I-Pangolin

I-Pangolin (in lat. Pholidota) ukuphela kwezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni ezimbozwe ngokuphelele ngezikali. Igama elithi "pangolin" ngesiMalay lisho ukuthi "ukugoba ibhola". Le ndlela isetshenziswa yizilwane uma kunengozi. Esikhathini esedlule, babevame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-scaly anteaters. Kunemigqa eyishumi nesishiyagalombili yesikali futhi ibukeka njengama-tile ophahla.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: Pangolin

AmaPangolin avele eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-60 eyedlule ngesikhathi sePaleocene, izinhlobo ezingama-39 zakudala zaqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Izinhlobo ze-Eomanis ne-Eurotamandua zaziwa ngezinsalela ezitholakala endaweni yaseMessel e-Eocene. Lezi zilwane zazihlukile kuma-dinosaurs anamuhla.

Iqiniso elithandekayo! Okuqukethwe okutholakala esiswini esigcinwe kahle se-Eomanis eMessel kukhombisa ubukhona bezinambuzane nezitshalo. Ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi ama-pangolin ekuqaleni ayedla imifino futhi ngengozi agwinya izinambuzane eziningana.

Izibankwa zangaphambi komlando zazingenazo izikali zokuzivikela, futhi amakhanda azo ayehlukile kunalezo zezibankwa zanamuhla. Babebukeka njenge-armadillo. Omunye umndeni wezibankwa, owavela ekugcineni kwe-Eocene, wawuyihlobo lokuthanda izwe. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziqukethe, i-Cryptomanis ne-Patriomanis, esivele inezici ezijwayelekile zama-pangolin anamuhla, kepha isagcina izici zezilwane ezincelisayo zasendulo.

Ividiyo: IPangolin

NgamaMiocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-30 kamuva, izibankwa zase zivele zavela kakhulu. INecromanis, uhlobo lwepangolin yaseFrance echazwe nguHenri Philhol ngo-1893, yehla ku-Eomanis futhi yayivele ine-anatomy, ukudla nokuziphatha okufana ncamashi nalokho kwama-pangolin anamuhla. Izinsalela zazo ezitholakale esifundeni saseQuercy.

Ucwaningo olusha lwezakhi zofuzo lukhombisa ukuthi izihlobo ezisondelene kakhulu zepangolin yizilwane ezidla ezinye ezakha ngalo iFerae clade. Ucwaningo lwango-2015 luqinisekise ubudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwama-pangolin neqembu eliphelile iCreodonta.

Zonke izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zama-pangolin aphilayo ngeminyaka yama-2000 zahlukanisa ama-pangolin abe izizukulwane ezintathu: iManis, iPhataginus neSmutsia, okubandakanya izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili + nemindeni eminingana yezinsalela. Ukuhleleka kwama-pangolin (ngesiLatin Pholidota) uyilungu lomndeni wezibankwa (Manidae).

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: Animal pangolin

Lezi zilwane zinekhanda elincane elicijile. Amehlo nezindlebe kuncane. Umsila ubanzi futhi mude, usukela kumasentimitha angama-26 kuya kwangama-90. Imilenze inamandla, kodwa imfishane. Imilenze yangaphambili mide futhi inamandla kunemilenze yangemuva. Umlenze ngamunye unezinzipho ezinhlanu ezigobile. Ngaphandle, umzimba we-pangolin onamafutha ufana nesigaxa sikaphayini. Izikali ezinkulu, ezigqagqene, zamalitha zimboza cishe wonke umzimba. Athambile kuma-pangolin asanda kuzalwa, kepha aqina njengoba ekhula.

Kuphela isifonyo, isilevu, umphimbo, intamo, ezinye izingxenye zobuso, izinhlangothi zangaphakathi zezitho nesisu azimboziwe ngezikali. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ingaphandle elingaphandle lezingaphambili libuye limbozwe. Izitho ezingenasikali zomzimba zimbozwe kancane ngoboya. Izinwele ezingenazo izindawo ezinamakhasi zimhlophe qwa, kusuka konsundu ngokukhanyayo kuya konsundu ngokubomvu okukhanyayo noma okumnyama.

Isikhumba simpunga kwezinye izindawo ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma opinki. Izinhlobo ze-Asiatic zinezinwele ezintathu noma ezine ezansi kwesikali ngasinye. Izinhlobo zase-Afrika azinazo izinwele ezinjalo. Usayizi we-raptor, kufaka phakathi ikhanda + lomzimba, kusuka ku-30 ​​kuye ku-90 cm.Abesifazane bavame ukuba bancane kunabesilisa.

Iqiniso elithandekayo! Isembozo se-pangolin esenziwe ngesikhumba senziwe nge-keratin. Lokhu kuyinto efanayo njengezipikili zomuntu. Ekubunjweni nasekwakhiweni kwawo, ahluke kakhulu ezilinganisweni zezilwane ezihuquzelayo.

Lezi zilwane azinawo amazinyo. Ukubamba ukudla, izibankwa zisebenzisa ulimi olude nolunemisipha olungakwazi ukwelula ibanga elide. Ezinhlotsheni ezincane, ulimi lucishe lube ngamasentimitha ayi-16 kuya kwayi-18. Kubantu abakhulu, ulimi lungamasentimitha angama-40. Ulimi lunamathela kakhulu futhi luyindilinga noma luyisicaba, kuya ngohlobo lolo

Ihlala kuphi ipangolin?

Isithombe: Lizard Pangolin

Ama-Pangolin ahlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amahlathi, amahlathi aminyene, izindawo ezinesihlabathi nezindawo ezivulekile zotshani. Izinhlobo ze-Afrika zihlala eningizimu nasenkabeni yezwekazi lase-Afrika, kusukela eSudan naseSenegal enyakatho kuya eRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika eningizimu. Indawo yesibankwa e-Asia itholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwekazi. Isuka ePakistan entshonalanga iye eBorneo empumalanga.

Ububanzi bezinhlobo ezithile busatshalaliswe ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• UmNdiya uhlala ePakistan, eBangladesh, iningi laseNdiya, ezinye izindawo eSri Lanka naseChina;
• IsiShayina - eNepal, eBhutan, enyakatho yeNdiya, eBurma, enyakatho ye-Indochina, eningizimu yeChina naseTaiwan;
• IPangolin Filipino itholakala kuphela esiqhingini sasePalawan, ePhilippines;
• IMalay Pangolin - Southeast Asia + Thailand + Indonesia + Indonesia + Philippines + Vietnam + Laos + Cambodia + Malaysia neSingapore;
• IPangolin temminckii itholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseningizimu ye-Afrika, kusuka eSudan nase-Ethiopia enyakatho kuya eNamibia naseMozambique eningizimu;
• Umdondoshiya uhlala emazweni amaningi eningizimu ye-Afrika. Inani elikhulu labantu ligxile e-Uganda, eTanzania, eKenya;
• I-Arboreal Pangolin - Ephakathi + neNtshonalanga Afrika, kusukela eCongo empumalanga kuya eSenegal entshonalanga, kufaka phakathi izingqimba zaseNiger naseCongo;
• I-longtail itholakala emahlathini ase-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, ngasogwini lwe-Atlantic phakathi kweGuinea ne-Angola, ngeCentral African Republic kuya eSudan nase-Uganda.

Izinhlobo ze-pangolin ezinomsila omude nezaseMalaysia zivame ukutholakala ezifundeni zezitshalo, okukhombisa ukuthi izibankwa ziyaphoqeleka ukuthi ziye kubantu. Kwezinye izimo, ziye zabonwa ezindaweni ezilinyazwe imisebenzi yabantu. Iningi lezibankwa zihlala emhlabathini, emigodini ezimbiwe yodwa noma ezinye izilwane.

Lokhu kunelukuluku! I-Long-tailed and woodland (arboreal pangolin species) ihlala emahlathini ezihlahleni futhi iphephela emigodini, ayivamile ukuphuma iye emathafeni. Isibankwa saseNdiya naso singakhuphuka ezihlahleni, kodwa sinomgodi waso ngaphansi komhlaba, ngakho-ke sithathwa njengesihlabathi.

Ama-pangolin ase-arboreal ahlala ezihlahleni ezingenalutho, kuyilapho izinhlobo zasemhlabeni zimba imigudu ngaphansi komhlaba ukuya ekujuleni okungu-3.5 m.

Idlani ipangolin?

Isithombe: Pangolin yempi

Amapangwini yizilwane ezidla izinambuzane. Isabelo sebhubesi sokudla siqukethe zonke izinhlobo zezintuthwane + umuhlwa, kepha singangezelelwa ngezinye izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izibungu. Zicacisiwe ngandlela thile futhi zivame ukusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili zezinambuzane, noma ngabe ziningi izinhlobo ezitholakalayo kuzo. Isibankwa singadla kusuka ku-145 kuye ku-200 g wezinambuzane ngosuku. I-Pangolin yisilawuli esibalulekile sezinhlwa ezihlala endaweni yazo.

Izibankwa zinamehlo angaboni kahle, ngakho-ke zixhomeke kakhulu ekunukeni nasekuzweni. Izilwane zibamba inyamazane ngephunga futhi zisebenzisa imilenze yazo yangaphambili ukuphula izidleke ezivulekile. Ukushoda kwamazinyo emapangini kuvumela ezinye izici ezibonakalayo ukuthi zisize izintuthwane nomuhlwa zidle.

Lokhu kunelukuluku! Ukwakheka kolimi nesisu sabo kuyisihluthulelo sokusiza ekukhipheni nasekugayeni izinambuzane. Amathe anamathele enza izintuthwane nomuhlwa zinamathele ezilimini zazo ezinde. Ukungabikho kwamazinyo akuvumeli ama-pangolin ukuthi ahlafune, kepha, ngenkathi kukhishwa ukudla, zigwinya amatshe amancane (ama-gastroliths). Ngokuqongelela esiswini, zisiza ukugaya isisulu.

Isakhiwo sawo samathambo siqinile, futhi imilenze yawo yangaphambili eqinile iyasiza ekudwenguleni izindunduma zomuhlwa. Amaphengwini asebenzisa izinzipho zawo zangaphambili ezinamandla ukumba phakathi kwezihlahla, inhlabathi, nohlaza lapho efuna inyamazane. Baphinde basebenzise izilimi ezinde ukuze bahlole imihubhe yezinambuzane kanye nefoliji yezilwane. Izinhlobo ze-arboreal pangolin zisebenzisa imisila yazo eqinile, e-prehensile ukulenga emagatsheni ezihlahla bese iklebhula amagxolo esiqwini, iveze izidleke zezinambuzane ngaphakathi.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Isilo se-pangolin

Iningi lama-pangolin yizilwane zasebusuku ezisebenzisa iphunga elenziwe kahle ukuthola izinambuzane. I-raptor enomsila omude nayo iyasebenza emini, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlobo zichitha isikhathi sabo sokulala sasemini zisongwe ebholeni. Babhekwa njengezidalwa ezihoxile futhi eziyimfihlo.

Ezinye izibankwa zihamba ngezinzipho zangaphambili zigobile ngaphansi komcamelo wezinyawo zazo, yize zisebenzisa wonke umqamelo emilenzeni yazo yangemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-pangolin kwesinye isikhathi angama ngemilenze emibili ahambe ngezinyathelo eziningana ngemilenze emibili. Amaphengwini nawo angabhukudi abahle.

• I-pangolin yaseNdiya itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi ihlathi, amahlathi, amathafa noma imithambeka yezintaba. Ihlala emigodini enokujula okungu-2 kuye ku-6 m, kepha iyakwazi ukugibela izihlahla;
• I-pangolin yase-Chinese ihlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudumele. Unekhanda elincane elinomlomo ocijile. Ngemilenze nozipho oluqinile, umba imigodi ngamamitha amabili ngemizuzu engaphansi kwengu-5;
• IPangolin Filipino kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni yayiyisibalo sama-pangolin aseMalay, afika evela eBorneo ekuqaleni kwePleistocene ngamabhuloho omhlaba akha ngesikhathi sokuqandeka;
• IMalay Pangolin ihlala emahlathini emvula, ema-savanna nasezindaweni ezinotshani obuningi. Isikhumba semilenze simanzi futhi sinombala ompunga noma oluhlaza okotshani onezinwele ezincane;
• I-Pangolin temminckii kunzima ukuyithola. Ngithambekele ekubhaceni ezimileni eziminyene. Inekhanda elincanyana maqondana nomzimba. Isibankwa esikhulu sihlala emahlathini nasemathafeni lapho kunamanzi khona. Yiyo inhlobo enkulu kunazo zonke, efinyelela ku-140 cm ubude kwabesilisa kuze kufike ku-120 cm kwabesifazane;
• I-pangolin enkulukazi ilele emagatsheni ezihlahla noma phakathi kwezitshalo. Njengoba ijikeleza, ikwazi ukuphakamisa izikali futhi yenze ukunyakaza okucijile ngazo, isebenzisa imisipha ukuhambisa isikali emuva naphambili. Ikhipha imisindo enobudlova lapho isongelwa;
• I-pangolin enomsila omude inomsila ocishe ube ngamasentimitha angama-60. Iyinhlobo encane kunazo zonke. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nomsila wangaphambi kokuhamba phambili, ihola indlela yokuphila yasemakhaya. Isikhathi sokuphila endle asaziwa, kepha singaphila iminyaka engama-20 ekuthunjweni.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: I-Pangolin Lizard

Amaphengwini yizilwane ezinesizungu. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi banesisindo esingu-40% ngaphezulu. Bafinyelela ebusheni lapho beneminyaka emibili ubudala. Izinhlobo zase-Afrika zivame ukuba nenzalo eyodwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, izinhlobo zase-Asia zingaba neyodwa kuya kwezintathu. Isikhathi sokukhwelana asilandelwanga kahle. Amaphengini angazala noma ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka, yize isikhathi esisukela kuNovemba kuya kuMashi sithandwa kakhulu.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Njengoba opangini kuyizilwane ezihlala zodwa, kumele batholane ngeminonjana yephunga. Eyesilisa, esikhundleni sokufuna insikazi, imaka indawo yayo ngomchamo nendle, bese abesifazane bayazifuna.

Lapho bencintisana nowesifazane, abafakizicelo basebenzisa umsila njengesiduli ekulweleni ithuba lokukhwelana. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisihlanu, ngaphandle kwama-dinosaurs asePhilippines, lapho isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinyanga ezimbili kuphela.

I-pangolin cub izalwa cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-15 ubude futhi inesisindo esiphakathi kuka-80 no-450 g. Lapho izalwa, amehlo ayo avulekile nomzimba onenkanuko uthambile. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ziyaqina futhi zibe mnyama, ngokufana nama-dinosaurs amadala. Omama bavikela izingane zabo ngokuzigoqa emizimbeni yazo esongwe, futhi, njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, zibondla ngobisi, olutholakala kubhangqa olulodwa lwezindlala ezincelisayo.

Amantshontsho ancike kunina aze abe nezinyanga ezintathu noma ezine ubudala. Emva kwenyanga zizelwe, zishiya umgodi okokuqala bese ziqala ukudla onhlwa. Ngesikhathi sokuphuma, izingane zihlala zisondelene kakhulu nomama (kwezinye izimo, zibambelela emsileni, zikhuphukele phezulu phezulu). Lokhu kusiza umntwana, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ukuthi acashe ngokushesha ngaphansi kukanina lapho ezisonga futhi ezivikela. Lapho zineminyaka emibili, izingane zivuthwa ngokocansi futhi zishiywa ngumama.

Izitha zemvelo zama-pangolin

Isithombe: Pangolin

Lapho amaphangini ezizwa esongelwa, angazigoqa abe ibhola ukuze azivikele. Izikali ezibukhali ngalesi sikhathi zisebenza njengezikhali, zivikela isikhumba esivele obala futhi zivikele ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Uma isigoqene yaba yibhola, kunzima kakhulu ukuyiphaka.

Zigoqene zaba ibhola, zingahamba emithambekeni, zihambe ngemitha engama-30 ngemizuzwana eyishumi. Amapangolini nawo angaphalaza izilwane ezingaba yizisulu ngolwelwesi oluqinile, olunephunga elibi.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! AmaPangolin akhipha ikhemikhali elinephoyizeni elivela kwizindlala eziseduze nendunu elicishe lifane nesifutho skunk.

Ngaphezu kwabantu, izidalwa eziyinhloko zama-pangolin yilezi:

• Amabhubesi;
• Amahlosi;
• Izingwe;
• IPython.

Usongo olukhulu ku-pangolin ngabantu. E-Afrika, amapangwini azingelwa njengokudla. Le ngenye yezinhlobo zenyama yasendle ezithandwa kakhulu. Amapangini nawo ayadingeka eChina ngoba inyama ibhekwa njengesibiliboco, kanti amaShayina (njengabanye abantu base-Afrika) akholelwa ukuthi izikali zepangolin zinciphisa ukuvuvukala, zithuthukise ukujikeleza kwegazi, futhi zisize abesifazane abancelisayo ukukhiqiza ubisi.

Ama-Pangolin anciphise kakhulu amasosha omzimba ngenxa yokungasebenzi kofuzo, okubenza babe ntekenteke ngokweqile. Ekuthunjweni, basengozini yezifo ezinjenge-pneumonia, izilonda, njll, okungaholela ekufeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: Isilwane sePangolin

Zonke izinhlobo zama-pangolin zizingelwa inyama, isikhumba, izikali nezinye izitho zomzimba ezaziswa ukusetshenziswa kwazo emithini yesintu. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane liye lehla eminyakeni yamuva.

Kunezinsongo eziningana ku-pangolin:

• Abazingeli;
• Imililo ecekela phansi indawo abahlala kuyo;
• Ezolimo;
• Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane;
• Ukuzingela kwezilwane.

Iziphathimandla zibambe amaloli, amabhokisi namasaka enyama, esikalini kanye nezinhlobo eziphilayo. Abathengisi bezilwane bazithengisela abathengi abasebenzisa lezi zilwane ukudla. Ukushushumbiswa kwePangolin eChina kuyanda ezinyangeni ezibandayo ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi igazi le-pangolin lisiza ekugcineni ukushisa komzimba futhi lithuthukise ukusebenza kwezocansi. Yize kuvinjelwe, kunezindawo zokudlela zamaShayina ezisakhonza inyama yepangolin ngamanani asuka ku- € 50 kuye ku- € 60 ngekg.

Kukholakala ukuthi ama-pangolin nawo anamandla omlingo. Izikali eziqoqwe eringini zisebenza njengekhubalo le-rheumatism. Amaqembu athile abantu ahlanganisa izikali namagxolo ezihlahla, akholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzovikela ekuthakatheni nasemimoyeni emibi. Kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa izikali ukuze kugcinwe izilwane zasendle zingasondeli. Ezinye izizwe zikholelwa ukuthi inyama ye-pangolin isebenza njenge-aphrodisiac. Futhi kwezinye izindawo bahlatshelwa emicimbini yokwenza imvula.

Unogada wePangolin

Isithombe: I-Pangolin Red Book

Njengomphumela wokuzingelwa ngokungekho emthethweni, inani labantu bazo zonke izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili lehla laba sezingeni elibucayi futhi izilwane zasongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.

Encwadini! Ngo-2014, i-IUCN yahlukanisa izinhlobo ezine njengezisengozini, izinhlobo ezimbili, i-pangolin yaseNdiya (M. crassicaudata) kanye ne-Philippine pangolin (M. culionensis), njengengcuphe, nezinhlobo ezimbili, uM. ukunyamalala. Bonke babhalwe kuRed Book.

Lezi zilwane zashushiswa kanzima, futhi izithunywa kwiNgqungquthela ye-17 Yezokuhwebelana Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezilwane Zasendle (CITES) eGoli, eNingizimu Afrika bavotela ukuvimba ukuhwebelana kwamaphangolini emhlabeni wonke ngo-2016.

Enye indlela yokubhekana nokushushumbiswa kwepangolin “ukulandela ngomkhondo” imali yezilwane ngenhloso yokubukela phansi inzuzo yabashushumbisi ngokumisa ukuhamba kwemali. Ku-2018, inhlangano engeyona ekahulumeni yaseChina yaqala inhlangano - I-Pangolin phila ubiza imizamo ehlangene yokusindisa isilwane esincelisayo esiyingqayizivele. Iqembu le-TRAFFIC lithole imizila yokushushumbisa engu-159 futhi ihlose ukuyivimba.

Usuku lokushicilelwa: 10.04.2019

Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-16: 07