Abaningi banegama impungushe ehambisana nokufunga, ngoba lesi silwane phakathi kwabantu abahlukahlukene sifanekisela ubugwala, ukukhohlisa, ukugcwala. Umuntu kufanele akhumbule ujakalasi ogama lakhe linguTabaki ovela emsebenzini owaziwayo waseKipling, kuyacaca ngokushesha ukuthi isithombe salesi silwane asihambisi neze. Kodwa hhayi yonke indawo kunesimo esingesihle ngezimpungushe, abaseGibhithe lasendulo babehlonipha kakhulu isilo, okukhombisa unkulunkulu u-Anubis ngekhanda likajakalasi. Kuzoba mnandi ukuthola ukuthi uyini ngempela lo mhlaseli?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: UJakalase
Impungushe iyisilwane esincelisayo esidlayo, ummeleli womndeni we-canine, kungokwenhlobo yezimpisi. Uma ubheka lesi silwane esingajwayelekile, umuntu uthola isithombe sokuthi uyinto ephakathi kwempisi nenja ejwayelekile yasegcekeni. Ukuchaza ujakalase, udinga ukunaka izinhlobo zalesi silo, ngasinye sinezici nezimpawu zaso ezihlukile:
- Impungushe ejwayelekile ifana nempisi encishiswe kancane ngosayizi ngokubukeka. Ubude bomzimba wayo, ngaphandle komsila, bufinyelela kuma-80 cm, nokuphakama kwawo - kuze kufike ku-50. Isisindo somuntu omdala sifinyelela ku-8 - 10 kg. Ithoni evelele yejazi iyimpunga, kepha enemithambo ekhanyayo ebomvu, ephuzi kanye ne-fawn. Ingemuva nezinhlangothi kumnyama futhi kungahle kube mnyama ngombala, kanti isisu nengaphakathi lentamo imvamisa iba mpunga noma iphuzi ngombala.
- Impungushe enemigqa yathola igama layo ngokutholakala kwemivimbo elula ezinhlangothini. Ingemuva lesilwane esinombala onsundu ngokumpunga, futhi umsila umnyama ngethiphu emhlophe. Isifonyo sejackal sifinyezwe kancane futhi sibanzi uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo. Le mpungushe inezinkukhu eziqinile futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Ebusweni nasendaweni yangasese kunezindlala ezikhethekile ezikhipha imfihlo enephunga;
- Ijakalasi elimnyama elimnyama lifana kakhulu nelimthende, linoboya obumpunga ngokubomvu. Ngemuva, ijazi lelo linomthunzi omnyama, lenza into efana nesigqoko esimnyama, lehlela eduze kwesisekelo somsila. Isisindo salezi zilwane sikhulu kancane kunaleso sezimpungushe ezijwayelekile (cishe ama-13 kg), yize ubukhulu bomzimba bucishe bufane.
- Impungushe yase-Ethiopia inkulu impela uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo. Ubukhulu besilisa bungamakhilogremu ayi-16, kanti ukuphakama kwesilwane kungamasentimitha angama-60. Umzingeli unemilenze emide nesifonyo esi side. Ijazi loboya linombala obomvu, onsundu kancane, ohlanganiswe namabele akhanyayo, uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwemilenze nentamo.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, ososayensi baqhuba izifundo emkhakheni wezakhi zofuzo, ngenxa yalokho kwatholakala ukuthi impungushe yaseTopiya yehla empisi ejwayelekile. Futhi izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu - izimpungushe ezinemigqa nezimnyama ezihlukaniswe nezinja zasendle ezihlala e-Afrika nase-Eurasia, nezimpisi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisikhombisa edlule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Impungushe yezilwane
Ngokwemvelo, zonke izinhlobo zamakhanka zinezici ezivamile, zemvelo kuphela ezibahlukanisa nezinye izilwane. Inhloko yezilwane ezidliwayo ayinkulu kakhulu (i-skull ingama-19 cm ubude), inesimo sonxantathu nesifonyo esibukhali. Izindlebe zikaJakalasi zihlala zimile, ziyabonakala kude, zinkulu ngokwanele ngamathiphu abuthuntu. Umbala wamehlo - kusuka ekukhanyeni kuye kokumnyama onsundu. Amazinyo ezilwane ezidlayo ahlaba umxhwele, abukhali, kepha mancane, asika isikhumba somuntu obanjiwe njengemimese.
Ividiyo: Impungushe
Ngaphandle, impungushe iyafana nempungushe, impisi nenja ejwayelekile. Kubukeka kukubi, kufana nempisi ekhuluphele enonile noma inja elahlekile engenakhaya. Imilenze yejakalasi incane futhi yinde, futhi umzimba uqinile, umbozwe ngoboya obufishane obunwele. Umsila omkhulu opholile uhlale uqondiswe phansi. Umbala wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nawo uhlukile, kuya ngendawo lapho impungushe inendawo yokuhlala unomphela.
Amathoni alandelayo ayasebenza kumbala wejazi loboya:
- Mpunga okhanyayo;
- Okubomvu;
- Okubomvu okunsundu;
- Okumpunga okuphuzi;
- Okumpunga okumnyama.
Izimpungushe zibole izikhathi ezimbalwa ngonyaka - ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Isikhathi saso cishe amasonto amabili. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sasehlobo uboya bezilwane buqina futhi bufushane, futhi umbala obomvu ngaphezulu uvela ngombala wawo. Esiswini, esifubeni, esilevini nangaphakathi kwezitho, uboya buhlala bukhanya ngombala nokungcola kokuphuzi.
Esinye isici sezimpungushe inani elihlukile lezinzwane ezinyaweni zazo. Kunezinhlanu zazo emilenzeni yangaphambili, kuthi ezine emilenzeni yangemuva. Uzwane ngalunye lunozipho olufushane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesifazane emndenini wejakalasi bancane kancane kunamalungu wesilisa ohlobo.
Uhlala kuphi ujakalasi?
Isithombe: Inja kaJakalase
Ojakalasi basakazeke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi nasemazwenikazi, bahlala:
- ENingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu;
- ENingizimu ye-Asia;
- Eduze kwaseMpumalanga;
- Afrika.
Lezi zilwane zikwazile ukuthatha izimpande, kokubili emahlane nasehlane elisogwadule, emahlathini anomswakama ophakeme, ezindaweni ezinezintaba, izilwane zingatholakala eduze nemizana yabantu. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpungushe ziyafuduka, zifuna izindawo ezintsha zokudlela, ngaleyo ndlela zikhethe izifunda ezintsha zokuhlala kwazo unomphela. Muva nje, indawo abahlala kuyo iya phambili futhi iya enyakatho. Futhi lapho izimpungushe zazingahlangani khona ngaphambili, manje seziphumelele ngempumelelo.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, izimpungushe zangaphambilini zatholakala emahlathini oLwandle Olumnyama nasogwini lweCaspian, zazibhekwa njengezilwane ezingavamile. Izazi zezilwane zaqaphela ukuthi ngekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye isibalo sazo sakhula kakhulu endaweni yaseKrasnodar Territory, lapho-ke izimpungushe zabonwa eNhlonhlweni YaseCrimea.
Ngo-2002, bavela esifundeni saseRostov, futhi bahlala ngempumelelo lapho ukuthi ngo-2015 bebaningi kakhulu. Bathathe intandokazi eDon delta, bahlala emibhedeni emicu eminyene. Uhulumeni wasekhaya kuze kwadingeka ukuthi abele umklomelo ngokudutshulwa kwalezi zilwane ezidliwayo ukuze kuncishiswe okungenani isibalo sabo esandisiwe.
Izimpungushe zinikela ngokuthanda kwazo ezindaweni ezinezihlahlana zezihlahla ezingadluli, utshani obude, umhlanga, izihlahla. Benza imigodi khona kanye emahlathini. Kusezindaweni ezivulekile eziwugwadule kuphela lapho bemba khona imisele emincane. Labo bantu abahlala ezintabeni bazama ukungakhuphukeli ngaphezu kwekhilomitha elilodwa. Ukuba seduze kwanoma yimuphi umzimba wamanzi kuyinhlanganisela ephathekayo yempungushe, kodwa lesi simo asidingeki.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izimpungushe aziwesabi nakancane amaqhwa amakhulu, ngokuvamile zibekezelela amazinga okushisa angama-35 degrees ngaphansi kuka-zero, kodwa ukuhamba ezintabeni zeqhwa kuyinkinga yangempela kubo. Izilwane zizama ukuhamba ezindleleni ezakhiwe ngabantu noma yizilwane ezinkulu.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ezine zezimpungushe zihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, zisabalala cishe kulo lonke izwekazi.
Udlani udyakalashe?
Isithombe: Impungushe yasendle
Imenyu yezimpungushe ihluke kakhulu. Lezi zidlakela zingabazingeli abangakhathali nabafuna ukudla. Izilwane zizingela zodwa, kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlangana ngazimbili ukushayela nokubulala inyamazane enkulu. Izimpungushe zingenza ukugxuma kombani okuphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela zibambe izinyoni esezivele zisuka. Ama-peasants, i-turachi, izinyoni zasemanzini, ama-coots, ondlunkulu bangaba yisisulu sabo. Izimpungushe zingabamba inkunzi, zenze ukuhlaselwa okuhlaselayo emapulazini, lapho zintshontsha khona izingulube, izinkukhu, amadada, amahansi, amawundlu nezingane.
Izimpungushe zidla ama-muskrats, i-nutria, ama-badgers, ama-hares nazo zonke izinhlobo zamagundane. Lezi zilwane ezidla omnivorous ngeke zizinikele ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, izibankwa, amaxoxo, iminenke ngisho nezinyoka. Uma unenhlanhla, ungadla nezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi nezisnuziwe. Imenyu yemifino nayo ayihambelani nezimpungushe, bayakujabulela ukudla izithelo ezahlukahlukene, imifino, okusanhlamvu, amakhabe, bathokozela amantongomane namajikijolo, futhi ngeke bayeke ama-rhizomes nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo. Baqeda ukoma kwabo ngamakhabe anamanzi namakhabe. Ekushiseni okukhulu, izilwane zisondela emanzini. Uma umfula womile, khona-ke izilwane zimba imigodi ezansi ukuze ziphuze amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ojakalase babhekwa njengabaqaphi, kepha lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Vele, izidumbu kanye nendle yabantu ehlukahlukene ekudleni kwabo, kepha okuningi lapha kuncike ohlotsheni lwesilwane. Isibonelo, kwimenyu yejakalaka enemigqa, isidumbu asikho nhlobo, isilwane sithanda ukudla okusanda kubanjwa (izinambuzane, amagundane, amahare) nezithelo ezahlukahlukene. Kepha impungushe ejwayelekile ayikudeleli ukubola, uma ifuna ukutholakala kokudla ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, ivame ukuhambisana namanqe ukuze ijabulele isidlo esihlangene.
Imenyu yebhubesi lase-Ethiopia inamaphesenti angama-95 wamagundane ahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi iyakwazi ukuzitika ngonogwaja noma inhlwathi encane. Ukuhlasela kojakalasi emadlelweni emfuyo akuvamile kakhulu namuhla. Ngakho-ke, singasho ngokuzethemba ukuthi impungushe iyisilwane esicishe sibe omnivorous.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane sikaJakalasi
Impungushe ingabizwa ngesilwane esidla inyama kusihlwa, ishiya indawo yayo yokulala lapho sekuhlwile iyozingela. Yize impungushe yaseTopiya, kunalokho, ikhetha ukuzingela emini. Lapho zifuna ukudla, izimpungushe zingahamba amabanga amade, zihlale zihamba. Lezi zilwane zikuzwa ngendlela eyisimangaliso ukufa kwanoma yiziphi izilwane bese zigijimela ukunambitha isidumbu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngaphambi kohambo lokuzingela, lesi silo sikhipha ukuhewula okude, njengokukhala kwempi, okulandwa yizihlobo zonke eziseduze.
Ojakalasi bahlala emibhangqwaneni eshadile, banensimu yabo, ehlala imakwa njalo. Ubukhulu besabelo bungafika kumahektha angama-600. Wonke umuntu ongesiye owomndeni uyaxoshwa esizeni. Intsha nayo ingahlala nabazali bayo, isize ekukhuliseni izingane, kepha ojakalasi abakhule kancane kancane bakha izinyunyana zabo zomndeni bese beshiya ukufuna izindawo zabo.
Izazi zezilwane azazi okuncane ngesimilo nangemikhuba yale mpungushe. isilwane siyimfihlo kakhulu futhi asifundiswa kahle. Izimpungushe azibethembi abantu, yize kwaqashelwa ukuthi ebusika obunzima kakhulu zisondela ezindaweni ezihlala abantu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ngukuthi uhlobo lwezimpungushe olunamasondo amnyama lizimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuxhumana nabantu, ukujwayela ukuxhumana futhi luze lube yizilwane ezicishe zibe lula, luqala ukuthembela kubantu. Isikhathi sokuphila sezimpungushe ezihlala endle asidluli eminyakeni eyi-12, yize ezinye izinhlobo ziphila kuze kufike ku-14.
Ngokuvamile, ezingqondweni zabantu, isithombe sejakalasi ngokuvamile siba simbi. Enye yezimpawu ezimbi ezibangelwa yimpungushe ubugwala. Eqinisweni, lokhu akunangqondo. Impungushe cishe ayinabo ubugwala, kodwa iyaqaphela kakhulu. Kulezo zindawo lapho umuntu emphatha ngobungani, ujakalasi angamvumela angene enzalweni yakhe.
Ilukuluku elingalawuleki kanye nokuzikhukhumeza kuvame ukuhlupha izimpungushe. Abantu abalala ubusuku ezindaweni lapho izimpungushe zihlala khona bazibonele ngawabo ukuthi bantshontsha kanjani ukudla nezinto zekhabethe ngqo ngaphansi kwamakhala abo. Lawa yizimpungushe, izilwane ezikhethekile ezinezici eziningi ezithakazelisayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: UJakalase
Zonke izinhlobo zezimpungushe, ngaphandle kwaseTopiya, zithathwa njengendoda eyodwa. Izilwane zakha umanyano womndeni impilo yonke. Bobabili abazali banakekela kakhulu futhi bayazwelana; bebabili bahlomisa ikhaya labo futhi bakhulise izingane zabo. Izimpungushe zizimbela izimbobo ngokwazo, noma zihlala emihumeni yezimpungushe, izimbila, izinhlanzi, izingungumbane. Ezindlini, izilwane zingasebenzisa izindunduma zakudala zomuhlwa, imigodi emikhulu, imifantu, amahlathi aminyene. Uma izimpungushe zihlala emgodini, khona-ke kufanele kube khona igumbi elibanzi lokwakha izidleke elitholakala ekujuleni okungaba imitha elilodwa nengxenye.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi insikazi, elungele ukukhwelwa ngokokuqala ngqá, yamukela ukuqomisana kwamanenekazi amaningana, ahlela izinto phakathi kwawo ngokulwa okunodlame, owinile abe ngumlingani wakhe impilo yakhe yonke. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala unomphela, isikhathi sokukhwelwa kukakhokho ojwayelekile singaqala ekupheleni kukaJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari, ubude baso cishe izinsuku ezingama-28. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungezwa ukukhala okunamandla kwalezi zilwane ezidlayo.
Asikho isikhathi esithile sosuku sokukhwelana; singenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ayikhulelwa ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushisa kokuqala, okwesibili kuyaqala. Uma ukukhulelwa kungafikanga okwesibili, kuzofanela ulinde unyaka olandelayo. Isikhathi senkathi yokuzala sihlala ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-57 kuya kwezingama-70.
Kudoti, impungushe ijwayele ukuba namazinyane amabili kuya kwamane, kwesinye isikhathi kube khona ayisishiyagalombili. Izingane zizalwa zinoboya obuntofontofo, zingaboni ngokuphelele futhi zinesisindo esingaba ngamagremu angama-200. Kancane kancane, umbala woboya bawo uyashintsha, kuvele izinwele ezibomvu nezinwele, kuthi imidlwane ibone ukubona kwawo sekusele amasonto amabili. Ngalesi sikhathi, nazo zinokuzwa, futhi lapho kufika inyanga eyodwa, izingane zithatha izinyathelo zazo zokuqala, zime ngemilenze yazo eqinisiwe.
Umama onakekelayo uphatha inzalo yakhe ngobisi kuze kube cishe izinyanga ezi-2 - 3 ubudala. Izimpungushe ezijwayelekile ezineminyaka engamashumi amabili ziqala ukondla izingane ngokudla okuvuselelwe nenyama. Ukuthwebula amazinyane ezinganeni kuqala masonto amabili ubudala futhi kuthatha izinyanga ezingaba zinhlanu. Imidlwane isheshe ikhuluphale, icishe ibe yinyanga isivele inesisindo esinguhhafu wekhilogremu, futhi ngezinyanga ezine - ngaphezulu kwezintathu.
Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi besondela onyakeni owodwa ubudala, nabesilisa kamuva. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izimpungushe ezincane zivame ukuqhubeka nokuhlala nabazali bazo kuze kube yiminyaka emibili.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpungushe
Isithombe: Impungushe ejwayelekile
Ojakalasi banezitha eziningi endle, ngoba lesi akusona isilwane esidla kakhulu. Izimpisi nezinja ezijwayelekile zisebenza njengabahlaseli uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpungushe, yize lezi zokugcina zivame ukuhlala ngokuthula nazo, zizulazula ezindaweni zokulahla ezifanayo. Phambilini, ngenkathi kunezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezinjengezingwe namahlosi, zaphinde zadala umonakalo omkhulu kuzimpungushe, yize kwakukhona nenzuzo kuzo, ngoba izimpungushe zazidla izinsalela zokudla kwazo. Manje, ezimweni zemvelo, izimpungushe, izimpisi, amakati ehlathi, ama-raccoon anemigqa, amakati asendle asezintabeni ancintisana nezimpungushe.
Abantu kungabuye kuthiwe bayizitha zezimpungushe, ngoba kwezinye izindawo baqothula izilwane, kubhekwa njengezinambuzane zezindawo zabo ezilinyiwe kanye neziqinti zamapulazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpungushe ezinemibala emnyama ziyazingelwa ngenxa yoboya bazo obuhle futhi obuyigugu, lapho kwenziwa khona okhaphethi eningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
Ngaphandle kwezilwane ezahlukahlukene nabantu, esinye sezitha eziyingozi kakhulu zezimpungushe yizifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezihlukene nezifo ezithatha impilo yezilwane eziningi. Njengoba izidumbu nemfucuza zivame ukubakhona ekudleni kwezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, zisebenza njengabathwali bamarabi, zidlulisela lesi sifo ezilwaneni eziningi. E-Afrika, amaphesenti angama-25 ezilwane atheleleka ngamarabi avela kuzimpungushe.
Ngaphezu kwamarabi, izimpungushe zingathwala lesi sifo; zivame ukutheleleka ngazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhaza, i-helminths kanye nezinye izimuncagazi. Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ziyafa ngenxa yokuthi azinakho ukudla okwanele, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi esinzima sasebusika. Ngakho-ke, kunezitha eziningi nezimo ezahlukahlukene ezimbi ezisongela impilo yezimpungushe endle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Impungushe yasendle
Indawo yokwabiwa kwezimpungushe ibanzi ngokwanele, ihlanganisa amazwekazi angaphezu kwelilodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane ziqinile futhi zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene, zaqala ukusabalala kulezo zindawo ezazingakaze zibonwe kuzo ngaphambili. Mhlawumbe lokhu kufuduka kuhlobene nokuseshwa kwemithombo emisha yokudla.
Impungushe ejwayelekile ayisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Ezindaweni eziningi, izibalo zayo ziyanda kuphela, indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo lwejakalase iyanda. Futhi lapho umhlaseli wayebhekwa njengeyivelakancane, wazala ngokuphepha futhi uzizwa emuhle.Isibonelo, lapha ungabiza iSerbia, i-Albania neBulgaria. Kusukela ngo-1962, ukuzingelwa kwamakhanka bekuvinjelwe kakhulu kula mazwe, ngoba isilwane empeleni asenzekanga, manje isimo sesishintshile futhi inani lejakalasi alikho engcupheni, okuyizindaba ezinhle.
Unogada kaJakalasi
Isithombe: UJakalasi ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Phezu kwawo wonke la maqiniso, imvelo ayihambisani nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimpungushe. Impungushe yaseTopiya isengcupheni yokuqothulwa, inabantu abalinganiselwa ku-600. Lolu hlobo luthanda ukuphola futhi lungahlala emadlelweni e-alpine, asencipha ngokuncipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifo zithwala nezilwane eziningi.
Abantu bendawo kwesinye isikhathi babezingela lesi silwanyana, besebenzisa ukwelashwa kwangaphakathi. Manje, ngeshwa, impungushe yaseTopiya isongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele futhi ibhalwe kuRed Book.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukunezela ukuthi izimpungushe zibhekiswe ngokungafanele ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezingezinhle neze ezihlazo ezingalandelwa kweminye imisebenzi, izinganekwane, amafilimu kanye namakhathuni. Uma ubhekisisa impilo yabo, cabanga imikhuba namasiko, khona-ke umbono walezi zilwane ezithakazelisayo ungashintsha ngendlela enhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udyakalashe angakwazi ukuthanjiswa, futhi uzoba ngumngane oqotho futhi ozinikele, ongekho mubi ukwedlula noma iyiphi inja, mhlawumbe futhi abe ngcono.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-13: 08
