Ingwe yesi-Indochinese - ama-subspecies amancane atholakala e-Indochina Peninsula. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zingabalandeli bamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, izintaba namaxhaphozi. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwabo ibanzi impela futhi ilingana nendawo yaseFrance. Kepha ngisho nasendaweni yalesi sikali, abantu bakwazile ukuqothula lezi zilwane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Indochinese
Ngenkathi kutadishwa izinsalela zamathosi, kwavezwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zaziphila eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2-3 edlule. Kodwa-ke, ngesisekelo sezifundo ze-genomic, kwafakazelwa ukuthi wonke ama-tiger aphilayo avele emhlabeni hhayi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-110 eyedlule. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwaba nokuncipha okukhulu echibini lezakhi zofuzo.
Ososayensi bahlaziye izakhi zofuzo zama-tiger specimens angama-32 futhi bathola ukuthi amakati asendle ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ayisithupha ahlukile kofuzo. Ngenxa yenkulumompikiswano engapheli ngenani eliqondile lezinhlobo ezincane, abacwaningi abakwazanga ukugxila ngokuphelele ekubuyiseleni uhlobo olusengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Ingwe yase-Indo-Chinese (eyaziwa nangokuthi ingwe yaseCorbett) ingenye yama-subspecies ayisithupha akhona, ogama lawo lesiLatini uPanthera tigris corbetti lanikezwa lona ngo-1968 ukuhlonipha uJim Corbett, isazi semvelo saseNgilandi, umlondolozi wemvelo nomzingeli wezilwane odla abantu.
Phambilini, amahlosi aseMalay ayebhekwa njengalezi zinhlobo ezincane, kepha ngonyaka we-2004 inani labantu lalethwa esigabeni esehlukile. Amahlosi amaCorbett ahlala eCambodia, eLaos, eBurma, eVietnam, eMalaysia, eThailand. Ngaphandle kwenani elincane kakhulu lamahlosi ama-Indo-Chinese, izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni aseVietnam zihlala zihlangana nabantu ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal Indo-Chinese Tiger
Amahlosi amaCorbett mancane kunozakwabo, ihlosi leBengal nehlosi lama-Amur. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabo, umbala we-tiger wase-Indo-Chinese ubumnyama - obomvu-orange, ophuzi, futhi imivimbo incane futhi imfushane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibukeka njengamabala. Ikhanda libanzi futhi aligobile, ikhala lide futhi linwetshiwe.
Osayizi abamaphakathi:
- ubude besilisa - 2.50-2.80 m;
- ubude besifazane - 2.35-2.50 m;
- isisindo sabesilisa singu-150-190 kg;
- isisindo sabesifazane singu-100-135 kg.
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bawo obunesizotha, abanye abantu bangaba nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-250 kilograms.
Kunamabala amhlophe ezihlathini, esilevini nasendaweni yamehlo, izinsalela zasemaceleni zitholakala ezinhlangothini zesifonyo. Ama-Vibrissae amhlophe, made futhi anoboya. Isifuba nesisu kumhlophe. Umsila omude ubanzi ezansi, mncane futhi umnyama ekugcineni, kukhona kuwo imivimbo engaba yishumi.
Ividiyo: Ingwe ye-Indo-Chinese
Amehlo anombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani, abafundi bayindilinga. Kunamazinyo angama-30 emlonyeni. Ama-canine makhulu futhi agobile, okwenza kube lula ukuluma emathanjeni. Ama-tubercles acijile atholakala kulo lonke ulimi, okwenza kube lula ukuhluba isisulu bese uhlukanisa inyama nethambo. Ibhantshi lifushane futhi liqinile emzimbeni, emilenzeni nasemsileni, esifubeni nasesiswini lithambile futhi lide.
Ezingxenyeni ezinamandla eziphakathi nendawo ezinamandla, kukhona izinzwane ezinhlanu ezinozipho oluhlehlisekayo, emilenzeni yangemuva kunezinzwane ezine. Izindlebe zincane futhi zibekiwe phezulu, ziyindilinga. Ngemuva, zimnyama bhuqe zinophawu olumhlophe, okuthi, ngokusho kososayensi, zisebenza ukunqanda izilwane ezizingelayo ezizama ukuzicathamela ngemuva.
Ihlala kuphi ihlosi lase-Indo-Chinese?
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Indochinese
Indawo ehlala izilwane ezidla ezinye isuka eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia iye eningizimu-mpumalanga yeChina. Iningi labantu lihlala emahlathini aseThailand, eHuaykhakhang. Inombolo encane itholakala ku-Lower Mekong nase-Annam Mountains ecoregions. Okwamanje, indawo yokuhlala ikhawulelwe ukusuka eThanh Hoa kuya eBing Phuoc eVietnam, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeCambodia naseLaos.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye ziyabanjelwa emahlathini emvula anomswakama ophakeme, atholakala emithambekeni yezintaba, ahlala emihlathini nasemathafeni. Ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo kahle, kunabantu abadala abangaba yishumi ngamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100. Kodwa-ke, izimo zesimanje zinciphise ukuminyana kusuka ku-0.5 kuye ku-4 tiger ngamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibalo esiphezulu sitholakala ezindaweni ezivundile, ngokuhlanganisa izihlahla, izimfunda namahlathi. Indawo efaka ihlathi kuphela ayizithandi izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kunotshani obuncane lapha, futhi amahlosi adla kakhulu ama-ungulates. Inani labo elikhulu lifinyelelwa emathafeni ezikhukhula.
Ngenxa yezindawo eziseduze zezolimo kanye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu, amahlosi aphoqeleka ukuthi ahlale ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona ukudla okuncane - amahlathi aqhubekayo noma amathafa angenalutho. Izindawo ezinezimo ezikahle zezilwane ezidla inyama zisalondolozwe enyakatho ye-Indochina, emahlathini aseCardamom Mountains, amahlathi aseTenasserim.
Izindawo lapho izilwane zikwazi khona ukusinda, ezingafinyeleleki kubantu. Kepha nalezi zindawo akuyona indawo ephelele yamahlosi ama-Indo-Chinese, ngakho-ke ukuminyana kwawo akuphezulu. Ngisho nasezindaweni zokuhlala ngokunethezeka, kunezici ezihambisanayo eziholele ekuxinaneni okungafani ngokwemvelo.
Idlani ihlosi lase-Indo-Chinese?
Isithombe: Ingwe ye-Indo-Chinese ngokwemvelo
Ukudla kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ikakhulukazi kunama-ungulates amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho lehlile muva nje.
Kanye nama-ungulates, amakati asendle aphoqeleka ukuzingela enye inyamazane encane:
- izingulube zasendle;
- ama-sambar;
- serow;
- gauras;
- izinyamazane;
- izinkunzi;
- izingungumbane;
- ama-muntjaks;
- izinkawu;
- izingulube zezingulube.
Ezindaweni lapho inani lezilwane ezinkulu lithinteke kakhulu ngomsebenzi wabantu, izinhlobo ezincane ziba ukudla okuyinhloko kwamahlosi ase-Indo-Chinese. Ezindaweni ezihlala abantu lapho kunezihlambi ezimbalwa kakhulu, inani lamahlosi nalo liphansi. Izidliwayo azizideleli izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinhlanzi ngisho nokufa, kodwa ukudla okunjalo akukwazi ukwanelisa izidingo zazo ngokugcwele.
Akuwona wonke umuntu onenhlanhla yokuhlala endaweni enenqwaba yezilwane ezinkulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, isilwane esidla inyama sidinga amakhilogremu ayisikhombisa kuya kwayishumi enyama nsuku zonke. Ezimweni ezinjalo, akunakwenzeka ukukhuluma ngokukhiqizwa kabusha kohlobo, ngakho-ke lesi sici sithinta ukwehla kwabantu hhayi ngaphansi kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho.
EVietnam, owesilisa omkhulu, onesisindo esilinganiselwa kuma-250 kilograms, ubeseba imfuyo kubahlali bendawo isikhathi eside. Bazama ukumbamba, kepha imizamo yabo yaba yize. Abahlali bakha uthango olungamamitha amathathu bezungeza indawo abahlala kuyo, kepha umhlaseli weqa phezu kwalo, weba inkonyane waphunyuka ngendlela efanayo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi wayedla cishe izinkunzi ezingama-30.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane samahlosi ase-Indochinese
Amakati asendle izilwane ezihlala zodwa ngokwemvelo. Umuntu ngamunye uhlala endaweni yakhe, kepha kukhona namahlosi azulazulayo angenawo uzungu lwawo. Uma ukudla kutholakala kuleyo nsimu, izizathu zabesifazane zingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-15-20, abesilisa - amakhilomitha angama-40-70 aphindwe kabili. Uma kukhona ukuzingelwa okuncane emaphethelweni, khona-ke izindawo ezihlala abesifazane zingafinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-200-400, nabesilisa - okungu-700-1000. Izizathu zabesifazane nabesilisa zingaqhamuka, kepha abesilisa abaze bahlale endaweni yomunye nomunye, bangayinqoba kuphela embangi.
Amahlosi ama-Indochinese ikakhulukazi angama-crepuscular. Ngosuku olushisayo, zithanda ukumanzisa amanzi apholile, kuthi kusihlwa ziyozingela. Ngokungafani namanye amakati, amahlosi athanda ukubhukuda nokugeza. Kusihlwa bayazingela futhi baqamekele. Ngokwesilinganiso, umzamo owodwa kweyishumi ungaphumelela.
Ngokudla okuncane, udla ngokushesha emqaleni, bese eqala ngokugcwalisa inyamazane enkulu, bese ephula umqolo ngamazinyo akhe. Umbono nokuzwa kuthuthukiswa kangcono kunomuzwa wokuhogela. Isitho esiyinhloko sokuthinta yi-vibrissae. Izidlakela zinamandla amakhulu: icala laqoshwa lapho, ngemuva kwesilonda esibulalayo, owesilisa wakwazi ukuhamba amanye amakhilomitha amabili. Zingagxuma zifike kumamitha ayi-10.
Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane, uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo, abantu bale subspecies abahlukile ngamandla amakhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nasekukhuthazeleni. Bayakwazi ukumboza amabanga amakhulu emini, ngenkathi bekhulisa isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-70 ngehora. Bahamba ngemigwaqo emidala eshiywe ngesikhathi sokugawulwa kwemithi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Indochinese
Abesilisa bakhetha ukuphila impilo yabo bodwa, kuyilapho abesifazane bechitha isikhathi sabo esiningi nezingane zabo. Umuntu ngamunye uhlala endaweni yakhe, ukuyivikela ngentshiseko kubantu abangabazi. Izinsikazi eziningana zingahlala endaweni yabesilisa. Bamaka imingcele yezinto zabo ngomchamo, indle, benze ama-notches kumagxolo ezihlahla.
I-subspecies iyashada unyaka wonke, kepha isikhathi esiyinhloko siba ngoNovemba-Ephreli. Ngokuyinhloko, abesilisa bakhetha ama-tigresses ahlala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Uma owesifazane ethandana nabesilisa abaningana, kuqubuka ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabo. Ukukhombisa izinhloso zokukhwelana, amahlosi abhonga kakhulu futhi ezinsikazi zimaka izihlahla ngomchamo.
Ngesikhathi se-estrus, lo mbhangqwana uchitha isonto lonke ndawonye, ukhwelana kuze kube izikhathi eziyishumi ngosuku. Balala bazingela ndawonye. Insikazi ithola futhi ihlomise umhume endaweni okunzima ukuyifinyelela, lapho amazinyane ezinyane kufanele avele khona maduze. Uma ukukhwelana kwenzekile nabesilisa abaningana, udoti uzoba namazinyane avela kobaba abahlukene.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-103, ngenxa yalokho kuzalwa izingane ezifika ku-7, kepha kaningi zingu-2-3. Owesifazane angazala inzalo kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili. Izingane zizalwa zingaboni futhi zingezwa. Izindlebe namehlo avuleka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa, futhi amazinyo okuqala aqala ukukhula emasontweni amabili ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Amazinyo angapheli akhula ngonyaka owodwa. Lapho unezinyanga ezimbili, umama uqala ukondla izingane ngenyama, kepha akayeki ukuzondla ngobisi kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, cishe izingane ezingama-35% ziyafa. Izizathu eziyinhloko zalokhu imililo, izikhukhula noma ukubulawa kwezinsana.
Lapho unonyaka owodwa nohhafu, amawundlu amancane aqala ukuzingela ngokwawo. Abanye babo bayawushiya umndeni. Abesifazane bahlala nonina isikhathi eside ukwedlula abafowabo. Ukuzala kwabesifazane kuqala eminyakeni engama-3-4 ubudala, kwabesilisa abaneminyaka emihlanu. Isikhathi sokuphila cishe iminyaka eyi-14, kuze kufike kwengama-25 ekuthunjweni.
Izitha zemvelo zamahlosi ase-Indo-Chinese
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Indochinese
Ngenxa yamandla abo amakhulu nokubekezela, abantu abadala abanazitha zemvelo ngaphandle kwabantu. Izilwane ezisencane zingalimala izingwenya, izingungumbane zezingungumbane noma obaba bazo, abangabulala inzalo ukuze umama wabo abuyele ekushiseni baphinde bahlangane naye.
Umuntu uyingozi kumakati asendle hhayi nje ngokucekela inyamazane yawo kuphela, kepha nangokubulala izilwane ezidla zona ngokungemthetho. Imvamisa umonakalo wenziwa ngokuthanda - ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kuholela ekuhlukaneni kwendawo. Izinombolo ezingenakubalwa ziye zabhujiswa abazingeli abangekho emthethweni ukuze bazizuzele zona.
Kwezokwelapha zaseChina, zonke izingxenye zomzimba wesilwane ezidla ezinye zibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kukholakala ukuthi zinezinto zokwelapha. Izidakamizwa zibiza kakhulu kunezidakamizwa ezivamile. Konke kwenziwa ngamakhemikhali - kusuka kumadevu kuya emsileni, kufaka phakathi izitho zangaphakathi.
Noma kunjalo, amahlosi angaphendula ngomusa kubantu. Bafuna ukudla, bazulazula ezigodini, lapho beba khona imfuyo futhi bangahlasela umuntu. E-Thailand, ngokungafani naseNingizimu Asia, kunokungqubuzana okumbalwa phakathi kwabantu namakati we-tabby. Amacala okugcina odweshu olubhalisiwe aku-1976 nango-1999. Kwecala lokuqala kubulawe zombili izinhlangothi, kwesibili umuntu uthole ukulimala kuphela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Animal Indo-Chinese Tiger
Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, abantu abaphakathi kuka-1200 no-1600 balolu hlobo bahlala emhlabeni. Kepha inani lamaki aphansi lithathwa njengelifanele kakhulu. EVietnam kuphela, kwaqothulwa izingwe ezingaphezu kwama-Indo-Chinese ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu ukuze kuthengiswe izitho zangaphakathi. EMalaysia, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kujeziswa kanzima, futhi izindawo ezigcina izilwane ezidla ezinye zivikelwa ngokucophelela. Mayelana nalokhu, inani elikhulu lamahlosi ama-Indo-Chinese lahlala lapha. Kwezinye izifunda, isimo sisezingeni elibucayi.
Kusukela ngo-2010, ngokusho kwemishini yokubhekwa kwamavidiyo, babengekho ngaphezu kwabantu abangama-30 eCambodia, nezilwane ezingaba ngu-20 eLaos. EVietnam, kwakukhona cishe abantu abayi-10. Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, abazingeli bayaqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo engekho emthethweni.
Ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuvikelwa kwamahlosi ase-Indo-Chinese, ngo-2015, inani eliphelele lenyuka laya kubantu abayizi-650, ngaphandle kwama-zoo. Amahlosi amaningana asindile eningizimu yeYunnan. Ngo-2009, babengu-20 babo ezifundeni zaseXishuangbanna naseSimao. EVietnam, eLaos noma eBurma, asikho nesisodwa isibalo sabantu esirekhodiwe.
Njengomphumela wokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukutshalwa kwamasimu esundu kawoyela, ukuhlukaniswa kobubanzi kwenzeka, ukuhlinzekwa kokudla kuncipha ngokushesha, okwandisa ubungozi bokuzala, okwenza isibalo sesidoda esiphansi nokungabi nenzalo.
Ukulondolozwa kwamahlosi ase-Indo-Chinese
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Indochinese
Lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe ku-International Red Book kanye naku-CITES Convention (Isithasiselo I) njengezisengozini enkulu. Kutholakale ukuthi inani lamahlosi ama-Indo-Chinese lincipha ngokushesha kunamanye ama-subspecies, ngoba masonto onke kufa ukufa kwesilwane esisodwa ezandleni zomzingeli ongekho emthethweni.
Cishe bangama-60 abantu abagcinwa emamuveni. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeThailand, edolobheni laseHuaykhakhang, kukhona ipaki likazwelonke; kusukela ngo-2004, kube nohlelo olusebenzayo lokukhulisa inani labantu bakulesi sitshalo. Ihlathi elinamagquma elisendaweni yalo alikufanelekele neze ukwenziwa ngabantu, ngakho-ke indawo yokulondolozwa cishe ayithintwanga ngabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunengozi yokuthola umalaleveva lapha, ngakho-ke ababaningi abazingeli abazimisele ukungena kulezi zindawo futhi badele impilo yabo ngemali. Izimo ezithandayo zokuphila zivumela izilwane ezidla ezinye ukuthi zikhiqize ngokukhululeka, futhi izenzo zokuvikela zandisa amathuba okusinda.
Ngaphambi kwesisekelo sepaki, cishe abantu abangama-40 babehlala kule ndawo. Inzalo ivela minyaka yonke futhi manje kunamakati angaphezu kwama-60. Ngosizo lwezicupho zamakhamera eziyi-100 ezisesiqiwini, umjikelezo wokuphila wezilwane ezidliwayo uyaqashwa, izilwane ziyabalwa futhi kwaziwa amaqiniso amasha okukhona kwazo. Lesi siqiwu sigadiwe ngabagcini bemidlalo abaningi.
Abaphenyi banethemba lokuthi abantu abangaweli ngaphansi kwethonya elibi labantu bazokwazi ukusinda ngokuzayo futhi bagcine amanani abo. Amathuba amakhulu okusinda ngawabantu abanensimu yabo ephakathi kweMyanmar neThailand. Kunamahlosi angaba ngu-250 ahlala lapho. AmaTiger aseCentral Vietnam naseNingizimu Laos anamathuba aphezulu.
Ngenxa yokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezindaweni zokuhlala zalezi zilwane nokufihla kwazo, ososayensi manje sebekwazi ukuphenya ama-subspecies futhi badalule amaqiniso amasha ngakho. Ingwe ye-Indochinese ithola ukwesekwa okunohlonze okuvela kumavolontiya, okunomphumela omuhle ekusetshenzisweni kwezinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kwandiswe inani lezinhlayiyana
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.05.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-17: 39
