I-European roe deer noma uCapreolus capreolus (igama lesilwane esincelisayo ngesiLatini) yinyamazane encane enomusa ehlala emahlathini nasezihlathini zaseYurophu naseRussia (eCaucasus). Imvamisa lezi zimila ezidla utshani zitholakala emaphethelweni emaphethelweni ehlathi, emahlathini avulekile anenqwaba yezihlahlana, eduze kwezinkundla ezinotshani obuningi kanye nezimfunda.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-European roe deer
ICapreolus Capreolus ingeka-Artiodactyls oda, Deer family, Roe deer subfamily. Izinyamazane zase-roe zaseYurophu zihlanganiswe zaba umkhaya omncane owodwa nezinyamazane zaseMelika nezangempela. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zalo mndeni omncane endaweni yaseRussia Federation: I-European roe deer ne-Siberia roe deer. Owokuqala ungummeleli omncane kakhulu wezinhlobo.
Leli gama ngokwalo livela egameni lesiLatini elithi capra - imbuzi. Ngakho-ke, igama lesibili lenyamazane yenyamazane yabantu yimbuzi yasendle. Ngenxa yendawo ebanzi yokuhlala kuyo, inyamazane yase-roe yaseYurophu inezinhlayiyana eziningana ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ze-Europe: ama-subspecies e-Italy kanye nama-subspecies aseningizimu yeSpain, kanye nezinyamazane ezinkulu ikakhulukazi eCaucasus.
Ividiyo: I-European roe deer
Indawo yokuhlala komlando wezinyamazane zasendle yakhiwa esikhathini seNeogene. Abantu abasondelene nezinhlobo zesimanje bagcwalisa amazwe asentshonalanga nasenkabeni yeYurophu yanamuhla, kanye nengxenye ethile yase-Asia. Ngenkathi yesikhathi se-Quaternary kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, ama-artiodactyls aqhubeka nokwakha izindawo ezintsha futhi afinyelela eScandinavia naseThafeni laseRussia.
Kuze kube yikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, izindawo zokuhlala zahlala zinjalo. Ngokuphathelene nokudoba okukhulu, inani lezinhlobo zaqala ukwehla, futhi uhla, ngokufanele, nalo, lwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezizimele. Eminyakeni yama-60s-80s yekhulu lama-20, ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela, inani lezinyamazane laqala ukukhula futhi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal European roe deer
I-Roe inyamazane inyamazane encane, isisindo somuntu ovuthiwe (owesilisa) sifinyelela kuma-32 kg, ukuphakama kufika ku-127 cm, lapho kubuna kuze kufike ku-82 cm (kuya ngobude bomzimba, kuthatha u-3/5). Njengezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, abesifazane bancane kunabesilisa. Ziyahlukahluka emzimbeni omude, ngemuva kwawo kuphakeme kunangaphambili. Izindlebe zivulekile, zikhonjisiwe.
Umsila mncane, ufinyelela ku-3 cm ubude, imvamisa awubonakali kusuka ngaphansi koboya. Kukhona i-caudal disc noma i- "mirror" ngaphansi komsila, ilula, ivame ukuba mhlophe. Indawo ekhanyayo isiza izinyamazane zezinyamazane ngezikhathi zengozi, ngokuba uhlobo lwesiginali ye-alamu kuwo wonke umhlambi.
Umbala wejazi uncike kwisizini. Ebusika, kumnyama - lokhu kuyimithunzi kusuka kwimpunga kuya kokusundu nsundu. Ehlobo, umbala ukhanyisa kukhilimu obomvu ophuzi. Ubukhulu besifuba nekhanda kuyafana. Imibala yabantu abavuthiwe kwezocansi iyefana futhi ayihlukile kwezocansi.
Izinselo zimnyama, zibukhali ekugcineni kwengaphambili. Umlenze ngamunye unamapheya amabili wezinselo (ngokuya ngegama leqembu). Izinselo zabamele besifazane bezinhlobo zezilwane zihlanganiswe nezindlala ezikhethekile. Maphakathi nehlobo, aqala ukukhipha imfihlo ekhethekile etshela eyeduna ngokuqala kwesigaxa.
Abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo. Zifinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, nobude obufinyelela ku-15 cm, buvale ezansi, okuvame ukugoba ngendlela ye-lyre, enamagatsha. Izimpondo zivela ngamazinyane ngenyanga yesine yokuzalwa, futhi zikhula ngokugcwele zineminyaka emithathu. Abesifazane abanazo izimpondo.
Njalo ebusika (kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba), izinyamazane zazichitha izimpondo zazo. Zizophinde zikhule entwasahlobo kuphela (kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi). Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bayazihlikihla ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Ngakho-ke, bamaka indawo yabo futhi endleleni bahlanza izinsalela zesikhumba ezimpondweni.
Kwabanye abantu, izimpondo zinesakhiwo esingajwayelekile. Azinamagatsha, zibukeka njengezimpondo zezimbuzi, uphondo ngalunye luya ngqo phezulu. Abesilisa abanjalo babe yingozi kwamanye amalungu ohlobo. Lapho kuncintiselana indawo, uphondo olunjalo lungahlaba umphikisi futhi lumlimaze.
Ihlala kuphi i-European roe deer?
Isithombe: I-European roe deer
UCapreolus capreolus uhlala emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, eRussia (eCaucasus), emazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi:
- I-Albania;
- I-United Kingdom;
- IHungary;
- IBulgaria;
- ELithuania;
- IPoland;
- EPortugal;
- IFrance;
- IMontenegro;
- Sweden;
- Igalikuni.
Lolu hlobo lwenyamazane lukhetha izindawo ezicebile ngotshani obude, amahlathi, emaphethelweni nasemaphethelweni amahlathi aminyene. Uhlala emahlathini ahlabayo futhi ahlanganisiwe, amahlathi asemahlathini. Emahlathini e-coniferous, ingatholakala lapho kukhona khona izihlahla ezinqabayo. Ingena emathafeni asemaqeleni eceleni kwamabhande ehlathi. Kepha endaweni yama-steppes wangempela nama-semi-desert awuhlali.
Imvamisa itholakala ebangeni elingamamitha angama-200-600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kepha kwesinye isikhathi iyenzeka nasezintabeni (izimfunda eziphakemeyo). Izinyamazane ze-Roe zingatholakala eduze nezindawo ezihlala abantu emhlabeni wezolimo, kodwa kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho kunehlathi khona eduze. Lapho ungaphephela uma kunengozi bese uphumula.
Ubuningi bezilwane endaweni ezihlala kuyo buyanda kusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu, kuyanda endaweni yamahlathi aqabulayo. Ukukhetha indawo yezinyamazane ze-roe kususelwa ekutholakaleni nasezinhlobonhlobo zokudla, kanye nezindawo zokucasha. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emasimini nasezindaweni ezivulekile eziseduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu.
Zidlani izinyamazane zaseYurophu?
Isithombe: I-European roe deer emvelweni
Emini, umsebenzi wama-artiodactyls uhlukile. Izikhathi zokuhamba nokuthola ukudla zithathelwa indawo yizikhathi zokuhlafuna ukudla okutholakele nokuphumula. Isigqi sansuku zonke siboshelwe ukuhamba kwelanga. Umsebenzi omkhulu kunawo wonke ubonwa ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Ziningi izinto ezithinta indlela yokuziphatha nesigqi sempilo yezinyamazane:
- izimo zokuphila;
- ukuphepha;
- ukusondela ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu;
- inkathi;
- ubude besikhathi phakathi nosuku.
Izinyamazane zeRoe zivame ukusebenza ebusuku nakusihlwa ehlobo nasekuseni ebusika. Kepha uma ubukhona bomuntu oseduze buphatheka kahle, izilwane zizophuma ziyodla kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ukudla nokuhlafuna ukudla kuhlala cishe sonke isikhathi sokuvuka kuma-artiodactyls (kufika emahoreni ayi-16 ngosuku).
Ezinsukwini ezishisayo zasehlobo, inani lokudla okudliwayo liyancipha, futhi ngezinsuku zasebusika ezinemvula nezibandayo, kunalokho, liyanda. Ekwindla, isilwane silungiselela ubusika, sizuze isisindo futhi sigcine izakhi zomsoco. Ukudla kufaka amakhambi, amakhowe namajikijolo, ama-acorn. Ebusika, amaqabunga omile namagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahlana.
Ngenxa yokushoda kokudla, phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo, izinyamazane ze-roe zisondela emakhaya abantu nasemasimini befuna izinsalela zezitshalo ezisele ngemuva kokuvuna. Kuyaqabukela badle isitshalo uqobo siphelele, imvamisa kuluma kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lolu ketshezi lutholakala ikakhulukazi kokudla kwezitshalo nekhava leqhwa. Kwesinye isikhathi baphuza amanzi emithonjeni ukuze bathole amaminerali.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zezilwane zaseYurophu
I-European roe deer iyisilwane esijabulayo, kepha ubunjalo bayo bomhlambi abukhombiswa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokwemvelo yazo, izinyamazane ze-roe zithanda ukuhlala zodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, ama-reindeer abuthana eqenjini bese ethuthela ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweqhwa. Ehlobo, ukufuduka kuyaphindwa emadlelweni amnandi ngokwengeziwe, bese umhlambi uyabola.
EYurophu, izinyamazane ze-roe azikho ngaphansi kwezinguquko, kepha ukufuduka okuqondile kuyenzeka ezintabeni. Kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia, ibanga lokuzulazula lifinyelela kuma-200 km. Ngenkathi efudumele, abantu ngabanye bahlala ngamaqembu amancane: abesifazane abanezinkonyane, abesilisa ngabodwa, kwesinye isikhathi babe seqenjini labantu abangafika kwabathathu.
Entwasahlobo, abesilisa abavuthiwe ocansini baqala ukulwela insimu, futhi ukuxosha umuntu esincintisana naye kanye akusho ukuyazi le ndawo ingunaphakade. Uma indawo isesimeni esihle, izicelo zabancintisana nabo zizoqhubeka. Ngakho-ke, abesilisa bavikela ngolaka indawo yabo, bayimake ngemfihlo ekhethekile yephunga.
Izindawo zabesifazane zihlukaniswe kancane, azithambekele ekuvikeleni indawo njengabesilisa. Ekupheleni kwekwindla, ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, ziyaphambuka zibe ngamaqembu afinyelela kumakhanda angama-30. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, inani lomhlambi landa ngezikhathi ezi-3-4. Ekupheleni kokufuduka, umhlambi uyahlakazeka, lokhu kwenzeka phakathi nentwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwabantu abasha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-European roe deer cub
Maphakathi nehlobo (Julayi-Agasti) isikhathi sokukhwelana (i-rut) sezinyamazane zase-roe zaseYurophu siqala. Umuntu ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngonyaka wesithathu - wesine wokuphila, abesifazane kwesinye isikhathi noma ngaphambili (kowesibili). Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa baziphatha ngolaka, bamaka indawo yabo, bajabule kakhulu, futhi benze imisindo "yokukhonkotha".
Ukulwa njalo lapho kuvikelwa insimu futhi insikazi kuvame ukuphela ngokulimala kumphikisi. Izinyamazane zeRoe zinesakhiwo - zihlala kwenye yezindawo, zibuyela lapha ngonyaka ozayo. Indawo yomuntu wesilisa ifaka izindawo eziningana zokubeletha, abesifazane abafike bakhuleliswa nguye beza kuyo.
Izinyamazane zinesithembu, futhi imvamisa ngemuva kokufaka umquba kowesifazane oyedwa, owesilisa ushiya omunye. Ngesikhathi sokuqina, abesilisa abanolaka hhayi kwabesilisa kuphela, kepha nakwabobulili obuhlukile. Le yimidlalo ebizwa ngokuthi ukukhwelana, lapho owesilisa ngokuziphatha kwakhe evusa insikazi.
Isikhathi sokukhula kwamantshontsho kwe-intrauterine sihlala izinyanga eziyi-9. Kodwa-ke, ihlukaniswe ngokufihliwe: ngemuva kwesigaba sokuqhekeka, iqanda alikhuleki izinyanga eziyi-4,5; nesikhathi sokuthuthuka (Disemba kuya kuMeyi). Abanye besifazane abangahlanganisi ehlobo bavundiswa ngoDisemba. Kubantu abanjalo, isikhathi se-latency asikho futhi ukukhula kwengane kuqala ngokushesha.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-5.5. Owesifazane oyedwa uzala amawundlu amabili ngonyaka, abantu abasha -1, asebekhulile bangathwala amawundlu angama-3-4. Izinyamazane ze-roe ezisanda kuzalwa azikwazi ukuzisiza; zilala zingcwatshwe otshanini futhi uma zisengozini yokunganyakazi. Baqala ukulandela umama esontweni ngemuva kokuzalwa. Owesifazane wondla inzalo ngobisi kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezintathu ubudala.
Izingane zifunda ngokushesha futhi ngemuva kokuba ziqale ukuhamba, zikwazi kahle ukudla okusha - utshani. Ngenyanga eyodwa ubudala, uhhafu wokudla kwabo uvela ezitshalweni. Lapho izalwa, izinyamazane ze-roe zinombala obonwe, oguqula umbala wabantu abadala ekwindla yokuqala.
Izilwane ziyaxhumana ngezindlela ezahlukene:
- iphunga: izindlala ezibusayo nezithukuthuku, ngosizo lwazo abesilisa bamaka indawo;
- Imisindo: Abesilisa benza imisindo ethile ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ngokufana nokukhonkotha. Isikhwishikhwishi esikhipha amawundlu engozini;
- ukunyakaza komzimba. Ukuma okwenziwe isilwane ngezikhathi zengozi.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyamazane zaseYurophu
Isithombe: I-European roe deer male
Ingozi enkulu yezinyamazane ze-roe emvelweni yizilwane ezidlayo. Kakhulukazi izimpisi, amabhere ansundu, izinja eziphambukayo. Ama-Artiodactyls asengozini enkulu ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seqhwa. Uqweqwe luwela ngaphansi kwesisindo sezinyamazane futhi luyakhathala ngokushesha, kuyilapho impisi iphezu kweqhwa futhi iqhuba ngokushesha isisulu sayo.
Abantu abasha bavame ukuba yizisulu zezimpungushe, ama-lynx, martens. Ukuba seqenjini, ama-roe deer anethuba elihle lokuthi angabanjwa yizilwane ezizingelayo. Lapho isilwane esisodwa sikhombisa isignali ye-alamu, ezinye ziyaqapha futhi ziqoqane zibe yinqwaba. Uma isilwane esisodwa siphunyuka, i-caudal disk yaso ("isibuko") ibonakala ngokusobala, okuyilokho abanye abantu abaqondiswa khona.
Ngesikhathi zibaleka, izinyamazane ze-roe ziyakwazi ukweqa zifike ku-7 m ubude, no-2 m ukuphakama ngejubane lama-60 km / h. Ukugijima kwezinyamazane akukude, kuhlanganisa ibanga elingamamitha angama-400 endaweni evulekile namamitha ayi-100 ehlathini, ziqala ukugijima zizungeze, zididanise izidalwa. Ebusika obubanda kakhulu neqhwa, izilwane azikutholi ukudla futhi zibulawa indlala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-European roe deer
Namuhla, i-European roe deer iyinhlobo yobungozi obuncane bokuqothulwa. Lokhu kwenziwa lula yizinyathelo ezithathwe eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuvikela lezi zinhlobo. Ubuningi babantu abudluli izilwane ezingama-25-40 nge-1000 ha. Ngenxa yokuzala kwayo okuphezulu, ingakwazi ukubuyisa inani layo uqobo, ngakho-ke ivame ukwanda.
ICapreolus Capreolus yizinhlobo ezijwayeleke kakhulu emndenini wonke wezinyamazane ezishintsha izinguquko. Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi, ukwanda kwendawo yomhlaba wezolimo, kuneqhaza ekwandeni okungokwemvelo kubantu. Ngokuphathelene nokwakhiwa kwezimo ezinhle zokuba khona kwabo.
EYurophu naseRussia, imfuyo inkulu impela, kepha kwamanye amazwe aseMiddle East (Syria) inani labantu lincane futhi lidinga ukuvikelwa. Esiqhingini saseSicily, kanye nase-Israel naseLebanon, lolu hlobo lwaphela. Ngokwemvelo, isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka eyi-12. Ama-Artiodactyls angaphila iminyaka engafika kwengu-19 ezimweni zokufakelwa.
Lapho ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, inani labantu liyazilawula. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi abanezinyamazane, kungenzeka ukuthi bagule. Ngenxa yokudlanga kwabo nokuchichima kwabo, phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zomndeni wakwa-Olenev kubaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo. I-Suede yenziwa ngesikhumba; inyama iyisibiliboco esiphezulu.
I-European roe deer Ingabe inyamazane encane enomusa eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwezohwebo. Ngokwemvelo, inani labantu bakhona liphezulu. Njengoba kunenqwaba yemfuyo endaweni encane, kungadala umonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni eziluhlaza nezitshalo zezolimo. Inenani elibalulekile lokuhweba (ngenxa yezinombolo zayo) futhi ihlobisa izilwane zasendle nezinhlobo zayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-22: 33
