Ivemvane lenundu ungummeli ogqame kakhulu, ongavamile wezinambuzane zeLepidoptera. Ingavame ukutholakala ngaphansi kwegama elithi hummingbird. Leli gama ngenxa yombala ogqamile nezici zokudla okunempilo. Ivemvane linobukhulu obumaphakathi futhi line-proboscis ekhethekile, ngenxa yokuthi ayihlali embali uqobo lwayo, kepha liyabhakuzisa futhi lizulazule lizungeze lona, liqoqe umpe omnandi.
Namuhla uvemvane luyisinambuzane esingajwayelekile. Yize izibungu zalezi zimvemvane zinamandla kakhulu, akukhuthazwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe izibulali zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ukuzilawula.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Moth butterfly
Ibhu le-hawk lingelezinambuzane ze-arthropod, labelwe i-oda Lepidoptera, umndeni wamabhu oklebe. Igama lomunye wama-subspecies adume kakhulu we-hawk moth subspecies yinhloko efile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isithombe esifana nokumila kogebhezi sisetshenziswa engxenyeni engaphandle yekhanda. Yilo uvemvane oluyiqhawe lezinganekwane nezinkolelo eziningi.
Ukufundwa kohlobo kanye nencazelo yalo ngekhulu lama-20 kwenziwa ngusosayensi uHeinrich Prell. Lolu hlobo lwesinambuzane luhlale luvusa intshisekelo engakaze ibonwe. Ezikhathini zasendulo, lezi zimvemvane zazithathwa njengezithunywa zenkinga nezimpawu zokwehluleka nezifo. Abantu bakholelwa ukuthi uma lesi sinambuzane singena ngokuzumayo endlini yabantu, khona-ke ukufa kuzofika kungekudala. Kwakukhona futhi uphawu olunjalo: uma inhlayiya yephiko ingena esweni, khona-ke kungekudala umuntu uzophuphutheka futhi alahlekelwe ukubona.
Ividiyo: Ukhozi lwe-Butterfly
Kuma-atlase ezuological, inundu ye-hawk itholakala ngaphansi kwegama elithi Acherontia atropos. Lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiLatin, igama lale uvemvane lifanekisela igama lomunye wemithombo yamanzi yombuso wabafileyo. Ekuqaleni, izazi zezilwane zazikholelwa ukuthi izimvemvane zavela emhlabeni ngemuva kokuvela kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono awuzange uqinisekiswe kamuva. Kuyinkinga ukusungula isikhathi esiqondile sokuvela kwezimvemvane emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iLepidoptera inomzimba obuthakathaka.
Ukutholwa kwezinsalela zokhokho basendulo bezimvemvane zesimanje akuvamile. Kakhulukazi batholakala ngezicucu ze-resin noma i-amber. Ukutholwa kwakudala kakhulu kokhokho basendulo beLepidoptera yanamuhla kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-140-180 edlule. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathi izimvemvane zokuqala zasendulo ezinjengamanundu zavela emhlabeni eminyakeni nje engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-280 edlule. Lolu hlobo lwevemvane luhlukaniswe ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zama-subspecies, ngayinye enezici zayo ezihlukile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inundu ye-hawk efana ne-hummingbird
Amabhu ama-Hawk athathwa njengezinambuzane ezinkulu kakhulu futhi anezici zesici.
Izimpawu zalolu hlobo lweLepidoptera:
- umzimba omkhulu;
- amaphiko amade amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphiko angaphambili amade kakhulu kunalawo angemuva. Ekuphumuleni, imvamisa amaphiko aphansi afihliwe ngaphansi kwaleyo engezansi, noma asongwe ngokuma kwendlu;
- izimpondo ezingenabo ubuhlalu obuyindilinga ekugcineni;
- umzimba unomhlobiso wesici ofana namagxolo ezihlahla.
Amaphiko amaphiko alezi zimvemvane asuka kumasentimitha amathathu kuya kwayishumi. Ubude bomzimba ngamasentimitha ayi-10-11. Kulezi zinhlobo zeLepidoptera, kuvezwa i-dimorphism yezocansi. Abesifazane bakhudlwana kunabesilisa. Ubuningi besifazane omdala bungu-3-9 amagremu, owesilisa u-2-7 amagremu.
Usayizi, isisindo somzimba nombala kuncike kakhulu kuma-subspecies. Isibonelo, ummeleli omkhulu walolu hlobo yi-antaeus. Iphiko layo lingamasentimitha ayi-16-17. Okuncane kunakho konke ibhu le-hawk elincane. Amaphiko ayo aweqi ku-2-3 mm. I-hawk yewayini inombala obomvu obomvu ocacile. Umbala ubuye unqunywe kakhulu yisifunda sendawo yokuhlala kanye nokudla okunempilo.
Uvemvane lunezimpondo, ezingaba nobude obuhlukahlukene, i-fusiform noma ukumiswa kwenduku. Zikhonjwe futhi zigobile phezulu. Kwabesilisa, babanzi kakhulu kunabesifazane. Izinsimbi zomlomo ze-hawk ngomlomo zimelelwe yicala elincane, elincanyana. Ubude bayo bungaphindwa kaningana ngosayizi womzimba, futhi bufinyelele kumasentimitha ayi-15-17. I-proboscis ende kunazo zonke inenundu yase-Madagascar hawk, ubude bayo budlula amasentimitha angama-30. Kwamanye ama-subspecies, amafushane noma athuthukile. Ngesikhathi lapho izimvemvane zingadli, zimane zisongwe zibe yishubhu.
Ezindebeni zezimvemvane kunezindlebe ezithuthukisiwe, ezigoqelwe phezulu futhi zimbozwe ngezikali. Isinambuzane sinamehlo ayindilinga, amakhulu ayindilinga. Zimbozwe kancane ngamashiya anoboya. Izindawo ezikhethekile ze-infrared zakhiwe ezingxenyeni zombono. Ngosizo lwabo, izinambuzane azihlukanisi imibala kuphela, kodwa futhi ziyakwazi ukuthatha imisebe engabonakali ye-infrared. Umzimba wesinambuzane umbozwe ngemicu eminyene, eminyene. Ekupheleni komzimba, ama-villi aqoqwa ngebhulashi noma nge-pigtail. Izinambuzane zinemisipha ye-pectoral ethuthuke kahle, ngenxa yokuthi zingakha isivinini esikhulu sokundiza.
Ihlala kuphi inundu?
Isithombe: uvemvane lwenundu ngokwemvelo
Lolu hlobo lweLepidoptera yisinambuzane esine-thermophilic. Yize kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zama-subspecies, iningi lawo ligxile emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo. Amanye ama-subspecies atholakala endaweni epholile yomhlaba.
Isifunda se-Butterfly:
- I-America esenyakatho;
- I-South America;
- Afrika;
- Australia;
- IRussia;
- I-Eurasia.
Insimu yaseRussia ayihlali ngaphezu kwama-subspecies angamashumi amahlanu. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimvemvane zikhetha izindawo ezinezimila eziminyene njengendawo yazo yokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ama-subspecies ahlala ezifundeni eziwugwadule zase-Eurasia. Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhu zithathwa njengezimbungu. Ngakho-ke, emini, zitholakala ikakhulukazi kumagxolo ezihlahla, ezihlahleni.
Amabhu ama-Hawk ayizinambuzane ezinegazi elibandayo, ngakho-ke ngaphambi kokundiza, ashaya amaphiko awo isikhathi eside futhi ngokushesha, afudumeze umzimba ekushiseni okudingekayo. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, amabhu oklebe ahamba unyaka wonke. Ezindaweni ezipholile, bakhuthazelela ubusika esigabeni semidlwane. Ukuze siphile esimweni sezulu esibandayo esizayo, isiphungumangathi sicasha enhlabathini noma ebeleni.
Ezinye izinhlobo zifuduka ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo ziye emazweni afudumele. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane, eziphambene nalokho, ezifuduka ngokuqala kwehlobo ziye ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho. Ukufuduka kuhlotshaniswa hhayi nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuphela, kepha futhi nokugcwala ngokweqile kwendawo yokuhlala. Ezifundeni ezintsha, zakha amakoloni wesikhashana futhi zizale.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi ibhu le-hawk lihlala kuphi, ake sithole ukuthi lidlani.
Idlani inundu?
Isithombe: Moth butterfly
Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunomsoco kubantu abadala i-nectar yezimbali, ecebile ngama-carbohydrate. Ngenxa yokuthi ubude besikhathi sokuphila kovemvane bufushane kakhulu, buthelela umthombo oyinhloko wamaprotheni ngenkathi yokuba sesimweni sesibungu. Ngokuya ngohlobo nesigaba sentuthuko, iLepidoptera incamela ukondla umpe wezinhlobo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.
Yini engasebenza njengomthombo wokudla:
- ubhabhulini;
- i-sea buckthorn;
- i-lilac;
- okusajingijolo;
- dope;
- i-belladonna;
- izihlahla zezithelo - iplamu, i-cherry, i-apula;
- i-jasmine;
- utamatisi;
- umpe we-coniferous;
- amagilebhisi;
- umfutho;
- isihlahla se-okhi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isibungu se-hawk moth sithathwa njengoshevu, ngoba sidla amaqabunga kagwayi futhi siqoqa izinto ezinobuthi esitshalweni. Inombala othize owethusa izinyoni ezidla inyama, futhi futhi ungakhipha amathe, ukhiphe imisindo ethile.
Kukhona nezinhlobo zamabhungu oklebe ezikwazi ukondla uju ngokukhuphukela ezinyangeni. Ngokumangazayo, lesi sinambuzane sikwazi ukuzitika ngamaswidi futhi sihlale siphephe ngokuphelele futhi sizwakala kahle. Bayakwazi ukwenza imisindo efana ne-bee buzz. I-proboscis eqinile isiza ukubhoboza amakamu kalula.
Abathengisi banendlela ekhethekile yokudla. Zindiza phezu kwesitshalo bese zimunca umpe omnandi ngosizo lomboko omude. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi asikho esinye isinambuzane esinaleli khono. Ngale ndlela yokondla, izinambuzane azingcolisi izitshalo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Uvemvane lwenundu endizeni
Ngokwemvelo, kunenani elikhulu le-subspecies ye-hawthorn. I-subspecies ngayinye ibonakala ngomsebenzi esikhathini esihlukile sosuku. Kukhona amabhu ama-hawk akhetha ukuhola impilo yasebusuku, emini, noma yokuhwalala. Lezi zinhlobo zezimvemvane zivame ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu sokundiza. Ngesikhathi sendiza, zikhipha umsindo ocacile okhumbuza idrone yendiza.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ijubane elikhulu lokundiza linikezwa ngamaphiko asheshayo amaphiko. Uvemvane lwenza imivimbo engaphezu kuka-50 ngomzuzwana!
Ezinye izimvemvane zibukeka njengezinyoni ezincane. Bayakwazi ukumboza amabanga amade, bandiza besuka komunye umkhawulo wezwe beya komunye, noma besuka ezwenikazi baya ezwenikazi.
Lezi zinhlobo zezimvemvane zibonakala ngendlela ethile yokudla. Ngenxa yesisindo esikhulu impela, akuzona zonke izimbali ezikwaziyo ukumelana novemvane. Ngenxa yalokhu, zilenga phezu kwesitshalo bese zimunca umpe ngosizo lwe-proboscis ende. Undiza kusuka kwesinye isitshalo aye kwesinye aze aneliseke ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kokuba uvemvane selwanelise indlala yalo, luyandiza, lushwiba kancane luye ngapha nangapha.
Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhu oklebe, kufaka phakathi "ikhanda elifile", ngesikhathi sokusondela engozini, zikhipha umsindo ofana nokukhala okukhulu. Bayakwazi ukwenza imisindo enjalo ngenxa yomoya okhishwa emathunjini angaphambili, okufaka isandla ekunyakazeni kwamafolda ezinto zomlomo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: uvemvane lwenundu olusuka eNcwadini Ebomvu
Endaweni yazo yemvelo, izimvemvane zizalela unyaka wonke. Inzalo ichanyuselwa kabili, kwesinye isikhathi kathathu ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezikahle. Ukukhwelana kaningi kwenzeka ebusuku. Ihlala kusuka kumaminithi angama-20 kuya kwangu-30 kuya emahoreni amaningana. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi, izinambuzane zihlala zinganyakazi.
Ngasikhathi, umuntu oyedwa wesifazane uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angafika ku-150-170. Iqanda liyindilinga, limhlophe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani. Amaqanda abekwa kaningi kuzimila zotshani. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2-4, isibungu esikhanyayo, esimhlophe esinemilenze engenambala sivela emaqandeni.
Isibungu sinezigaba eziningana zokukhula:
- isibungu siluhlaza ngokukhanyayo, ubukhulu besibungu abudluli amamilimitha ayi-12-13;
- emzimbeni wakhe uphondo olunsundu olukhulu, ubukhulu balo ngokubukeka budlula ubukhulu bomzimba;
- isibungu sanda kakhulu ngosayizi, kuvela izimpawu ezintsha;
- uphondo olwakhiwe luba lula, lube lukhuni. Imivimbo namabala amnyama avela ezingxenyeni zesiqu;
- ubukhulu bomzimba bukhuphuka baba ngamasentimitha ama-5-6, isisindo sifinyelela ku-4-5 amagremu;
- isibungu sanda kakhulu ngosayizi. Isisindo sifinyelela ku-20 amagremu, ubude - kufika ku-15 centimeters.
Amacimbi alungiswa kahle ukuze aphile ezimweni ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo, zinombala wokufihla ozivumela ukuba zihlangane nohlaza. Izibungu zezinye izinhlobo zinomumo ohlanjululwe kahle, ama-bristles aqinile, noma angakhipha iphunga elibi, elethusa izinyoni nabanye abamele izilwane zezilwane ezidla amacimbi.
Lapho isibungu sesiqoqe izakhi zomzimba ezanele futhi sithola isisindo somzimba esanele, siyazika emhlabathini. Lapho ufunda. Esigabeni se-pupal, uvemvane lukhona amasonto angu-2.5-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu emzimbeni wezinambuzane. Isibungu siguquka sibe uvemvane. Uvemvane oluhle luyazikhulula emgodleni walo, lome izimpiko zalo, bese luya kozingela umlingani ozohlangana naye ukuze luqhubeke nomjikelezo walo wokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zebhu
Isithombe: Moth moth
Ibhu le-hawk linezitha ezimbalwa endaweni yalo yemvelo. Kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwabo, bahlala bevaleleke engcupheni nasongozini olukhulu. Izitha eziyinhloko izimuncagazi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iminyovu, iminyovu, nezinye izinhlobo zama-parasites. Babeka amaqanda abo ebusweni bomzimba wezimvemvane, amacimbi noma iziphungumangathi. Ngemuva kwalokho, izibungu ze-parasite ziyavela emaqandeni, ezondla ezithweni zangaphakathi zezimvemvane, zibangele ukufa kwazo. Uma sezakhiwe ngokuphelele, izibungu zama-parasites zishiya umzimba wezimvemvane.
Izinyoni zibeka ingozi kwizimvemvane. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoni, amacimbi, noma izimvemvane uqobo, kungumthombo wokudla oyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni ezikwazi ukubamba isinambuzane esisheshayo futhi esisheshayo. Akuyona indima yokugcina ekuqothulweni kwenombolo yezinambuzane eyeyabantu. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo, isebenzisa ama-insecticide okubulala amakhemikhali, ibhubhisa indawo yemvelo yeLepidoptera.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Moth butterfly
Yize kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, i-hawk moth ibhalwe kuRed Book, kanti izinhlobo eziningi zale butterfly ziyatholakala naseRed Data Books zesifunda. Namuhla, inani eliphelele lalesi sinambuzane libhekwa njengelingasongelwanga. Kuze kukhishwe kwiRed Book yaseRussian Federation. Endaweni yase-Ukraine, inani lihlala lisongela. Kulokhu, yabelwa isigaba sesithathu, futhi ibhalwe kuRed Book yezwe.
Kunezici ezahlukahlukene ezinomthelela ekwehleni kwesibalo sama-hawk ezindaweni ezihlukene:
- ukwanda kwenani lezinyoni;
- ukwelashwa kwezitshalo zokudla ngamakhemikhali okubulala izinambuzane;
- ukusika izihlahla notshani obushisayo;
- ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kwezifunda ezijwayelekile zokuhlala kwamabhu.
Indawo evumelana kangcono nenani lezinambuzane ezisendaweni yaseCaucasus. Isimo sezulu lapha sithambile, iziphungumangathi eziningi ziyakwazi ukusinda ebusika.
Kwezinye izifunda, kunokufa okukhulu kweziphungumangathi nezibungu ngenxa yokwelashwa kohlaza ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yamakhemikhali yokuloba ibhungane lamazambane e-Colorado. Inani elikhulu lezinyoni, okuyizibungu eziwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla, nalo lifaka isandla ekwehleni kwenani.
Ukuvikelwa kwamaphaphu oklebe
Isithombe: uvemvane lwenundu olusuka eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ibhu le-hawk lalibhalwe ku-Red Book yase-USSR ngo-1984. Kulezo zifunda lapho inani lamaphiko oklebe liyisongo sokuqothulwa, kwenziwa umsebenzi phakathi kwezingane zesikole nentsha ukuvimbela ukuqothulwa kwamacimbi nezimvemvane.
Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka futhi wokunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okubulala izinambuzane okulawula izinambuzane. Ukuze kwandiswe inani lezinambuzane, kunconywa ukuthi kuhlwanyelwe amasimu nezindawo zamahhala ezinezitshalo eziqhakazayo, impova yazo okuwumthombo wazo wokudla. Futhi, ezifundeni ezinesibalo esiphansi kakhulu sezinambuzane, kunconywa ukunciphisa inani lotshani obushisiwe.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iziphungumangathi zigxiliswe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo. Ezindaweni ezinenani eliphansi lama-hawk moths, kunconywa ukugunda izitshalo ngephethini kaMose. Ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ezilula ezinjalo kuzosiza hhayi kuphela ukugcina, kepha futhi kukhulise inani le-pr.
Azikho izinhlelo ezikhethekile nemisebenzi eyenzelwe ukwandisa inani lezimvemvane. Ibhu le-Hawk uvemvane oluhle kakhulu, olwenzelwe ukulwa nokhula, izitshalo eziyingozi. Vele, izidalwa ezinjalo ezikhanyayo nezingavamile ziyisihlobiso sezimbali nezilwane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.09.2019 ngo-23: 22
