Ingwe yasolwandle Isidalwa esimangalisayo esihlala emanzini ase-Antarctic. Yize lezi zimvu zamanzi zidlala indima eyingqayizivele ku-Antarctic ecosystem, zivame ukuqondwa kabi njengezilwane. Kunezinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngempilo yalesi silwane esidla ubhedu solwandle okufanele sizazi. Lolu hlobo lwezimpawu lucishe lube phezulu kakhulu ochungechungeni lokudla. Linegama lalo ngenxa yombala wesici salo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Uphawu lwengwe
Kwaphela isikhathi eside kucatshangwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zeqembu eliphiniwe zazivela kukhokho ovamile ohlala emhlabeni, kodwa kuze kube manje akukho bufakazi obucacile balokhu obutholakele. Imivubukulo etholakele yohlobo lwePuijila darwini, eyayihlala e-Arctic ngesikhathi seMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23-5 edlule), yaba yilesi sixhumanisi esilahlekile. Amathambo agcinwe kahle atholakala eDevon Island eCanada.
Ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, yayilinganisa u-110 cm futhi yayinezinyawo ezinama-webbed esikhundleni samaphiko lapho inzalo yawo yanamuhla ibukisa khona. Izinyawo zayo ezinombala zazingayivumela ukuthi ichithe isikhathi sayo esithile izingela ukudla emachibini anamanzi angenasawoti, ikwenze kungabi nzima ukuhamba emhlabeni kunamaphiko ebusika, lapho amachibi afriziwe ayengayiphoqa ukuba ifune ukudla emhlabathini oqinile. Umsila omude nemilenze emifushane wakwenza kwabukeka njenge-otter yomfula.
Ividiyo: Uphawu lwengwe
Yize kucatshangwa ukuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni zaqala zavela empilweni yasolwandle, ezinye - njengokhokho bemikhomo, ama-manatee, nama-walrus - ekugcineni zakhasa zabuyela ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini, okwenza lezi zinhlobo zesikhashana ezinjengoPuijila zaba iketanga elibalulekile enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Isazi sezilwane saseFrance uHenri Marie Ducroty de Blainville waba ngowokuqala ukuchaza uphawu lwengwe (Hydrurga leptonyx) ngo-1820. Yilona kuphela uhlobo lohlobo lweHydrurga. Izihlobo zayo eziseduze yizimpawu zeRoss, crabeater kanye neWeddell, ezaziwa njengezimpawu zaseLobodontini. Igama elithi Hydrurga lisho "isisebenzi samanzi", kanti i-leptonyx isho ukuthi "uzipho oluncane" ngesiGreki.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ingwe yolwandle yezilwane
Uma kuqhathaniswa nolunye uphawu, ingwe inesimo somzimba esilinganisiwe futhi esinemisipha. Lezi zinhlobo zaziwa ngekhanda lazo elikhulu kanye nemihlathi efana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, okuyenza ibe esinye sezilwane ezidla imvelo. Isici esiyinhloko okunzima ukusiphuthelwa ijazi lokuzivikela, nohlangothi lwengubo langemuva lube mnyama kunesisu.
Izimpawu zezingwe zinoboya obusilivu obumpunga obumnyama obuyimpawu yengwe enephethini enamachashaza, kanti uhlangothi olungaphakathi (ngaphansi) lwejazi lukhanya ngombala, kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kokumpunga okukhanyayo. Abesifazane bakhulu kancane kunabesilisa. Ubude obuphelele bungu-2.4-3.5 m, kanti isisindo sisuka ku-200 kuye ku-600 kg. Bacishe balingane ne-walrus yasenyakatho, kepha isisindo sezimpawu zengwe sicishe sibe ngaphansi.
Imikhawulo yomlomo wengwe ihlala igoqele phezulu, yakha inkohliso yokumamatheka noma ukusineka okusabisayo. Lezi zimilo zobuso ezingazibandakanyi zengeza ukubukeka okwesabisayo esilwaneni futhi akunakwethenjwa. Lezi yizilwane ezinamandla ezinolaka ezihlala ziqapha inyamazane yazo. Ezimweni ezingavamile, lapho bephumela emhlabathini, bavikela indawo yabo, bakhiphele isexwayiso kunoma ngubani osondelene kakhulu.
Umzimba ohlanjululwe ngophawu lwengwe uyivumela ukuba ithole isivinini esikhulu emanzini, ishaye ngokuvumelanisa nezingalo zayo eziphakeme kakhulu. Esinye isici esivelele amadevu amafushane, amnandi, asetshenziselwa ukutadisha imvelo. Izimpawu zezingwe zinomlomo omkhulu maqondana nosayizi womzimba.
Amazinyo angaphambili abukhali, njengalawo amanye ama-carnivores, kepha ama-molars axhumene nomunye ngendlela yokuthi ahlunge i-krill emanzini, njenge-crabeater seal. Azinawo ama-auricles noma izindlebe zangaphandle, kepha zinomsele wangaphakathi wendlebe oholela ekuvulekeni kwangaphandle. Ukuzwa emoyeni kuyefana nokuzwa kubantu, futhi uphawu lwengwe lusebenzisa izindlebe kanye nentshebe yalo ukuthungatha inyamazane engaphansi kwamanzi.
Luhlala kuphi ulwandle lwengwe?
Isithombe: I-Antarctica Seal Seal
Lezi yizimpawu zamanga, umjikelezo wokuphila okuhlobene ngokuphelele nesembozo seqhwa. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu yezilwandle zase-Antarctic iseduze nomngcele weqhwa. AmaJuveniles abonwa ogwini lweziqhingi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Izimpawu zezingwe ezilahlekile nazo zibonakele emaphethelweni ase-Australia, eNew Zealand, eNingizimu Melika naseNingizimu Afrika. Ngo-Agasti 2018, kwabonwa umuntu oyedwa eGeraldton ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Australia. I-West Antarctica inabantu abaningi kakhulu bezimpawu zezingwe kunezinye izifunda.
Iqiniso Elijabulisayo: Izimpawu zengwe zesilisa ezinesizungu zibamba ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle namaphengwini emanzini aboshwe yiqhwa e-Antarctic. Futhi lapho bengaxakekile befuna ukudla, bangakhukhuleka ezintabeni zeqhwa ukuze baphumule. Umbala wabo wangaphandle nokumamatheka okungaqondakali kubenza babonakale kalula!
Amalungu amaningi ohlobo lwawo ahlala ngaphakathi kweqhwa lamaphakethe unyaka wonke, ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele impilo yabo yonke, ngaphandle kwesikhathi lapho benonina. Lawa maqembu omama angahamba aye enyakatho phakathi nobusika base-Australia aye eziqhingini ezisogwini nasogwini lwamazwekazi aseningizimu ukuqinisekisa ukunakekelwa okufanele kwamathole awo. Ngenkathi abantu abodwa bengavela ezindaweni ezingaphansi, abesifazane abavamile ukuzalela lapho. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokukhathazeka kokuphepha kwenzalo.
Udlani uphawu lwengwe?
Isithombe: Uphawu lwengwe
Uphawu lwengwe luyisilwane esidla ubhedu esifundeni se-polar. Ukuthuthukisa isivinini esifinyelela ku-40 km / h nokudilika ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-300, ishiya isisulu sayo sinamathuba amancane okusindiswa. Izimpawu zezingwe zinokudla okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. I-Antarctic krill yakha cishe ama-45% wokudla okuphelele. Imenyu ingahluka ngokuya ngendawo nokutholakala kwemikhiqizo ye-loot emnandi kakhulu. Ngokungafani namanye amalungu omndeni, ukudla kwezimpawu zezingwe kufaka nezilwane zasolwandle zase-Antarctic.
Imvamisa baba yizisulu zokunganeliseki kokudla okunganeliseki kophiko lwengwe:
- uphawu lwe-crabeater;
- Uboya bophawu lwe-Antarctic;
- uphawu lwe-eared;
- amaphengwini;
- Uphawu Weddell;
- inhlanzi;
- izinyoni;
- umabhebhana.
Ukufana ne-fake namesake kungaphezu kokufaka umbala wesikhumba. Izimpawu zezingwe zingabazingeli abesabekayo ukwedlula zonke izimvu zamanzi futhi yizo kuphela ezidla inyamazane enegazi elifudumele. Zisebenzisa imihlathi yazo enamandla namazinyo amade ukubulala inyamazane. Ziyizilwane ezizingelayo ezisebenza kahle ezivame ukulinda ngaphansi kwamanzi eduze kweshelufu leqhwa bese zibamba izinyoni. Bangaphakama futhi ekujuleni futhi babambe izinyoni ebusweni bamanzi emihlathini yabo. Ama-Shellfish ayizisulu ezingathandeki kangako, kepha yingxenye ebalulekile yokudla.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Uphawu lwengwe yilona kuphela uphawu olwaziwayo lokuzingela izisulu ezinegazi elifudumele njalo.
Isigameko esimangazayo senzeke ngomthwebuli zithombe uPaul Nicklen, okwathi, naphezu kwengozi, waba ngowokuqala ukungena emanzini ase-Antarctic ukuze abambe izingwe zezingwe endaweni yazo yemvelo. Esikhundleni sedimoni lasolwandle elibi, wahlangana nensikazi enhle, mhlawumbe eyayicabanga ukuthi yayiphambi kophawu lwengane olungahlakaniphile.
Izinsuku ezimbalwa, waletha ama-penguin aphilayo futhi afile njengokudla kukaNicklen futhi wazama ukumfunza, noma okungenani amfundise ukuzingela nokuzondla yedwa. Okumethusa kakhulu ukuthi uNicklen wayengenasithakazelo ngokweqile kulokho ayengakunika khona. Kepha wathola izithombe ezinhle zesilwane esidlayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Uphawu lwengwe
Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, umkhawulo wokucwiliswa kwe-aerobic wezimpawu ezincane cishe imizuzu engu-7. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, izimvu zezingwe azidli i-krill, okuyingxenye enkulu yokudla kwezimpawu zasendulo njengoba i-krill itholakala ijule. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kungaholela ekuzingeleni ndawonye.
Iqiniso Elihehayo: Kuke kwaba nezimo zokuzingelwa ngokubambisana kophawu lwoboya base-Antarctic, olwenziwa ngophawu olusha futhi mhlawumbe nonina esiza izinyane lakhe elikhulile, noma mhlawumbe umbhangqwana wesilisa + owesilisa ukwandisa umkhiqizo wokuzingela.
Lapho izimpawu zezingwe zibhoreka ngokudla kepha zisafuna ukuzijabulisa, zingadlala ikati negundane ngamaphengwini noma ezinye izimpawu. Lapho iphengwini libhukuda liya ogwini, uphawu lwengwe lunquma indlela yalo yokuphunyuka. Ukwenza lokhu kaninginingi kuze kube sengathi iphengwini likwazi ukufinyelela ogwini, noma likhathala. Kubukeka sengathi alikho iphuzu kulo mdlalo, ikakhulukazi ngoba uphawu lusebenzisa amandla amakhulu kulo mdlalo futhi lungahle lungadli nezilwane abazibulalayo. Ososayensi bacabangele ukuthi lokhu ngokusobala kwezemidlalo, noma kungaba yizimpawu ezincane, ezingavuthiwe ezifuna ukucija amakhono abo okuzingela.
Izimpawu zezingwe zinobudlelwano obubi kakhulu. Imvamisa zizingela zodwa futhi azikaze zihlangane nabantu abangaphezu koyedwa noma ababili bezinhlobo zazo ngasikhathi sinye. Okuhlukile kulokhu kuziphatha okuyinkathi yonyaka yokuzala kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi, lapho abantu abaningana bezokhwelana ndawonye. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuziphatha kwabo okungajabulisi kanye nemvelo enesizungu, kuncane okwaziwayo ngomjikelezo wabo ophelele wokuzala. Ososayensi basazama ukuthola ukuthi ama-ingwe seal abakhetha kanjani abalingani babo nokuthi bazicacisa kanjani izindawo zabo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Seal isilwane ingwe
Ngoba izimpawu zezingwe zihlala ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, kuncane okwaziwayo ngemikhuba yazo yokuzala. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lwabo lokuzalisa lwaziwa njengesithembu, okungukuthi, abesilisa bahlangana nabesifazane abaningi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Owesifazane ocansini (oneminyaka engu-3-7) angazala ithole elilodwa ehlobo ngokuhlangana nowesilisa ocansini (oneminyaka engu-6-7).
Ukukhwelana kwenzeka kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari, ngemuva nje kokulunyulwa kwezinyane elikhulile, lapho insikazi iyi-oestrus. Ukulungiselela ukuzalwa kwezimpawu, abesifazane bagebha umgodi oyindilinga eqhweni. Iwundlu elisanda kuzalwa linesisindo esingaba ngu-30 kg futhi lihlala nonina inyanga ngaphambi kokuba lisuswe futhi lifundiswe ukuzingela. Uphawu lweduna alubambi iqhaza ekunakekeleni amaphuphu futhi lubuyela endleleni yalo yokuphila yodwa ngemuva kwesikhathi sokukhwelana. Iningi lokuzalaniswa kwezimpawu zezingwe kwenzeka eqhweni lepakethe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukukhwelana kwenzeka emanzini, bese kuthi owesilisa ashiye insikazi ukuze inakekele izinyane, elizala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-274 zokukhulelwa.
Kukholelwa ukuthi i-soundtrack ibaluleke kakhulu lapho kuzalaniswa, njengoba abesilisa besebenza kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Lokhu kuzwakala kuqoshwe futhi kuyafundwa. Yize kuncane okwaziwayo ukuthi kungani le misindo ikhishwa ngabesilisa, kukholelwa ukuthi ihlobene nezici zokuzala nokuziphatha kwabo. Zimisiwe zibhekiswe phansi futhi zintengantenga ngapha nangapha, amaduna amadala anezimpawu, ezibukeka sengathi ziveza ngokulandelana okuhlukile futhi okukholelwa ukuthi ziyingxenye yokuziphatha kwazo.
Kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1999, kwenziwa uhambo lwemikhumbi emihlanu lokuya e-Antarctica ukuyofunda ngezimpawu zezingwe. Amankonyane abonwa kusukela ekuqaleni kukaNovemba kuya ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba. Ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi kwakukhona inkonyane eyodwa kubo bonke abantu abadala abathathu, futhi babona nokuthi iningi labesifazane lalihlala kude nolunye uphawu lwasebekhulile ngalesi sikhathi, futhi lapho bebonakala ngamaqembu, abakhombisanga uphawu lokuxhumana. Izinga lokufa kwamazinyane engwe ngonyaka wokuqala lisondele kuma-25%.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zezingwe
Isithombe: Uphawu lwengwe e-Antarctica
Izindlela zokuphila ezinde futhi ezinempilo azilula e-Antarctica, futhi izimvu zezingwe zinenhlanhla eyanele yokuthola ukudla okunomsoco futhi cishe azikho izidlo. Imikhomo ebulalayo ukuphela kwesidalwa esisetshenzisiwe salezi zimvu zamanzi. Uma lezi zimvu zamanzi zikwazi ukuphunyula olakeni lomkhomo obulalayo, zingaphila iminyaka engama-26. Yize izimvu zezingwe kungezona izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, zingaphila isikhathi eside ngokungathí sina zinikezwe indawo yazo eshubile nemangelengele. Ngaphezu kwemikhomo ebulalayo, izimvu zamanzi ezincane zingazingelwa oshaka abakhulu futhi mhlawumbe nezimpawu zezindlovu. Ama-canines wesilwane angama-2.5 cm.
Ukuzama ukufunda lezi zidalwa kungaba yingozi, futhi kokunye kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uphawu lwengwe lubulale umuntu. Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, isazi sezinto eziphila olwandle esisebenzela iBritish Antarctic Survey saminza ngemuva kokuhudulwa yisixwe cishe amamitha angama-61 ngaphansi kwezinga lamanzi. Okwamanje akucaci ukuthi ngabe ingwe le yayihlose ukubulala isazi sezinto eziphilayo, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, iyisikhumbuzo esisangulukisayo ngesimo sangempela salezi zilwane zasendle.
Lapho kuzingelwa ama-penguin, uphawu lwengwe luqapha amanzi onqenqemeni lweqhwa, cishe acwile ngokuphelele emanzini, alinde izinyoni ukuba ziqonde ngasolwandle. Ubulala amaphengwini okubhukuda ngokubamba imilenze yawo, bese eyinyakazisa ngamandla inyoni futhi eshaya ephindelela umzimba wakhe ebusweni bamanzi kuze kufe iphengwini. Imibiko yangaphambilini yezimpawu zezingwe zihlanza isisulu sayo ngaphambi kokuphakelwa zitholwe zingalungile.
Njengoba singenawo amazinyo adingekayo okusika isisulu saso sibe yizicucu, sijikisa inyamazane yaso ngapha nangapha, siyidabule sibe yizicucu ezincane. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-krill idliwa ngokudonswa ngamazinyo ophawu, okuvumela izimpawu zezingwe ukuthi zishintshele kuzitayela ezahlukahlukene zokudla. Lokhu kujwayela okuhlukile kungakhombisa ukuphumelela kophawu ku-ecarstem ye-Antarctic.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Uphawu lwengwe
Ngemuva kwezimpawu zaseCrabeater naseWeddell, ingwe uphawu oluningi kakhulu e-Antarctica. Isibalo esilinganisiwe salolu hlobo sisukela ku-220,000 kuya ku-440,000, okwenza izimpawu zezingwe zeLeast Concern. Ngaphandle kokuchichima kwezimpawu zezingwe e-Antarctica, kunzima ukuzifunda ngezindlela zendabuko zokubuka ngoba bachitha isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi entwasahlobo nasehlobo lase-Australia lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo olubukwayo ngokwesiko.
Isici sabo esikhethekile sokwenza izingoma zomsindo ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside kwenze ukuthi kube lula ukudala izithombe ze-acoustic, ezisize abacwaningi ukuthi baqonde izici eziningi zalesi silwane. Izimpawu zeNgwe zisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu futhi zibeka engcupheni kubantu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaselwa kwabantu kuyivelakancane. Izibonelo zokuziphatha okunodlame, ukuhlukumeza nokuhlaselwa zibhaliwe. Izehlakalo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi:
Uphawu olukhulu lwengwe luhlaselwa nguThomas Ord-Lees, oyilungu leTrans-Antarctic Expedition ka-1914-1917, ngenkathi lolu hambo lusetendeni lolwandle. Uphawu lwengwe, olungamamitha angaba ngu-3.7 ubude nolunesisindo esingu-500 kg, lulandele u-Ord Lee eqhweni. Usindiswe kuphela ngesikhathi elinye ilungu lomkhankaso, uFrank Wilde, edubula lesi silwane.
Ngo-1985, umhloli wamazwe waseScotland uGareth Wood walunywa kabili emlenzeni lapho uphawu lwengwe luzama ukuluhudulela eqhweni olwandle. Ozakwabo bakwazile ukumhlenga ngokumkhahlela ekhanda ngamabhuzu ahlotshisiwe. Ukufa okurekhodiwe kuphela okwenzeka ngo-2003, lapho uphawu lwengwe luhlasela isazi sezinto eziphilayo sokuntywila uKirsty Brown samdonsela emanzini.
Ngaphandle kwalokho ingwe uphawu khombisa ukuthambekela kokuhlasela ama-pontoons amnyama avela ezikebheni eziqinile ezifuthayo, ngemuva kwalokho kwakudingeka ukubahlomisa ngamadivayisi akhethekile okuvikela ukuvikela ama-punctures.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 24.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-22: 35
