Ukuhlala ogwini impela ushaka obuthuntu - isilo esiyingozi nesiyingozi, esihlotshaniswa nengxenye enkulu yokuhlaselwa kwabantu. Yize engemkhulu kakhulu, kodwa enamandla, futhi kunzima ukulwa naye, ngakho-ke, okusele ukugwema imihlangano. Oshaka ababuthuntu bakubekezelela kahle ukuthunjwa futhi bavame ukugcinwa kukho.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Shark Blark
Oshaka abadala kunabo bonke babehlala emhlabeni kudala kakhulu - e-Upper Devonian. Zaziyi-hibodus, futhi zazifana noshaka, yize kungadalulwanga kahle ukuthi zihlobene yini nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngalezo zinsuku, inani lezinhlobo nezinhlobo zoshaka be-Paleozoic lakhula ngokushesha, kepha konke kwaphela ngokuqothulwa kweningi esikhathini sePermian.
Kakade esikhathini seMesozoic, oshaka bokuqala banamuhla bavela: ama-Elasmorachians abe esehlukaniswa oshaka nemisebe. Ama-vertebrae asemathanjeni oshaka abalwa, okwabenza baba namandla futhi basiza ukusinda ekucindezelweni okuphezulu (lokhu kwavumela ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka ukuba ziye ekujuleni), kubenze babe yizilwane ezidla ezinye ezingalawuleka futhi eziyingozi.
Ividiyo: Blunt Shark
Ingqondo yakhula, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindawo zezinzwa - khona-ke oshaka bathola umuzwa wabo odumile wephunga, obavumela ukuba bezwe ithonsi legazi amakhilomitha. Amathambo emihlathi ashintshile, okwenze ukuthi ukwazi ukuvula umlomo ubanzi kakhulu. Ngamagama - afana kakhulu nalawo oshaka esibaziyo, ngisho nasezinsukwini zama-dinosaurs.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye eyinhloko yama-oda wanamuhla yavela, ikakhulukazi, efana ne-karharin, okukhona kuyo ushaka obuthuntu. Kungekomndeni nohlobo lo shaka abampunga: kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezingama-32 zihlukaniswe kuwo, kanti enye yazo ngushaka obuthuntu. Incazelo yayo yesayensi yenziwa nguMüller noHenle ngo-1839, igama elithile esiLatini lithi Carcharhinus leucas.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngenxa yokushoda kwesibindi sokubhukuda, oshaka kufanele bahambe njalo, futhi kudinga amandla amaningi. Kuyisidingo sokuyigcwalisa njalo ebangela isifiso sabo sokudla, kepha ngaphandle kwalokho, bayayazi indlela yokonga imali - ngalokhu bacisha izingxenye ezingafuneki zobuchopho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Bull blunt shark
Umzimba uvulekile, i-fusiform. Umbala mpunga: ngemuva kunethunzi elimnyama, kanti amaphiko amnyama kakhulu, kanti nesisu sikhanya. Emanzini, ushaka onjalo ugqame kancane, ngakho-ke ungabhukuda ungabonwa ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma amanzi enamafu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukuguqula ukuqina kombala, ukukulungisa kukhanyise: kukhanye emini, kube mnyama kusihlwa.
Ngaphandle, zihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko nokuma kwekhanda: alikhonjwanga futhi libukeka lihluke kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi, ukuze kube lula ukulihlukanisa. Impumulo eyisicaba ihlinzeka ngokuhamba kangcono.
Amazinyo angunxantathu, imiphetho iyasindwa. Zitholakala emigqeni eminingana, futhi lapho izinyo liwa ngaphambili, elilandelayo lihamba liye endaweni yalo. Ezintsha zikhula kuphela emgqeni wokugcina, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi: ushaka kufanele azishintshe kaningi phakathi nokuphila kwakhe.
Imihlathi inamandla amakhulu, icindezela ngamandla angama-600 kilograms, namazinyo abambe inyamazane ngokuthembekile. Uma othile angena kuzo, lapho-ke kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukushiya ephila. Banolwelwesi olucwazimulayo oluthuthukile emehlweni. I-dimorphism yezocansi ikhonjiswa ngomehluko ngosayizi: abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa futhi banesisindo esingaphezulu, yize umehluko mncane, cishe u-15%.
Kunezimpiko ezimbili zasemhlane, eyodwa enkulu yangaphakathi bese kuthi eyodwa engemuva encane. Umphetho we-caudal mude. Ushaka obuthuntu uyakwazi ukwenza isivinini esisheshayo, yize singaphansi kweshesha oshaka abadla kakhulu ngejubane eliphezulu nasekuqhubeni kalula.
Ingamamitha ama-2-3 ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-120-230 kilograms. Ngezikhathi ezithile zikhula zifike kumamitha ama-4 nama-350 kilograms. Amapharamitha anjalo enza kube yingozi ikakhulukazi kubantu: uma izilwane ezidla amanzi ezinkulu kakhulu zinganaki abantu nhlobo, khona-ke oshaka besayizi bayashesha futhi banolaka, futhi bangabazingela ngenhloso.
Uhlala kuphi ushaka obuthuntu?
Isithombe: Ushaka obuthuntu emanzini
Izimpilo eziseduze nogu nasemilonyeni yemifula - ngaphezu kwalokho, zingakhuphuka zize zize zigudle eminye imifula emikhulu, futhi zitholakale ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha ukusuka emlonyeni. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba oshaka ababuthuntu bajwayelene nempilo kasawoti kanye nasemanzini amasha - ngakho-ke bayatholakala ngisho nasemachibini athile.
Badinga usawoti, kepha indlala yabo eyi-rectal kanye nama-gill bayakwazi ukuqoqa lo sawoti, futhi bawukhiphe ngezikhathi ezifanele - ngenxa yalokhu, abahlangabezani nokuphazamiseka emanzini amasha, kepha kuphela uma ichibi lixhunywe olwandle, njengeLake Nicaragua.
Ushaka obuthuntu ovame kakhulu ungatholakala:
- ogwini olusempumalanga yeNyakatho neNingizimu Melika;
- entshonalanga ye-Afrika;
- ngasogwini olusentshonalanga yeNdiya;
- ePersian Gulf;
- ezilwandle zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia;
- ngasogwini olusentshonalanga nasenyakatho ye-Australia;
- e-Oceania;
- eCaribbean;
- emifuleni emikhulu - iAmazon, iGanges, iMississippi;
- eLake Nicaragua.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, indawo yokuhlala ibanzi kakhulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kungasogwini, iziqhingi zeziqhingi nemifula emikhulu. Iqiniso ukuthi alibhukudi kude nolwandle oluvulekile futhi livame ukuhlala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ukusuka ogwini - yilokhu okwenza kube yingozi kubantu. Indawo yokwabiwa kwe-bull shark inqunyelwe ngesinye isimo: ayithandi amanzi abandayo, ngakho-ke ihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Oshaka ababuthuntu abezwa buhlungu, futhi ngenxa yezinga le-testosterone elinyukayo banolaka kakhulu - le nhlanganisela iholela ekutheni bangaqhubeka nokuhlasela ngisho nasesimweni esibi kakhulu kubo. Kwenzeka ukuthi kusulwe ushaka obuthuntu, wazama ukuzidlela ingaphakathi lakhe.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona ushaka obuthuntu. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa ngushaka obuthuntu?
Isithombe: Shark blunt shark
Ayithobeki futhi ingadla cishe noma yini: kusuka esiswini esikhulu kunazo zonke engayibamba, izinhlanzi ezincane ngisho nokuwa. Sithanda ukuthola izindawo zokulahla udoti odliwayo emifuleni nasolwandle, futhi sihlale eduze, sondle ngalo doti.
Oshaka abaningi ababuthuntu baye bakhetha uMfula iGanges ngenxa yesiko lenkolo lokuthumela abafileyo eceleni kwawo - oshaka bamane badla izidumbu ezidlula ngendlela. Ungakhathazeki ngokuba nesidlwana nabantu abaphilayo, kanye nabamele bohlobo lwabo. Kepha isisekelo sokudla imvamisa akubona abantu - abaphilayo nabafileyo, hhayi abanye oshaka, kepha:
- amahlengethwa;
- i-mullet nezinye izinhlanzi ezifundayo;
- izimfudu;
- ama-crustaceans;
- ama-stingray;
- echinoderms.
Imvamisa zizingela zodwa, zihamba kancane zihamba endaweni ekhethiwe - ngalesi sikhathi kubonakala sengathi zilele futhi zihamba kancane. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kungathulisa isisulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba, ngenxa yombala wokufihla, kungenzeka ingaboni ukuqaphela komzingeli isikhathi eside.
Kepha ukuhamba kancane kukashaka obuthuntu kuyakhohlisa - kungaqhubeka ukubhukuda ngokunensa, njengoba isibonile isisulu sayo futhi isikhombe, kuze kufike umzuzu ofanele kakhulu wokuhlaselwa. Yonke imizamo yobuchopho bukashaka ngalesi sikhathi ihlose ukubala isikhathi sokuqala kwayo, futhi lapho ifika, isheshisa kakhulu futhi ibambe inyamazane.
Uma isisulu sikhulu, okokuqala ushaka uyishaya ngekhanda, ezama ukukhipha umoya, bese uyaluma, uma kunesidingo, uphinde uphinde uphinde ulume, ushintshe lezi zenzo kuze kuphele ukumelana. Ngakho-ke, ikwazi ukubulala hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi zasolwandle, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba ezafika endaweni yokunisela - ziziphonsa emanzini, ziyibambe futhi zibahudule zihambe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kungenxa yokuthi lapho ihlasela isisulu iyishaya ngekhanda, ithole igama elehlukile - i-bull shark, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa ifana nenkunzi eshaya isitha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Shark bull
Imvamisa zizingela ekuseni nakusihlwa - ngalesi sikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona. Ushaka obuthuntu akesabi ukuhlasela izinhlanzi nezilwane ezinkulu kunawo: kunamacala lapho ehudula amahhashi noma izinhlwathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu akakwazi ukumthusa. Ngenxa yalezi zidalwa, izisulu eziningi ezingabantu - ziphakathi kwabaholi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zoshaka.
Kepha, uma bebona amaqembu abantu, abavamile ukuba bahlasele, imvamisa bakhetha izinhloso ezilodwa njengezisulu. Awabonakali kangako futhi ngakho-ke ayingozi kakhulu, ngenkathi ekwazi ukuhlasela ngisho nasemanzini angajulile, lapho umuntu engakulindelanga lokhu: ngokwesibonelo, bavame ukuhlasela lapho bewela umfula umfula. Lokhu kuvamile emithanjeni yemifula emikhulu efana ne-Amazon noma iGanges.
Ezindaweni ezigcwele oshaka ababuthuntu, kungcono ukugwema amanzi anodaka futhi ungabhukudi ekuphumeni kwelanga nasekushoneni kwalo - lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bokuhlaselwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele uyobhukuda ngokushesha ngemuva kwesiphepho esinemvula - kuzoba nezinto eziningi eziphilayo emanzini, futhi ngokuqinisekile ushaka uzoya kudla kuwo.
Uma ushaka obuthuntu engakwazi ukubala ibhalansi yamandla, futhi kwakudingeka abaleke - noma uma yena ngokwakhe ehlaselwa ngoshaka omkhulu, khona-ke angakhipha okuqukethwe esiswini ukuze adide umhlaseli. Icebo elinjalo kwesinye isikhathi liyasiza ukuphuma, ngoba uma isisu besigcwele, ukubonakala kuba kubi kakhulu.
Uma ushaka obuthuntu uvamise ukuzingela esimweni sezulu esingesihle, ekuseni noma kusihlwa, kuthi phakathi nosuku libalele uphumule ngasogwini, uveze umhlane noma isisu elangeni. Yile ndlela ajwayele ukuchitha ngayo ingxenye enkulu yosuku - yize noma ngalesi sikhathi ekulungele ukudla okuthile okuvele emkhakheni wakhe wombono.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphandle kokuthi ushaka obuthuntu uphansi ngosayizi oshaka abakhulu kunabo bonke, nguyena owaba yisibonelo sesilo esikhulu esivela ku-movie ethi "Jaws". Iphindwe kaningana ngosayizi, kuyilapho ngaphandle icishe ifane, ifana noshaka obuthuntu nemikhuba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Shark Blark
Bahlala bodwa, uma abantu bobulili obufanayo behlangana, imvamisa lokhu kuholela empini, noma bamane bafiphalise. Kepha abantu bobulili obuhlukile kwesinye isikhathi bangakha izithandani, yize kuvame ukwenziwa isikhashana, futhi bazingele ndawonye - lokhu kwenzeka ngokutholakala kokudla okuhle.
Ukuzingela ndawonye kubenza bakwazi ukukhohlisa inyamazane, ehlaselwa ngushaka oyedwa kuphela, kuthi lapho ukunakwa kwesisulu kumunca, okwesibili kuhlasele ngokuzumayo. Uma inyunyana inika umphumela futhi kuba lula ukuzingela, bangaphinda isenzo esifanayo kaningana, kepha "inyunyana" enjalo ayihlali isikhathi eside, ngoba ngokwemvelo lezi zinhlanzi zizodwa.
Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili beneminyaka eyi-10. Isikhathi sokumatanisa siqala ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, sandulelwa yisiko lokukhwelana, lapho imikhuba yokudla oshaka abampofu ibonakaliswa ngokuphelele: abesilisa baluma abesifazane ngomsila enkambweni yabo, babenze babheke phansi - ngakho-ke bakwenza kucace ukuthi bakulungele ukukhwelana.
Ukulunywa kunamandla kakhulu, futhi amanxeba angahlala kuwo isikhathi eside - yize abesifazane bengabuzwa ubuhlungu ngenxa yezinto ezikhiqizwa emzimbeni ezivimba imizwa yobuhlungu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesilisa bakhiqiza i-testosterone eningi ngalesi sikhathi, yingakho baba nolaka kakhulu.
Izinga lalo koshaka abanamaphaphu acwebile ngokuvamile liyakhuphuka, okuchaza ngokuziphatha kwabo. Kwesinye isikhathi banokuphazamiseka kwamahomoni ngezinye izikhathi, bese beqala ukuziphonsa kuyo yonke into, ngisho nezinto ezingaphili, futhi bangazilimaza edwaleni noma bahlasele ushaka omkhulu kakhulu kunabo bese befa.
Abesifazane abanaso isazela somama, futhi lapho umsebenzi uphela, bamane babhukude basuke. Oshaka abancane - imvamisa kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-10 kubo kuyavela, kufanele uzinakekele khona manjalo. Ekuqaleni, zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, futhi kuphela lapho sezikhulile lapho zithola khona amandla okuhlala emanzini anosawoti, yize kungenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi kuwo.
Emifuleni, oshaka abancane basongelwa izidalwa ezimbalwa, futhi baya olwandle ngemuva kokuvuthwa, imvamisa ngoba kunezilwane eziningi lapho. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngeminyaka emi-3 kuya kwengu-5, lapho befika usayizi cishe wamamitha ama-2 futhi abanabaphikisi abaningi abafanelekile emanzini asogwini.
Izitha zemvelo zoshaka ababuthuntu
Isithombe: Bull blunt shark
Zimbalwa zazo, ikakhulukazi oshaka abamhlophe kanye namahlosi. Zincamela izindawo ezifanayo njengoshaka ababuthuntu, ngakho-ke zingahlangana - futhi zithande ukuhlasela. Zinkulu ngosayizi, kanti futhi ziyashesha futhi ziyakwazi ukuguquguquka, ngakho-ke zimele ingozi enkulu ngisho nakoshaka abadala ababuthuntu, futhi lapho zihlangana nazo, ngokuvamile kufanele zibaleke.
Izihlobo nazo ziyingozi - oshaka balezi zinhlobo bayabulalana futhi badlelane ngaphandle kwemizwa, ngakho-ke, baze bavuthwe ngokuphelele, kufanele bagweme ukuhlangana nomunye oshaka ababuthuntu. Abayingozi kakhulu ngabantu, kuvela ezandleni zabo ukuthi iningi lalezi zinhlanzi zifa, ngoba zisetshenziselwa ukudoba, noma kungezona ezikhulu kakhulu.
Imikhomo ebulalayo nezingwenya nazo zingasongela oshaka abadala. Lezi zakamuva zivame ukuzihlasela: izingwenya ezihlanganisiwe nezaseNayile, kanye nama-alligator angahlasela ngisho nabantu abadala, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane - ezikhulayo. Ngisho nama-pinnipeds anolaka angaba usongo koshaka abancane.
Kepha ama-fry anezinkinga eziningi: hhayi kuphela ukuthi konke okubhalwe ohlwini lwangaphambilini akuluphikisi ukuwadla, angabanjwa nezinhlanzi ezidlayo. Izinyoni nazo ziyazizingela. Zombili ziningi, ngakho-ke ushaka omncane ubhekene nezingozi eziningi, futhi akulula ukuthi usinde eminyakeni yokuqala engu-2-3.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lo shaki muhle ekuhlukaniseni imibala futhi uzama ukugwema izinto ezidwetshiwe ngokuphuzi okukhulu - bazihlanganisa nengozi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Shark Blark
Inhlanzi idotshwa ushaka obuthuntu, isikhumba sayo, amanyikwe kanye nesibindi kubhekwa njengokubalulekile, inyama iyadliwa futhi iyingxenye yezibiliboco kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zinenani lentengiso, ngaphandle kwalokho, kulula ukubamba ushaka obuthuntu, ngoba uhlala uhlala ngasogwini, futhi ungakhangwa ngenyama enegazi - uyizwa ikude.
Yize phakathi kwezinto zokudoba imvamisa kungabi phakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile, kunesinye isici esiholela ekuqothulweni okusebenzayo kwalezi zinhlobo - ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu, ngakho-ke ezindaweni eziningi umzabalazo onenhloso wenziwa nazo, izakhamizi zifuna ukususa izindawo zazo abahlukumezi ukuze ukwazi ukubhukuda ngokunethezeka.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ngaphandle kobubanzi obubanzi, inani loshaka ababuthuntu belincipha ngokushesha isikhathi eside. Abaphenyi abanayo imininingwane ngqo, kepha kukholakala ukuthi kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule yehle ngamahlandla ama-3-5. Kuze kube manje, lolu hlobo alukho kwiRed Data Book, kepha isikhundla salo sesivele sichazwa ngokuthi "sisondele kwababuthakathaka".
Uma lo mkhuba ofanayo uqhubeka, futhi kuze kube manje akukho okukhombisa ushintsho lwawo, oshaka aba-blunt kungekudala bangaba phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala, kodwa kuze kube manje akukho zinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuzivikela. Isici esihle ukuthi bavumelana kalula nokuhlala endaweni yokufakelwa futhi bayakwazi ukuzala kuyo.
Ushaka obuthuntu - enye yezimpahla zeplanethi yethu, yize izakhamuzi ezisogwini oluhlupheka kuzo zingaba nombono ohlukile. Ziyingxenye ebalulekile yochungechunge lokudla futhi ziyabandakanyeka ekuzalaneni kwezinhlanzi nokunye ukuphila kwasolwandle. Maye, ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kaningi kwabantu, baqothulwa ngenkuthalo, futhi kuze kube manje kubonakala sengathi inani labantu lizoqhubeka nokwehla esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.06.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-10: 01
