UMerlin Isidalwa esesabekayo, uheshe okhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, ubusa isigaxa esingenalutho nolwandle olugwadule e-Arctic ephakeme. Lapho, uzingela kakhulu izinyoni ezinkulu, azifinyelele endizeni enamandla. Leli gama lenyoni laziwa kusukela ngekhulu le-12, lapho laqoshwa khona ku- "Lay of Igor's Host." Manje isetshenziswa yonke indawo ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia.
Imvelaphi yayo kungenzeka ihlotshaniswa negama lesiHungary elithi "kerechen" noma "kerecheto", futhi yehlele kithi kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwamaPramagyar emazweni ase-Ugra. Izimpaphe zayo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo. Njengamanye ama-falcons, ikhombisa ukufiphala kocansi, kuthi owesifazane abe mkhulu kunowesilisa. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka i-gyrfalcon yaziswa njengezinyoni ezizingelayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Krechet
IGyrfalcon yahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni ngusosayensi wemvelo waseSweden uKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758 kumagazini we-10 weSystema Naturae, lapho ifakwa khona ngaphansi kwegama layo lamanje elibi. Ama-Chronospecies akhona ku-Late Pleistocene (eminyakeni eyizi-125,000 kuye kwengu-13,000 edlule). Izinsalela ezitholakele ekuqaleni zazichazwa njenge- "Swarth Falcon". Okwamanje, kuvele ukuthi kufana kakhulu ne-gyrfalcon yamanje, ngaphandle kokuthi lolu hlobo lukhulu kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Krechet
Ama-Chronospecies abe nokuzivumelanisa okuthile nesimo sezulu esipholile ebesikhona ebangeni labo ngesikhathi sokugcina seqhwa. Izinhlobo zasendulo zazifana kakhulu nabantu besimanje baseSiberia noma i-prairie falcon. Lesi sitshalo esipholile sasenzelwe ukuzingela umhlaba nezilwane ezincelisayo kunezinyoni zasolwandle nezinyoni zomhlaba ezakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwe-American gyrfalcon namuhla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IGyrfalcon iyilungu lesakhiwo seHierofalco. Kuleli qembu, okubandakanya izinhlobo eziningana zikakhokho, kunobufakazi obanele bokukhombisa ukuxubana nokuhlungwa okungaphelele kwemigqa, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya imininingwane yokulandelana kwe-DNA.
Ukutholakala kwezici ezahlukahlukene zofuzo nezokuziphatha eqenjini lama-hierofalcons kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokugcina sokuhlangana kwabantu baseMikulinsky ekuqaleni kwePleistocene ngasekupheleni. AmaGyrfalcons athole amakhono amasha futhi azivumelanisa nezimo zendawo, ngokungafani nenani labantu abasenyakatho esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, asebephenduke iSaker Falcon. AmaGyrfalcons ahlanganiswe namaSaker Falcons ezintabeni zase-Altai, futhi lokhu kugeleza kofuzo kubonakala kungumthombo wenkosazane yase-Altai.
Ucwaningo lwezofuzo luveze ukuthi inani labantu base-Iceland bahlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abasempumalanga nasentshonalanga yeGreenland, eCanada, eRussia, e-Alaska naseNorway. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga ahlukene wokugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwezindawo ezisampula zasentshonalanga nasempumalanga akhonjwe eGreenland. Umsebenzi owengeziwe uyadingeka ukukhomba izici zemvelo ezinomthelela kulokhu kusatshalaliswa. Ngokuphathelene nokwehluka kwezimpaphe, ucwaningo olusebenzisa idatha yabantu lubonise ukuthi ukulandelana kwezikhathi zokuhlalisa kungathinta ukusatshalaliswa kombala wezimpaphe.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Gyrfalcon
Ama-Gyrfalcons acishe alingane nama-buzzard amakhulu, kepha asinda kancane. Abesilisa bangama-48 kuye kuma-61 cm ubude futhi banesisindo esisuka ku-805 kuye ku-1350 g.Isisindo esimaphakathi singu-1130 noma u-1170 g, amaphiko asuka ku-112 kuye ku-130 cm.Abesifazane bakhulu futhi banobude obungu-51 kuye ku-65 cm, amaphiko ukusuka ku-124 kuye ku-160 cm , isisindo somzimba kusuka ku-1180 kuya ku-2100 g.Kutholakale ukuthi abesifazane baseMpumalanga Siberia bangaba nesisindo esingu-2600 g.
Phakathi kwezilinganiso ezijwayelekile kukhona:
- i-chord yamaphiko ingu-34.5 kuye ku-41 cm:
- umsila ungama-19.5 kuye kuma-29 cm ubude;
- izinyawo kusuka ku-4.9 kuye ku-7.5 cm.
IGyrfalcon inkulu futhi inamaphiko abanzi nomsila omude kunokhokho ozingelwa yi-peregrine. Le nyoni yehlukile kunenkwenywa esakhiweni esijwayelekile samaphiko acijile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IGyrfalcon iyinhlobo ye-polymorphic kakhulu, ngakho-ke izimpaphe zama-subspecies ahlukile zihluke kakhulu. Umbala ungaba "mhlophe", "isiliva", "nsundu" futhi "umnyama", futhi inyoni ingapendwa ngemibala ehlukahlukene kusuka kokumhlophe ngokuphelele kuya kobumnyama kakhulu.
Ifomu elinsundu le-gyrfalcon lihlukile kunkohliso we-peregrine ngoba kunemivimbo kakhilimu ngemuva kwekhanda nomqhele. Ifomu elimnyama linendawo engezansi ebonwe kakhulu, hhayi umucu omncane onjenge-peregrine falcon. Izinhlobo azinakho ukwehlukana ngokobulili ngombala; amaphuphu amnyama futhi ansundu kunabantu abadala. Ama-Gyrfalcons atholakala eGreenland imvamisa amhlophe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokumakwa okumbalwa ezimpikweni. Umbala ompunga uyisixhumanisi esiphakathi futhi utholakala kulo lonke uhla lokuhlala, imvamisa kutholakala imibala emibili yegrey emzimbeni.
Ama-Gyrfalcons anezimpiko ezinde ezikhombe nomsila omude. Kodwa-ke, ibuye yehluke kwezinye izinkobe ngosayizi wayo omkhulu, amaphiko amafushane alula u-2⁄3 ezansi ngomsila lapho ehlangana, namaphiko abanzi. Lezi zinhlobo zingadideka kuphela ne-hawk esenyakatho.
Ihlala kuphi i-gyrfalcon?
Isithombe: IGyrfalcon indiza
Izindawo ezintathu ezizalela kakhulu ezasolwandle, umfula kanye nentaba. It is kabanzi kule tundra futhi hlathi, kungaba ukuhlala olwandle kuze kube 1500 m. Ebusika, it fuduka njalo epulazini nasemasimini ezolimo, ugu futhi endle yayo asemahlathini.
Indawo yokuzalanisa ifaka phakathi:
- Izifunda ze-Arctic zaseNyakatho Melika (e-Alaska, eCanada);
- IGreenland;
- I-Iceland;
- enyakatho yeScandinavia (eNorway, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSweden, enyakatho yeFinland);
- I-Russia, iSiberia kanye naseningizimu yeNhlonhlo yaseKamchatka kanye ne-Commander Islands.
Izinyoni zasebusika zitholakala eningizimu kuya eMidwest nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States, Great Britain, Western Europe, eningizimu yeRussia, Central Asia, China (Manchuria), Sakhalin Island, naseKuril Islands naseJapan. Yize abanye abantu bebikwe ukuthi bayakha izidleke ezihlahleni, iningi lama-gyrfalcons lakha isiduli sase-arctic. Izindawo zokwakha izidleke zivame ukutholakala phakathi kwamawa aphakeme, kuyilapho izindawo zokuzingela nezokufuna ukudla zihluka kakhulu.
Izindawo zokondla zingafaka izindawo ezisogwini namabhishi asetshenziswa kakhulu izinyoni zamanzi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo akulona usongo kulezi zinhlobo, ikakhulu ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokukhula nesimo sezulu sendawo. Njengoba ukwakheka kwamadwala kungaphazanyiswa futhi ne-tundra ingazenzi izinguquko ezinkulu, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinhlobo ibonakala izinzile.
Ubusika bungadala ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zihambe esifundeni. Ngenkathi besezindaweni eziseningizimu kakhulu, bakhetha amasimu ezolimo abakhumbuza izindawo zabo ezisenyakatho zokuzalela, imvamisa zihlala phansi ngaphezulu komhlaba emigodini yocingo.
Idla ini i-gyrfalcon?
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Gyrfalcon evela eRed Book
Ngokungafani nezinkozi, ezisebenzisa usayizi wazo omkhulu ukubamba inyamazane, namaphiko onkonkoni, asebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi ukuzuza isivinini esikhulu, ama-gyrfalcons asebenzisa amandla anonya ukubamba isisulu sawo. Ngokuyinhloko zizingela izinyoni ezindaweni ezivulekile, kwesinye isikhathi zindizela phezulu futhi zihlasela zivela phezulu, kepha kaningi ziyasondela kuzo, zindizela phansi ngenhla komhlaba. Bavame ukuhlala phansi. Imvamisa, kusetshenziswa izindiza ezinejubane eliphansi ezindaweni ezivulekile (azikho izihlahla) lapho i-gyrfalcon ihlasela khona inyamazane emoyeni nasemhlabathini.
Ukudla kwama-gyrfalcons kuqukethe:
- ama-partridges (iLagopus);
- Izingwejeje zomhlaba zase-Arctic (S. parryii);
- hares arctic (Lepus).
Enye inyamazane ifaka izilwane ezincelisayo (amagundane, ama-voles) nezinye izinyoni (amadada, ondlunkulu, ukubhuza). Ngenkathi izingela, le nkohliso isebenzisa amehlo ayo abukhali ukuze ibone okungahle kube yisisulu sayo, njengoba cishe zonke izilwane ezisenyakatho zinombala othile ukuze zingatholakali.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umndeni we-gyrfalcon udinga cishe ama-partridges ama-2-3 ngosuku, okungaba ama-partridge we-150-200 asetshenzisiwe phakathi kokuzilungisa nokuqina.
Izindawo zokuzingela zaseGyrfalcon zivame ukuqondana nezizathu zeqhwa. Lapho kutholakala umuntu ongaba yisisulu, kuqalwa ukulandela, lapho, ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu, isisulu sizoshaywa phansi ngogwayi olunamandla, bese sibulawa. Ama-Gyrfalcons aqinile ngokwanele ukumelana nezindiza ezinde ngesikhathi sokuzingela futhi kwesinye isikhathi aqhube inyamazane yawo kuze kube lula ukubamba. Isikhathi sokuzalisa, i-gyrfalcon igcwele ukudla okuzosetshenziswa. Kwesinye isikhathi amajuba (Columba livia) aba yisisulu sikakhulukazi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: White Gyrfalcon
Ama-Gyrfalcons akhetha ukuhlala yedwa, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, lapho esebenzisana nomlingani wawo. Isikhathi esisele, le nyoni izozingela, ithole ukudla bese ihlala ubusuku bonke iyodwa. Imvamisa azithuthi, kepha zihamba amabanga amafushane, ikakhulukazi ebusika, ziye ezindaweni ezifanelekile lapho kutholakala khona ukudla.
Ziyizinyoni ezinamandla nezisheshayo, futhi zimbalwa kakhulu izilwane ezilinga ukumhlasela. Ama-Gyrfalcons adlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni njengezilwane ezidla ezinye. Zisiza ukulawula inani labantu abadla inyama futhi zisize ukugcina ukulinganisela ezindaweni eziphila kuzo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izazi zebhayoloji ezifunde ama-gyrfalcons amashumi eminyaka zake zacabanga ukuthi lezi zinyoni zihlobene kakhulu nomhlaba, lapho zihlala khona, zizingela futhi zidleke. Yize lokhu sekuqinisekisiwe ezimweni eziningi, kwatholakala ngo-2011 ukuthi amanye ama-gyrfalcons achitha isikhathi esiningi sasebusika olwandle, kude nanoma yimuphi umhlaba. Cishe, oheshewe badla izinyoni zasolwandle lapho futhi baphumula emaqhweni eqhwa noma eqhweni lolwandle.
Abantu abadala abajwayele ukufuduka ikakhulukazi e-Iceland naseScandinavia, kuyilapho izingane zingahamba amabanga amade. Ukuhamba kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nokutholakala kokudla okujikelezayo, ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni ezinama-morphs amhlophe zindiza zisuka eGreenland ziye e-Iceland. Amanye ama-gyrfalcons asuka eNyakatho Melika aya eSiberia. Ebusika, bangahamba amabanga angama-3400 km (ukusuka e-Alaska kuya e-Arctic Russia). Kubhalwe ukuthi intokazi eyodwa yahamba amakhilomitha angama-4548.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Wild Gyrfalcon
IGyrfalcon cishe ihlala njalo izidleke emadwaleni. Ukubhangqa okuzalanayo kwakha izidleke zazo futhi kaningi zisebenzisa umsele wedwala oveziwe noma isidleke esishiyiwe sezinye izinyoni, ikakhulukazi izinkozi zegolide namagwababa. Abesilisa baqala ukuvikela izindawo zokwakha izidleke kusukela phakathi nobusika, ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari, ngenkathi abesifazane befika ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Ukubhangqa kwenzeka cishe emavikini ayisithupha, amaqanda ngokuvamile abekwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuze kube muva nje, kuncane okwakwaziwa ngezindawo zokwakha izidleke, izikhathi zokufukamela, izinsuku ezifikayo, nokuziphatha kwama-gyrfalcons. Yize kuningi okutholakele eminyakeni yamuva, kusenezici zomjikelezo wokuzala okufanele zitholwe.
Izinyoni zisebenzisa izidleke zazo unyaka nonyaka, imvamisa izinsalela zezilwane eziyizisulu ziyanqwabelana kuzo, futhi amatshe aphenduka amhlophe kusuka kuguano eleqile. Ama-clutches angaba kusuka emaqanda ama-2 kuye kwayi-7, kepha imvamisa 4. Isilinganiso seqanda elijwayelekile 58.46 mm x 45 mm; isisindo esimaphakathi ngamagremu angama-62. Amaqanda ngokuvamile afukanyelwa insikazi ngosizo oluthile oluvela kowesilisa. Isikhathi sokufukamela siyizinsuku ezingama-35 ngokwesilinganiso, ngawo wonke amachwane achamusela kungakapheli amahora angama-24-36, enesisindo cishe esingu-52g.
Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, amaphuphu ambozwe okusindayo phansi. Insikazi iqala ukushiya isidleke kuphela emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 ukuze ijoyine eyeduna ukuzingela. Amachwane aphuma esidlekeni emavikini angu-7-8. Eminyakeni yezinyanga ezi-3 kuya kwezi-4, i-gyrfalcon ekhulayo iyazimela kubazali bayo, yize ingahlangana nezingane zakwabo ebusika obulandelayo.
Izitha zemvelo zama-gyrfalcons
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Gyrfalcon
Usayizi omkhulu ngokwengeziwe nokusebenza kahle kwezindiza kwenza iGyrfalcon endala ingavikeleki ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Zingaba nolaka lapho zivikela amaphuphu azo futhi zizohlasela zixoshe izikhova ezinkulu, izimpungushe, izimpisi, izimpisi, amabhere, izimpungushe ze-arctic nezikhova zokhozi ezidla amaphuphu azo. Ama-Gyrfalcons awanalo nolaka kubantu, ngisho nangososayensi abacwaninga abafunda izidleke zokuqoqa idatha. Izinyoni zizondiza eduze, zenze imisindo, kepha ziyeke ukuhlasela.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Amanye ama-Inuit asebenzisa izimpaphe ze-gyrfalcon ngezinhloso zomkhosi. Abantu bathatha amatshwele ezidlekeni ukuze baqhubeke nokuwasebenzisa ku-falconry ngendlela yokuthiwa ngamehlo.
Okuwukuphela kwezilwane ezidla imvelo eziyingozi ku-gyrfalcon yizinkozi zegolide (i-Aquila chrysaetos), kepha noma kunjalo azivamile ukulwa nalezi zingulube ezesabekayo. Ama-Gyrfalcons abonakala njengezilwane eziqeda amandla. Amagwababa avamile ukuphela kwezilwane ezidlayo ezisuse ngempumelelo amaqanda namazinyane esidlekeni. Ngisho namabhere ansundu ahlaselwe asala elambatha.
Abantu bavame ukuzibulala ngephutha lezi zinyoni. Kungaba ukushayisana kwezimoto noma ukufaka ushevu komuntu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, izidumbu zazo kwesinye isikhathi ezidla i-gyrfalcon. Futhi, ukubulala okuhleliwe ngenkathi uzingela kuyimbangela yokufa kwama-gyrfalcons. Izinyoni eziphila ebudaleni zingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni edla inyama iGyrfalcon
Ngenxa yobubanzi bayo babantu, i-Gyrfalcon ayithathwa njenge-IUCN njengengcupheni. Lezi zinyoni azizange zithinteke kakhulu ekucekelweni phansi kwendawo, kepha ukungcola okufana nezibulala-zinambuzane kwaholela ekwehleni phakathi nekhulu lama-20, futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1994 kuthathwa ngokuthi “kusengozini”. Amazinga athuthukisiwe ezemvelo emazweni athuthukile avumele izinyoni ukuba ziphinde zilulame.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kucatshangwa ukuthi usayizi wamanje wabantu uhlala ungaguquguquki ngokushintshashintsha okuncane esikhathini eside. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukuthi ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala akuyona inkinga enkulu ngenxa yomthelela ophansi womuntu emvelweni esenyakatho.
Ukuqapha izinyoni ezidla inyama sekuyinsakavukela, kepha ngenxa yokuba kude kwazo nokungafinyeleleki kwazo, akuzona zonke izindawo ezimbozwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinyoni ezidla inyama ziyisibonakaliso esihle sempilo yonke ye-ecosystem. Ngokubheka ama-gyrfalcons, umuntu anganquma ukuthi ngabe i-ecosystem iyancipha yini bese ezama ukuyibuyisela.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-gyrfalcons
Isithombe: IGyrfalcon esivela kwiRed Book
Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, kuye kwehla inani labantu base-gyrfalcon kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi eScandinavia, eRussia naseFinland. Lokhu bekuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko ze-anthropogenic kwimvelo + nokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu. Namuhla isimo kulawa mazwe, kufaka phakathi izifunda eziningana zaseRussia, sishintshile ekubuyiselweni kwabantu. Inani elikhulu labantu eRussia (ngababili abayi-160-200) laqoshwa eKamchatka. IGyrfalcon, enye yezinhlobo ezingandile zikaphaka, ezisohlwini lweRed Book of the Russian Federation.
Inani le-gyrfalcon lithinteka ngu:
- ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke;
- ukwehliswa kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezizingelwa yi-gyrfalcon;
- ukudubula kwama-gyrfalcons + ukubhujiswa kwezidleke;
- izingibe ezibekwe abazingela ngokungemthetho ukuze babambe impungushe yase-Arctic.
- ukufuduka kwezinyoni ezindaweni zazo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu;
- ukususwa kwamachwane ezidlekeni + ukubanjwa kwabantu abadala ukuhweba ngokungemthetho.
Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, ngendlela yokubamba nokuthengisa izinyoni kuma-falconers, kuhlala kuyinkinga enkulu. Ngenxa yemikhawulo eqinile yokuthekelisa, lokhu akwenzeki kaningi. Umhlobo lo ufakwa kuma-Appendices: CITES, Bonn Convention, Berne Convention. Kusayinwe izivumelwano phakathi kwe-USA, Russia, Japan mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezinyoni ezifudukayo. Ukuntuleka kwemininingwane kuyalimaza inyoni merlin, ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwenza inhlolovo ephelele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06/13/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-10: 17
