AmaWalrus angomunye wabantu abahlala enyakatho ababonakala kakhulu. Zinamaphiko esikhundleni semilenze ejwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu, ngemuva komsila ofana nenhlanzi. Futhi zinamazinyo amakhulu kakhulu, angenakudidaniswa nezinye izilwane, nokumelana okuhlukile nesimo sezulu esibuhlungu esibandayo, yingakho igama i-walrus waze waba igama lasekhaya. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zasolwandle ukuphela kwezinhlobo ezinjalo emanzini ase-Arctic.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Walrus
Ngokwesigaba sezilwane, ama-walrus awomndeni we-walrus kanye ne-oda le-pinnipeds. Lokho wukuthi, banamaphiko esikhundleni semilenze. Izihlobo ezikude zama-walrus ziyizimpawu ezinamacici, lapho zifana kakhulu nokubukeka. Isikhathi eside, wonke ama-pinniped abhekwa njenge-oda elilodwa, kepha ngokusho kwemibono yesimanjemanje, kuphela izimpawu ezinamacici ezihlobene nama-walrus, futhi izimpawu zangempela zingolayini ohluke ngokuphelele.
Ividiyo: Walrus
Eqinisweni, womabili amaphinifa avela kokhokho abehlukene, futhi isimo esifanayo somzimba nezitho zomzimba kuchazwa izimo ezifanayo zokuphila. Imigqa yezimpawu ezivaliwe nama-walrus zahamba cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-28 edlule. Ama-walrus ngokwawo, esimweni sawo samanje, akhiwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-5-8 edlule futhi ahlala esifundeni sasePacific. Bahlala emanzini ase-Arctic cishe iminyaka eyi-1 million.
Kukhona ama-subspecies amathathu ahlukile we-walrus, anezinhlaka ezingagudluki, nomehluko omncane ngokubukeka, lokhu yilawa:
- I-Pacific walrus;
- I-walrus yase-Atlantic;
- I-Laptev walrus.
Yize, ngokwemiphumela yezifundo ze-DNA kanye nokucwaninga kwedatha ye-morphometric, ososayensi baqala ukukholelwa ukuthi umuntu kufanele alahle ukucatshangelwa kwama-subspecies we-Laptev walrus njengenhlangano ezimele. Ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kobubanzi balawa ma-walrus, kungabhekwa njengabantu abasentshonalanga eyedlulele base-Pacific subspecies.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal walrus
Umzimba we-walrus ukhulu kakhulu futhi mkhulu kakhulu. Ubude bomuntu omdala bufinyelela inani kusuka kumamitha ama-4 kuye kwayi-5, kanti isisindo somzimba singafinyelela ithani elilodwa nengxenye. Abesifazane bancane. Ikhanda le-walrus lincane ngokungenakuqhathaniswa uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba walo, ngakho-ke libukeka likhula kancane entanyeni yalo enamandla.
Umlomo wesilwane uhleli ngezintshebe ezinsimbi eziningi futhi eziqinile, ukushuba kwawo kungafinyelela ku-1 noma 2 mm, nobude obusuka ku-15 kuye ku-20 cm.I-walrus ayinazo izindlebe zangaphandle, amehlo mancane futhi anamehlo amancane. Ama-Vibrissae ebusweni besilwane afana nebhulashi ekubukekeni kwawo. Zisetshenziswa ngama-walrus lapho zifunisisa izinhlanzi ezingaphansi kwamanzi nalapho zihamba ezansi, ngoba ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphansi kothayela lwe-ice akukho ukukhanya okwanele, futhi umbono uqala ukudlala indima yesibili.
AmaWalrus anama-canines aphezulu, athuthukiswe ngokwedlulele, enwetshiwe ngokwanele futhi aqondiswe kude ezansi kakhulu komhlathi. Zibizwa ngamazinyo. Ngabo, i-walrus ilima phansi, izama ukumba izimbaza nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezifihlwe esihlabathini. Lapho uhamba ezintabeni zeqhwa, i-walrus ingasebenzisa amabamba njengezinsiza zokuzibandakanya. Kepha kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi lokhu akuyona inhloso yabo enkulu. Kwesinye isikhathi amazinyo ayalimala bese i-walrus ilahleka. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ekuthunjweni, ngenxa yaphansi kokhonkolo oqinile ezindaweni ezivalekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: amabamba angafinyelela imitha ubude futhi anesisindo esifinyelela ku-5 kg. Amazinyo avame ukusetshenziselwa ukulwa, ngakho owesilisa onamazinyo amaningi ubusa.
Isikhumba esiwugqinsi kakhulu sesilwane simbozwe ngokuphelele ngezinwele ezimfishane, ezinsundu ezinsundu. Kepha ngokuya kukhula, izinwele zomzimba ziyehla, kuthi kuma-walrus asekhulile, isikhumba sicishe sibe yize. Isikhumba uqobo lwaso sinsundu ngombala.
Imilenze ye-walrus, njengaleyo yamanye ama-pinnipeds, ayizingodo. Kepha ziguqulelwa ngokwengeziwe ukuhamba emhlabeni, ngokungafani nezimpawu. Ngakho-ke, ama-walrus angahamba emhlabathini futhi angakhasi njengamanye ama-pinnipeds. Amathe abambekile. Emhlabathini, ama-walrus ayinkimbinkimbi, ahamba kanzima. Kepha bangabhukudi abahle kakhulu futhi bazizwa bekhululeke kakhulu emanzini.
Ihlala kuphi i-walrus?
Isithombe: Sea walrus
AmaWalrus ahlala ngasogwini loLwandle i-Arctic azungeze iNorth Pole. Ububanzi babo buyisigaxa. Ungahlangana nezilwane ogwini olusenyakatho yeYurophu, e-Asia, nasemanzini asogwini eNyakatho Melika naseziqhingini eziningi zase-Arctic. Kepha ngokungafani nezimpawu zamanzi, ama-walrus agwema zombili izindawo ezivulekile zamanzi kanye ne-ice pack, ngakho-ke azama ukuhlala eseduze nogu.
Ngokuvamile, ama-walrus akhetha ukuhlala lapho ukujula kuya ezansi kungaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu. Njengoba iningi lokudla kwazo kuqukethe izidalwa eziphansi, kulapho kufanele unciphise futhi usebenzise amandla, kuba lula ezilwaneni. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, cishe noma iyiphi i-walrus iyakwazi ukudilika ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-150-200.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaWalrus anganciphisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo yawo ngenkathi etshuza. Futhi ungqimba olukhulu lwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba lubasiza ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi amanzi, okuyisivikelo esihle sokushisa.
Izilwane zinokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa zimfushane kakhulu. Ebusika, abantu be-walrus baya ngaseningizimu, kepha kuphela amakhilomitha ayi-100-200. Ezilwaneni ezinkulu kangaka, lokhu kuncane kakhulu.
Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-walrus lihlala e-Chukchi Peninsula, kuwo womabili amabhange we-Bering Strait; kukhona namakholoni amaningi ku-Peninsula yaseLabrador. Ama-walrus amancane atholakala ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga neziphakathi nogu lwase-Eurasia. Abamele ama-subspecies ase-Atlantic bahlala eduze naseGreenland naseSpitsbergen.
Lawa ma-walrus atholakala nasengxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Russian Arctic. Inani elingalodwa lama-Laptev ama-walrus atholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nasentshonalanga yoLwandle i-Laptev. Lezi zinhlayiya ezincane kunazo zonke.
Idlani i-walrus?
Isithombe: Atlantic walrus
Ama-bivalve molluscs namanye ama-invertebrate angama-benthic akha inqwaba yokudla kwe-walrus, okutholwa ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha angama-50-80.
Ukudla nakho kungaba:
- Ezinye izinhlobo zama-lobster;
- Imfene;
- Izikelemu zasePolychaete.
Ngokuvamile, ama-walrus adla octopus namakhukhamba olwandle. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zigcina zingukudla, yize imvamisa ama-walrus engazinaki izinhlanzi. Futhi, ama-walrus angadla amanye ama-pinniped, ngokwesibonelo, ama-baby seals noma ama-ringed seals, kepha lokhu akuvamile kakhulu futhi ezimweni ezehlukile lapho kungekho ukudla okujwayelekile okwanele kwawo wonke umuntu. Abantu ngabanye kuphela abahlaselwayo, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngohlobo olukhulu lokudla ezinye izilwane. Ezimweni ezingandile kakhulu, ama-walrus angahlasela izinyoni eseziwile.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-walrus esikhulile idinga ukudla ama-shellfish angama-50 kg noma okunye ukudla ngosuku ukuze ithole okwanele. Ukukhishwa kokudla kumi kanje. Okokuqala, i-walrus namazinyo ayo anamandla ingena enhlabathini enesihlabathi noma enodaka, "iyalima" futhi isiphule amagobolondo lapho. Igobolondo labo lisulwa ngokunyakaza okunamandla ngamaphiko, ingaphezulu lawo limbozwe ama-callus amaningi aqinile, nenyama iyadliwa. Ukukhishwa kwezibungu nama-crustaceans kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo. Ama-walrus abo empeleni asuswe phansi ukuze adliwe. Ukufunwa kokudla kwenzeka ngosizo lwe-vibrissae etholakala ebusweni besilwane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Walrus Red Book
AmaWalrus izilwane ezifuywayo. Ngokuvamile, ubukhulu bomhlambi ngamunye buba phakathi kwama-walrus angama-20 kuye kwangama-30, kodwa kwamanye ama-rookeries amakhulu noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zezilwane zihlangana ndawonye. Umhlambi ngamunye uphethwe owesilisa onamandla futhi omkhulu kunabo bonke. Bonke abanye ngezikhathi ezithile balungisa izinto naye bese bezama ukuthatha isihloko. Abesifazane cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bayisihloko sengxabano.
Emhlambini, izilwane zivame ukulala ngokuqinile komunye nomunye, ngenxa yendawo elinganiselwe yomhlaba noma i-ice floe. Imvamisa kufanele ulale ngohlangothi lwakho, kwesinye isikhathi ubeke ikhanda lakho kwi-walrus eseduze. Futhi uma kunesikhala esincane kakhulu, khona-ke bangalala ngezendlalelo ezimbili. I-rookery yonke ihlale "ihamba": ezinye izilwane zingena emanzini ziyodla noma zipholile, kanti ezinye izigaxa zibuyela ngokushesha endaweni yazo ukuyolala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: emaphethelweni ama-walrus rookeries cishe kukhona njalo onogada abathi, lapho beqaphele ingozi, bazise ngokushesha wonke umuntu ngokubhonga okukhulu. Ngemuva kwesiginali enjalo, umhlambi wonke njengowodwa ugijimela emanzini.
Ngokuphathelene nezinye izilwane kanye nomunye nomunye, ama-walrus ikakhulukazi anokuthula futhi anobungane. Ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, ama-walrus abesifazane anethuku lomama elithuthuke kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngokuzivikela avikela amawundlu lapho kuvela ingozi, futhi anganakekeli inzalo yawo nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nokunakekela amawundlu abanye abantu. Futhi bayazijabulisa kakhulu. Noma iyiphi i-walrus endala emhlambini ivumela noma iyiphi inyane ukuba ikhuphuke emhlane wayo ilale lapho ukuze iphumule.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby walrus
Ama-Walrus yizilwane ezinokuthula nezolile, kepha ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, esenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kuvame ukuba nezimpi zabesifazane phakathi kwabesilisa. Ekulweni, basebenzisa amabamba abo anamandla, kepha abashiyi ukuhlulwa okunamandla emzimbeni womphikisi. AmaWalrus anesikhumba esijiyile kakhulu noqweqwe olujiyile lwamafutha, oluvimbela ukulimala okungathi sína ezithweni zangaphakathi.
Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, ama-walrus wesilisa aqoqa inani elikhulu kakhulu lesidoda esivuthiwe, futhi alungele ukuvundisa owesifazane. Abesifazane, nabo, bakulungele ukukhulelwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi, futhi kakade phakathi no-May, baqala ukuthuthukisa imizimba ephuzi yokukhulelwa.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, wonke ama-walrus aqhubeka nempilo yawo ethule emhlambini wawo. Abesifazane abakhulelwe bazoletha inzalo yabo ngonyaka. Ingane kuphela ehlala izalwa njalo. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-60-70 kg, ubude baso cishe buyimitha. I-walrus encane iyakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini kusukela izelwe, lokhu kuyayisiza ukuba iphile uma kunengozi, futhi icwile ngemuva kukanina.
Isikhathi se-lactation kuma-walrus side kakhulu - iminyaka emibili ephelele. Ngakho-ke, ama-walrus azala kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni engu-4-5. Owesifazane angakhulelwa kaningi kuphela uma kuzalwe iwundlu langaphambilini. Lapho ama-walrus amancane ekhula amabele amakhulu, ubisi luyama bese isilwane sishintshela ekudleni okuzimele. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisikhombisa ubudala, abesifazane ngaphambi kwalokho.
Amantshontsho aqhubeka nokuphila emhlambini ofanayo nabazali bawo, kodwa vele njengabantu abazimele.
Izitha zemvelo zama-walrus
Isithombe: Walruses Russia
AmaWalrus makhulu futhi anamandla kakhulu, ngakho-ke bambalwa kakhulu abantu abangawalimaza. Ezilwaneni ezisemhlabeni, ibhere elimhlophe kuphela elisengozini yokuhlasela ama-walrus, futhi likwenza ngendlela ethile. Ibhere ligade i-walrus emaphethelweni e-ice floe noma eduze neqhwa leqhwa, lapho i-walrus izophuma khona.
Kungalesi sikhathi sokuvela lapho ibhere kumele limshaye, ukuze akwazi ukubhekana nesidumbu ngokuqhubekayo. Okusho ukuthi, uma engabulali noma akhiphe i-walrus ngegalelo elilodwa, i-walrus izomelana naye. Empini phakathi kwe-walrus nebhere, owesibili angalimala kanzima ngamazinyo esigebenga sasolwandle.
Futhi, amabhere ayingozi kakhulu ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa kanye nama-walrus amancane. Amabhere angabahlasela ngqo emhlabathini, eqhweni. Izingane azikwazi ukunikeza ukumelana okuqinile futhi kaningi zifa ekuxhakathisweni kwezilwane ezizingelayo.
Kunamacala aziwayo okuhlaselwa kwama-walrus ngemikhomo ebulalayo. Cishe ziphindwe kathathu ngobukhulu kunama-walrus, nezikhathi ezine zisinda ukwedlula zona, ngakho-ke i-walrus ayikwazi ukuzivikela kumkhomo obulalayo. Ukwazi ukubaleka kuphela uma ephumela ezweni. Amasu wokuzingela imikhomo yokubulala ahlala efana. Bazigaxa emhlambini wama-walrus, bawuhlukanise, bese bezungeza umuntu ohlukile bese bewuhlasela.
Isitha esiyinhloko sama-walrus ngumuntu. Ngenyama, amafutha, isikhumba namazinyo, abantu babevame ukuzingela ama-walrus. Ngemuva kokubulala i-walrus eyodwa, ungondla umndeni wakho izinyanga ezimbalwa, ama-walrus amaningi afela ezandleni zabantu. Kepha hhayi kuphela indlala eqhuba abantu ukuthi babulale lezi zilwane ezinokuthula, ziqhutshwa nogqozi lokuzingela.
Ngeshwa, yingakho ama-walrus amaningi afela ize. Bazala kancane kancane, futhi inani lama-walrus lehle kakhulu. Kuzothatha isikhathi esiningi ukuyikhulisa, futhi, noma yini umuntu angayisho, le nqubo ayikwazi ukusheshiswa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Animal walrus
Akukho lwazi oluqondile ngenani lama-walrus namuhla. Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, inani labamele ama-subspecies asePacific okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200. Inani lama-walrus ase-Atlantic li-oda lobukhulu obuphansi - kusuka ezigidini ezingama-20 kuya kwezingama-25 zezilwane, ngakho-ke lezi zinhlayiya zibhekwa njengengozi. Inani elincane labantu yiLaptev. Namuhla, kunama-walrus anjalo asuka ezinkulungwaneni ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi.
Hhayi imisebenzi yabantu kuphela, kepha nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele kunomthelela omkhulu kubantu balezi zilwane. Ikakhulu, kukhona ukuncipha kobude be-pack pack nobukhulu bayo. Okungukuthi, kuleli qhwa, ama-walrus akha ama-rookeries abo wokukhwelana nokubeletha ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Kukholakala ukuthi ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu, kube nokuncipha kwezindawo ezifanele ama-walrus ukuthi aphumule eduze nezindawo zawo zokudla ezifanele. Ngenxa yalokhu, abesifazane baphoqeleka ukuthi bangabikho isikhathi eside befuna ukudla, futhi lokhu kuthinta nokuphakelwa kwentsha.
Ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lama-walrus, isivuno sabo sokuhweba okwamanje sinqatshelwe umthetho kuwo wonke amazwe. Ngezinga elilinganiselwe, ukudoba kuvunyelwe kuphela kubantu bomdabu nabomdabu, okukhona kwabo ngokomlando kuhlobene nokuzingela ama-walrus.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-Walrus
Isithombe: Walrus Red Book
Ama-subspecies ase-Atlantic we-walrus ne-Laptev ahlala emanzini aseRussia afakiwe kwiRed Book yaseRussia. Ama-rookeries abo asogwini avikelekile, futhi ukudoba kwavinjelwa kusukela ngawo-1950. Ama-rookeries amenyezelwe njengezinqolobane, futhi imisebenzi yezimboni ezindaweni ezakhelene nayo incishisiwe. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, azikho izinyathelo ezikhethekile nezingeziwe zokuvikela ama-walrus ezingakenziwa ngokuningiliziwe.
Imizamo ehlangene yomhlaba wonke ikwazile ukukhulisa izinga lokukhula kwemvelo kwama-walrus. Ngokwesilinganiso, manje cishe ingu-14%, okuyi-1% ephakeme kunokufa kwalezi zilwane. Kanye nezenzo esezithathiwe, kuyalulekwa futhi ukuthi uhlele izifundo zezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela izinombolo njalo.
Kukhona ukucabanga ukuthi ukuze kugcinwe inani labantu, kunengqondo ukuvikela ama-walrus uqobo lwawo, kepha nezilwane abazondlayo. Kepha lokhu kungenye yezinyathelo ezingaba khona. Kunombono futhi wokuthi ukwehla kwamanani kuhlotshaniswa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubuyiselwa kwabantu okwenziwe ngabantu.
Isinyathelo esisebenzayo kuphela ukunciphisa ukungcola kwamakhemikhali kolwandle namanzi, kanye nokukhawulela ukuphazamiseka okufana nomsindo wenjini ovela ezinophephela emhlane nasemikhunjini edlulayo. Ngemuva kwalokho i-walrus izokwazi ukubuyisa inani labantu futhi ingaqala ukubuyisa isikhundla sayo ku-ecosystem yomhlaba.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-15: 04
