Lawa magundane amancane, ngaphandle afana nesiphambano phakathi kwe-hamster negundane, ahlala etundra nasehlathini lase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ngokubukeka kwabo, babizwa nangokuthi izingwe ze-polar. Banengubo ehlukahlukene enamabala amancane ansundu. Ukulimaza isebenza njengokudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane eziningi ezibandayo, kepha ngenxa yokuzala okunamandla, zigcwalisa ngokushesha inani labantu bazo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Lemming
Ama-lemmings angaphansi kwe-oda lamagundane, umndeni wama-hamsters. Amagundane aphekiwe asondele kakhulu kulezi zilwane ezincane, ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokufana kwangaphandle kwama-lemmings, kwesinye isikhathi abizwa nangokuthi ama-polies pie. Esigabeni samanje sesayensi, wonke amakhemikhali ahlukaniswe izigaba ezine, ngasinye siqukethe izinhlobo eziningana. Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamapulangwe eRussia, futhi ngokusho kweminye imithombo - izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa.
Okuyinhloko yilezi:
- Ulimi lwaseSiberia (aka Ob);
- Ukulinywa kwamahlathi;
- Hlanganisa;
- I-Amursky;
- ULemming Vinogradov.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kungokwesayensi kuphela, futhi umehluko wezinhlobo zangaphandle phakathi kwezilwane cishe awubalulekile neze. Izilwane ezihlala kulezi ziqhingi, ngokwesilinganiso, zikhulu kancane kunezinye zezwe. Kukhona nokwehla kancane kancane kosayizi wama-lemmings ahlala eRussia, ohlangothini olusuka entshonalanga luye empumalanga.
Ividiyo: Lemming
Izinsalela zezinsalela zokhokho bezimila zanamuhla bezilokhu zaziwa kusukela ePliocene ongasekho. Lokho wukuthi, cishe aneminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-3-4 ubudala. Izinsalela ezincane kakhulu zivame ukutholakala endaweni yaseRussia, kanye naseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngaphandle kwemingcele yobubanzi besimanje bezimila, okungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuphawulekayo.
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 edlule kube noshintsho esakhiweni se-molars kulezi zilwane. Lokhu kuhambelana nedatha ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho kube khona ushintsho olubukhali ezimileni ezindaweni ze-tundra yanamuhla ne-tundra yanamuhla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Lemming
Cishe wonke amakhemikhali anomzimba ominyene futhi onomsoco, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ahlala kuphi nokuthi aphansi kuphi. I-lemming yabantu abadala ifinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-10-15 ubude futhi inesisindo somzimba esingu-20 kuye ku-70 gram. Abesilisa basinda kancane kunabesifazane, cishe ngo-5-10%. Umsila wezilwane mfushane kakhulu, ubude abudluli amasentimitha amabili. Imilenze nayo imifushane impela. Ngokucikeka njalo, izilwane zibonakala zikhuluphele.
Ikhanda le-lemming linokuma okulingene okuncane ngomlomo ocijile onekhala elifinyene, elifana ncamashi ne-hamster. Kukhona i-molar ende yangaphakathi. Amehlo mancane futhi abukeka njengobuhlalu. Izindlebe zifushane, zifihlwe ngaphansi koboya obukhulu. Ngendlela, uboya balezi zilwane buthambile kakhulu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye buminyene. Izinwele zinobude obuphakathi, kepha zihlelwe kakhulu, ngakho-ke ijazi le-polar rodent lifudumele kakhulu. Nguyena osiza ulwelwesi ukuze asinde eFar North.
Umbala woboya bezilwane uhlukile impela futhi kuya ngesizini. Ehlobo, izikhumba zama-lemmings zinemibala, kuya ngezinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba nendawo ezihlala kuyo, kungaba ngombala oqinile we-beige noma ompunga ngokunsundu, noma zibe nombala onsundu ophuzi ophuzi onamabala amnyama ngemuva, onesisu esinombala wesihlabathi. Ebusika, umbala ushintsha ube mpunga okhanyayo, uvame ukuba mhlophe qwa.
Uhlala kuphi ulamula?
Isithombe: Lemming ku-tundra
Lawa magundane akhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinezikhukhula kanye nasehlathini. Zitholakala cishe yonke indawo ogwini lwase-Arctic. Bahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ze-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, ngokwesibonelo, eRussia basakazwa kuyo yonke indawo esenyakatho, kusukela eKola Peninsula kuya eChukotka.
Kunabantu abaningi kakhulu bezimila ezikhona ezindaweni ezithile ezingasogwini loLwandle i-Arctic, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingasogwini lwemifula emikhulu yaseSiberia. Lezi zilwane zitholakala esiqhingini saseGreenland, esikude impela namazwekazi naseSpitsbergen.
Lapho kuhlala khona ulamula, cishe kunendawo enexhaphozi nomswakama njalo. Yize zimelana nesimo sezulu esibandayo, zisafana nesimo sezulu futhi ukushisa kakhulu kwalezi zilwane kuyingozi kakhulu. Kepha zishintshwe ngokwanele ukunqoba izithiyo ezincane zamanzi. Imvamisa zihlala ezinhlangothini ze-peat ezinotshani obuningi obunemifino phakathi kwezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi.
Izilwane azinakho ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, zihlala ezindaweni zazo. Kepha eminyakeni yendlala, izigaxa ezifuna ukudla ziyakwazi ukushiya izindawo zazo zokuzalwa futhi zifuduke amabanga amade. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyisici ukuthi ukufuduka akusona isinqumo esihlangene, kepha umuntu ngamunye uzama ukuzitholela ukudla okwengeziwe. Kepha ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu sezilwane ngesikhathi sokufuduka okunjalo, zifana nenqwaba eyodwa ebukhoma.
Idla ngani i-lemming?
Isithombe: Polar lemming
Ama-Lemmings yizilwane ezidla utshani. Bondla kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamajikijolo, izimpande, amahlumela amancane, okusanhlamvu. Lezi zilwane zithanda ubulembu kakhulu. Kodwa iningi lokudla kwamagundane asezindaweni ezibandayo yi-moss eluhlaza kanye nobulembu, okusakazeke kulo lonke ithonci.
Ngokuya ngama-subspecies athile, ukudla kwabo kungaba:
- Sedge;
- Ama-blueberries nama-lingonberries;
- Ama-blueberries nama-cloudberry;
- Amanye amakhowe.
Izinduku zivame ukudla imithombo efihlekile noma amaqabunga ezihlahla zemifino nezihlahlana ezijwayelekile ze-tundra, kanye namagatsha nezikhonkwane zazo. Ehlathini-itundra, izilwane zizitika ngamahlumela amancane we-birch ne-willow. Okungajwayelekile, ulamula ungadla izinambuzane noma amagobolondo awile esidlekeni senyoni. Kunamacala futhi lapho bezama ukuququda izimpondo ezilahlwe yinyamazane. Ebusika, izingxenye zezimpande zezitshalo ziyadliwa.
Ukondla kudla ubusuku nemini ngamakhefu okulala. Eqinisweni, ngesikhathi esinenhliziyo emahoreni angama-24, uyakwazi ukudla inani elikhulu kakhulu lokudla kwezitshalo kangangokuba isisindo salo siqala ukudlula isisindo sesilwane ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Ngenxa yalesi sici, amagundane awanakuhlala endaweni eyodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke ayaphoqeleka ukuthi ahambe njalo efuna ukudla okusha.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-lemming yabantu abadala imunca cishe ama-50 kg wezimila ezahlukahlukene ngonyaka. Ekuphakameni kwenani lazo, lezi zilwane zinethonya elinamandla kakhulu ezitshalweni ezisezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, zibhubhisa cishe ama-70% we-phytomass.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Northern Lemming
Ama-Lemmings ahlala yedwa. Azenzi imibhangqwana eshadile, nobaba ababambiqhaza ekukhuliseni izingane. Amanye ama-subspecies angahlanganiswa abe ngamaqembu amancane, kepha inyunyana ikhathazeka ngokuhlala ndawonye kuphela. Ukuminyana kujwayelekile kakhulu esikhathini sasebusika. Kepha izilwane azinikezani usizo ngokuhlanganyela komunye nomunye ngaphakathi koloni.
Ngesikhathi esingenalo iqhwa, iziphungumangathi zezinsikazi ziba yindawo eboniswa kahle yendawo. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesilisa abanayo indawo yabo, kodwa bamane bazulazule yonke indawo befuna ukudla. Isilwane ngasinye sihlomisa indawo yokuhlala ibanga elide ukusuka kwesinye, ngoba azibekezeleli omunye umuntu eduze kwazo, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ubudlelwano bangaphakathi bama-lemmings bungabonakala ngokungabekezelelani komphakathi kanye nolaka.
Ama-Lemmings ahlala emigodini ngesikhathi sehlobo nangesikhathi sonyaka. Akuzona izimbobo ezigcwele, futhi kungaba okulungile ngokwengeziwe ngisho nokuzibiza ngokuthi ama-indent. Basebenzisa nezinye izindawo zokukhosela zemvelo - izikhala eziphakathi kwamatshe, ngaphansi kobulembu, phakathi kwamatshe, njll.
Ebusika, izilwane zingahlala ngaphansi kweqhwa emafutheni wemvelo, akhiwa ngenxa yesitimu esikhuphuka emhlabathini oshubile ngokushesha ngemuva kokumbozwa yiqhwa lokuqala elibandayo. Ama-Lemmings angenye yezilwane ezimbalwa ezingalali ebusuku. Ngaphansi kweqhwa, bangazimbela imigudu yabo. Kulezi zindawo zokukhosela, amagundane ase-polar ahlala ebusika bonke futhi aze azale, okungukuthi, ahlala impilo esebenzayo ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Ebusika, omakhelwane bama-lemmings endaweni yabo bangama-partridges we-polar, nawo ahlala ngenkuthalo ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweqhwa.
Umsebenzi weRodent ubusuku nemini ne-polyphasic. Isigqi sempilo yamakhemikhali siphakeme impela - isigaba sabo somsebenzi amahora amathathu, okungukuthi, usuku lekhalenda lomuntu luhambisana nezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili ezingamahora amathathu zalezi zilwane. Banamathela enkambisweni yabo yansuku zonke ngokucacile. Ukondla kuhlala ihora, bese kulala amahora amabili. Umjikelezo ubuye uphindele kungakhathalekile ukuthi ilanga limi kuphi nokukhanya okukhona. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo zosuku lwe-polar nobusuku be-polar, usuku lwamahora angama-24 lulahlekelwa yincazelo yalo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Forest Lemming
Ama-Lemmings aphila kancane, unyaka owodwa noma emibili kuphela, futhi awafi ngenxa yokuguga, kepha ikakhulukazi yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Kepha imvelo ibavumelanise nalesi sikhathi esifushane ukuletha inzalo enhle. Ezinye zazo ziyakwazi ukuletha inzalo izikhathi eziyi-12 empilweni, kepha lokhu kungaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, ukuzala kwenzeka izikhathi ezi-3 noma ezi-4 kuphela ngonyaka. Isikhathi ngasinye kuzalwa abantwana abahlanu noma abayisithupha, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike kwabayisishiyagalolunye. Ukukhulelwa kuhlala ngokushesha, izinsuku ezingama-20-21 kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lezi zilwane ziqala ukuzala kusenesikhathi - kusuka ngenyanga yesibili yokuphila futhi zikwenza njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili. Abesilisa futhi bayakwazi ukufaka umquba kwabesifazane kusenesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho izimo zezulu ezikhawulela izigaxa zokuzalanisa, zingakwenza lokhu esimweni sezulu esikahle nasesithwathwa esinzima, zingaphansi kweqhwa emigodini. Emigodini efanayo yeqhwa, amawundlu alandelayo angavela futhi alinde ukukhululwa kwawo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye izilwane ezidlayo zibuka ukuzalaniswa kwezilimamu, ngoba zingumthombo wazo wokudla. Isibonelo, izikhova zingaze zinqume ukungabekeli amaqanda uma zibona ukuthi inani lemammings lincane kakhulu ukuthi zingazitholela wona namazinyane azo isidlo sasemini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Vele, ama-lemmings awanakho ukukhetha lapho kukhethwa khona abalingani bobulili, impilo yabo imfushane, bakhwelana nabokuqala abahlangana nabo futhi bakwenze phakathi kokudla nokuzula. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi impilo yabo iza ngokushesha, ngangokunokwenzeka ukuletha inzalo futhi sonke isikhathi sithatha ukudla nendawo yokuhlala. Amantshontsho awahlali nonina isikhathi eside endaweni yakhe, kepha ngokushesha kakhulu bayakhula ngokwabo bese begijima ukufeza umsebenzi wabo obalulekile.
Vele, abantu abaningi bafa ezingeni lokuqala lokuphila kubadli, ngakho-ke badinga inani elikhulu lenzalo ukuze bangadliwa ngokuphelele.
Izitha zemvelo zezimila
Isithombe: Lemming eRussia
Ama-Lemmings anezitha eziningi - izilwane ezidlayo. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zabahlali bezindawo ezibandayo, zisebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wokudla: izimpungushe ezibandayo, izimpungushe, onogolantethe, amapayipi, nezinyoni:
- Izikhova ezimhlophe;
- Ama-Skuas;
- UKrechetov.
Lezi zidliwayo zihlobanisa ubukhona bazo kanye nokudla kwazo kanye nesimo senani lamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma inani lamagundane liwa, izidlova zinganciphisa ngamabomu ukuzala kwazo uma zithola ukuntuleka kwezilimo esikhathini esithile. Ngakho-ke, yonke imvelo ilinganiswe kahle.
Ngaphezu kokufa emlonyeni wesilwane esidliwayo, igundane lingafa nangenye indlela. Lapho ulwelwesi lufuduka, izenzo zazo ziba yingozi maqondana nazo: zigxumela emanzini zicwile, zizibeke engozini. Futhi zigijima ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezivulekile ngaphandle kwekhava. Ngemuva kokufuduka okunjalo, izidumbu zezimila ezigwilisiwe zivame ukusebenza njengokudla kwezinhlanzi, izilwane zasolwandle, izinhlanzi zasolwandle kanye nezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene. Zonke zilwela ukugcwalisa imithombo yamandla yalezi zindawo ezinkulu eziyinhlekelele.
Ngaphezu kwezidliwayo ezivamile, izithako zazo ezakha isisekelo sokudla, ngezikhathi ezithile, izilwane ezidla utshani ezinokuthula zingakhombisa intshisekelo yokudla kuzo. Ngakho-ke, kwaphawulwa ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, izinyamazane zingadla kahle izigaxa zesikhumba ukukhulisa amaprotheni emzimbeni. Vele, lawa amacala angavamile, kepha ayenzeka nokho. Futhi, amahansi abonakala edla la magundane, futhi awadlela injongo efanayo - ngokuswela amaprotheni.
Ama-lemmings nawo ajatshulelwa yizinja ezi-sled. Uma emsebenzini wabo bethola isikhashana sokubamba isilwane futhi babe nokudla okulula, khona-ke bazolisebenzisa leli thuba. Lokhu kulula kakhulu kubo, uma kunikezwe ubunzima nokusebenza kwamandla womsebenzi wabo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho uhlangana nomuntu kanye nezinye izilwane eziningi, izigaxa eziningi zezimila azibaleki, kepha zivame ukweqa ziqonde ngakubo, bese ziphakama ngemilenze yazo yangemuva, zishwashwatha, zizama ukwethusa isitha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ulimi lwezilwane
Ama-Lemmings, ngaphandle kwesikhathi esifushane sokuphila komuntu ngamunye, ngenxa yobuningi bawo, angumndeni ozinzile wamagundane. Inani lezilwane ezidlayo, ngokuya ngesibalo sezimila, lilawulwa ngokwemvelo unyaka nonyaka. Ngakho-ke, abasongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Ngenxa yemfihlo yezilwane nokuhamba kwazo kaningi ifuna ukudla, inani eliphelele lemammings kunzima ukubalwa, kepha ngokwezibalo ezingaqondile, landa njalo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. Okuwukuphela kwento engaba yisikhathi seminyaka embalwa edlule, lapho inani eliphakeme elilandelayo labantu, uma lalikhona, lalingelutho.
Kukholakala ukuthi ukuncipha kungathonywa isimo sezulu esifudumele ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, okube nomthelela ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo sekhava leqhwa. Esikhundleni seqhwa elijwayelekile elithambile, iqhwa laqala ukwakheka ebusweni bomhlaba, okwaba yinto engajwayelekile ngamakhemikhali. Lokhu kube nomthelela ekwehlisweni kwabo.
Kepha izinkathi eziphindaphindwayo zokwehla kwesibalo samakhemikhali emlandweni nazo ziyaziwa, kanjalo nokululama okulandelayo kwabantu. Ngokwesilinganiso, ushintsho ngobuningi beluhlala lujikeleza, futhi ngemuva kokuphakama kube nokwehla okuhambisana nokwehliswa kokutholakala kokudla. Iminyaka engu-1-2, inombolo ibilokhu ibuyele kokujwayelekile, futhi ukuqubuka kuyabonakala njalo eminyakeni engu-3-5. Ukulimaza uzizwa ezethemba endle, ngakho-ke manje umuntu akufanele alindele imiphumela eyinhlekelele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 35
