma yibaphi abamele ama-mustelids, izimpungushe nezinye izidalwa, ubukhulu bazo obubavumela ukuba bazingele lezi zinyoni ezincane zamanzi, ziba yingozi yangempela kubo. Ziphinde zizingelwe izinyoka, izisulu zazo amatshwele namaqanda. Izinyoni ezidla inyama: izikhova zokhozi, izikhova nazo azikuphikisi ukudla ama-tangerines.
Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni badlala indima ekhethekile ekwehliseni inani labantu ezindaweni zokuhlala zemvelo. Ukuzingela lezi zinyoni ezinhle akuvunyelwe, kepha azichithwa ngenxa yenyama, kodwa ngenxa yezimpaphe zazo ezikhanyayo. Izinyoni bese ziya kuma-taxidermists ukuze zibe yizilwane ezigcwele. Futhi, kuhlale kunethuba lokushaya ngephutha idada le-mandarin phakathi nesikhathi sokuzingela amanye amadada, ngoba emoyeni kunzima ukulihlukanisa nezinye izinyoni zomndeni wedada.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Idada laseMandarin alizingelwa inyama yalo, ngoba linambitheka kabi. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwezinyoni emvelweni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Idada laseMandarin eMoscow
Amadada aseMandarin phambilini ayetholakala yonke indawo empumalanga ye-Asia. Imisebenzi yabantu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kunciphise kakhulu izindawo ezifanele lezi zinyoni. Zanyamalala ezifundeni eziningi lapho izidleke zazo zazitholakala khona phambilini.
Emuva ngo-1988, idada le-mandarin labalwa ku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngo-1994, lesi simo sashintshwa saba sengozini ephansi, futhi kusukela ngo-2004, lezi zinyoni zisongelwa kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kwesimo sokwehla kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokuncipha kwendawo yemvelo, lolu hlobo lwamadada lunendawo enkulu yokwabiwa futhi inani lalo alithambekeli kumanani abucayi. Ukwehla kwamanani uqobo akusheshi, kungaphansi kuka-30% eminyakeni eyishumi, okungabangeli ukukhathazeka ngalezi zinhlobo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekubuyiselweni kwesilinganiso sabantu kwakuwukuvinjelwa kokuhlehlisa isimilo. I-Russia inezivumelwano eziningi zokongiwa kwezinyoni ezifudukayo neJapan, Korea neChina, kufaka phakathi ama-tangerine.
Ukuze kwandiswe inani labantu balezi zinyoni ezinhle eMpumalanga Ekude, ochwepheshe:
- ukuqapha isimo sezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo;
- ukugcinwa kwezinyathelo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuyabhekwa;
- izidleke zokufakelwa zilenga osebeni lomfula, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze neziqiwu zemvelo,
- kudalwa izindawo ezintsha ezivikelwe kanti ezindala ziyanwetshwa.
Ukuvikelwa kwamadada e-mandarin
Isithombe: Idada laseMandarin elivela eRed Book
ERussia, ukuzingela ama-tangerines akuvunyelwe, le nyoni ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso. Izidleke zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30 eMpumalanga Ekude, ePrimorye. Kunezindawo eziningana ezivikelwe lapho izinyoni zamanzi zingahlala ngokukhululeka osebeni lwamachibi. Lezi yizindawo zokugcina iSikhote-Alin, i-Ussuriysky reserves, iKedrovaya Pad, Khingansky, Lazovsky, Bolshekhekhtsirsky.
Ngo-2015, esifundeni soMfula iBikin ePrimorsky Territory, ipaki entsha yokongiwa kwemvelo yadalwa, lapho kunezindawo eziningi ezifanele impilo yamadada amadada. Sekukonke, kunabantu ababalelwa ku-65,000 - 66,000 emhlabeni (ngokwezibalo zeWetlands International kusuka ngonyaka we-2006).
Izilinganiso zikazwelonke zamabhangqa ezidleke zalezi zinyoni zamanzi zihlukile ngandlela thile futhi ngezwe:
- I-China - cishe izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezizalanayo;
- I-Taiwan - cishe ngazimbili zokuzalela;
- Korea - cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi zokuzalela ngazimbili;
- IJapane - kuze kube yizinkulungwane eziyi-100 zokuzalela ngazimbili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nezinyoni zobusika kula mazwe. Amadada amadada aseMandarin akhiqizwa emazweni amaningi, lapho angatholakala khona emvelweni: eSpain, eCanary Islands, e-Austria, eBelgium, eNetherlands, eNgilandi, eDenmark, eFrance, eJalimane, eSlovenia naseSwitzerland. Kukhona amadada amadada kodwa awazaleli eHong Kong, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal naseMyanmar. Kunamaqembu amaningi ahlukanisiwe alezi zinyoni e-United States.
Izimpawu zobumbano lomshado oluqinile, lezi zinyoni ezinhle zamanzi zihlobisa ama-zoo amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Lapho izimo zezulu zivuma, zizalwa emachibini asedolobheni, futhi abanye abantu bagcina amadada njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Lezi zinyoni kulula ukuzithambisa futhi zibekezelele impilo kahle ekuthunjweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 23.09.2019 ngo-20: 38
