Ukwanda kwamazimuzimu ocansi, lapho owesifazane edla owesilisa ngemuva kokukhwelana, kube nomthelela egameni elijwayelekile lohlobo umfelokazi omnyama... Lolu hlobo luthathwa njengenye yezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu. Ubuthi besicabucabu sowesifazane budlula ubuthi bezinto ezinobuthi ezisenyokeni. Kodwa-ke, ukulunywa kowesifazane kuphela okuyingozi kubantu. Ukulunywa kwesicabucabu sowesilisa nentsha akunangozi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umfelokazi Omnyama
Uhlobo lomfelokazi omnyama lwahlukaniswa nguCharles Athanas Valkenaer ngo-1805. Isazi se-Arachnologist uHerbert Walter Levy wabuyekeza lolu hlobo ngo-1959, wafunda izitho zangasese zabesifazane futhi wabona ukufana kwazo phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezichazwe. Uphethe ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka kombala kuyahlukahluka emhlabeni wonke futhi bekungekho okwanele ukuqinisekisa isimo sezinhlobo, futhi wahlela kabusha izinhlobo ezibomvu nezinye eziningi njengezinsikazi zesicabucabu esimnyama somfelokazi.
Ividiyo: Isicabucabu Somfelokazi Omnyama
U-Levy uphinde waphawula ukuthi ukutadisha lo hlobo lwempilo kwaba nempikiswano enkulu ngaphambi kwalokho, ngoba ngo-1902 uF. Picard-Cambridge noFriedrich Dahl babukeza lolu hlobo, ngamunye wabo egxeka omunye. ICambridge ibuze ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo lwaDahlem. Ubheke ukuphambuka umphikisi wakhe akubhekise kukho njengemininingwane emincane yokwakheka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngama-1600s, abantu baseningizimu yeYurophu badansa futhi bathukuthela ngokulunywa uhlobo loMfelokazi Omnyama. Ukunyakaza kuthiwa kwehlisa izimpawu ezibuhlungu. Ukunyakaza kwabo okunesigqi kamuva kwaqanjwa ngokuthi umdanso iTarantella, kwathiwa isifunda sase-Italy iTaranto.
Abantu abaningi abazithandi izicabucabu. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi baletha amashwa; abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi baletha inhlanhla. Abafelokazi abamnyama baba usizo ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezifana nezintuthwane zomlilo kanye nomuhlwa. Esikhathini esedlule, odokotela babevame ukuxilongwa ngokungeyikho ngemuva kokulunywa yisicabucabu. Ukuthatha isimo esibi sesifuba nesisu ngezimpawu zesithasiselo esinamakha.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Black Widow Spider
Umfelokazi Omnyama (Latrodectus) wuhlobo olwandile lwezicabucabu, olilungu lomndeni wakwaTheridiidae. Kukholakala ukuthi igama elithi Latrodectus lisho "ukuluma okuyimfihlo" ngokuhumusha kusuka esiGrekini. Uhlobo luqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-31, kufaka phakathi abafelokazi abamnyama baseNyakatho Melika (L. Hesperus, L. mactans noL. Variolus), umfelokazi omnyama wase-Europe (L. tredecimguttatus), umfelokazi obomvu omnyama wase-Australia (L. hasseltii), kanye nezicabucabu zezinkinobho zaseNingizimu Afrika. Izinhlobo zihluka kakhulu ngosayizi.
Izicabucabu zabesifazane abangabafelokazi zivame ukuba nsundu ngokusobala noma zimnyama ngokukhazimulayo ngombala. Abantu abadala bane-hourglass ebomvu noma ewolintshi ebusweni besisu (ngaphansi) kwesisu. Ezinye izinhlobo zinamabala ambalwa abomvu kuphela noma azikho ukumakwa nhlobo.
Izicabucabu zesilisa zomfelokazi omnyama zivame ukuba nezimpawu ezahlukahlukene ezibomvu, eziphuzi, noma ezimhlophe ebusweni bomgogodla (ohlangothini olungaphezulu) lwesisu. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningana zinombala onsundu, kanti ezinye azinawo amabala agqamile. Makhulu kunabesilisa. Izindikimba zesicabucabu ziba ngosayizi kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-10 mm. Abanye besifazane bangaba yi-13 mm ubude.
Izidladla zomfelokazi wesicabucabu zinde ngokwedlulele, zihlobene nomzimba, futhi zifana "nekama" elinenqwaba yamagobolondo agobekile, nokunwebeka ezithweni zangemuva. Iwebhu iphonswa empangweni ngomqolo ongemuva.
Encwadini! Lezi zigcawu ezincane zinobuhlungu obuqine ngokungavamile obuqukethe i-neurotoxin latrotoxin, edala isimo se-latrodectism.
Izicabucabu zesifazane ezifelokazi zinezindlala ezinkulu ezinobuthi ngokungajwayelekile, futhi ukulunywa kwazo kungaba yingozi ikakhulukazi kuma-vertebrate amakhulu, kufaka phakathi nabantu. Ngaphandle kokuduma kwayo, ukulunywa yiLatrodectus akuvamile ukubulala noma kubangele nezinkinga ezinkulu.
Sihlala kuphi isicabucabu somfelokazi omnyama?
Isithombe: isilwane somfelokazi omnyama
Izinhlobo zingatholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. ENyakatho Melika, abafelokazi abamnyama baziwa kakhulu njengaseningizimu (Latrodectus mactans), entshonalanga (Latrodectus hesperus), nasenyakatho (Latrodectus variolus). Zitholakala kuzo zonke izingwadule ezine zaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga yaseMelika, kanye nasezingxenyeni eziseningizimu yeCanada, ikakhulukazi i-Okanagan Valley yaseBritish Columbia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona abafelokazi besicabucabu abampunga noma onsundu (ometricus) nabafelokazi besicabucabu abomvu (bishopi) ezwenikazi laseMelika.
Indawo ohlala kuyo imi kanjena:
- Izwekazi laseMelika - izinhlobo eziyi-13;
- I-Eurasia - 8;
- Afrika - 8;
- I-Australia / i-Oceania - izinhlobo ezi-3;
- Uhlobo olulodwa (i-geometricus) - luhlala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwase-Eurasia;
- Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ezitholakala e-East Asia nase-Australia zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-redback (Latrodectus hasselti). Amakhulu abantu base-Australia bathola ukulunywa minyaka yonke kusuka kusicabucabu esibomvu, isihlobo somfelokazi omnyama. Kutholakala kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-Australia ngaphandle kwezingwadule ezishisayo nezintaba ezibandayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Abafelokazi abamnyama bakhetha ukwakha isidleke eduze komhlaba ezindaweni ezimnyama nezingonakalisiwe, imvamisa emigodini emincane eyenziwe isilwane ezungeze ukuvuleka kokwakha noma izinqwaba zamapulangwe ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kwamanqamu, amadwala, izitshalo, kanye nemfucumfucu. Isimo sezulu esibandayo noma isomiso kuphela esingadonsela lezi zigcawu ezakhiweni.
Isicabucabu somfelokazi onsundu (Latrodectus geometryus) asiyona ingozi njengezicabucabu ezimnyama. Lapho ilunywa, ikhipha ubuthi obuncane. Kodwa-ke, iyisidalwa esinobuthi futhi kufanele iphathwe ngokuqapha. Itholakala kuzo zonke izifunda ezishisayo zomhlaba futhi yethulwe eningizimu yeTexas, maphakathi naseningizimu yeFlorida, futhi manje isiyatholakala naseningizimu yeCalifornia.
Udliwa yini isicabucabu somfelokazi omnyama?
Isithombe: Umfelokazi Omnyama Onobuthi
Njengama-arachnid amaningi, umfelokazi omnyama udla izinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi idla amagundane, izibankwa nezinyoka ezibanjwe enetheni, kepha kuyaqabukela. Ezingwadule, abafelokazi abamnyama baphila ngokudla ofezela. I-web yayo yaziwa njengeqine kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezicabucabu. Abafelokazi abaluki ama-webs amahle; esikhundleni salokho, bakha i-weave nokunwebeka kwemicu eminyene, enokhahlo futhi enamathelayo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! Amandla aqine wewebhu yoMfelokazi Omnyama atholakale efaniswa nalawo wensimbi yensimbi yobukhulu obufanayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubukhulu bensimbi bucishe buphindwe kasithupha kunoboya besicabucabu, iwebhu iphuma iqinile kunentambo yensimbi enesisindo esifanayo.
Ukubamba inyamazane yabo, abafelokazi abamnyama bakha "ibhola" lamazinga amathathu:
- Imicu yokusekela ngaphezulu;
- Ibhola liyaluka phakathi;
- Okunamathiselwe emhlabathini yimicu ebambe mpo ezansi enamaconsi anamathelayo.
Isicabucabu sivame ukulengiswa sibheke phansi maphakathi nendawo yewebhu yaso silinde izinambuzane ukuthi zenze iphutha bese ziwela enetheni. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba isisulu siphunyuke, umfelokazi ugijimela ukumfakela ushevu, amjovoze ushevu, bese emgoqa ngosilika. Umlomo wayo uphafuza ujusi wokugaya ukudla phezu kwesisulu, esinciphisa kancane kancane. Umfelokazi omnyama ube esenza iziqu ezincane emzimbeni wesisulu bese emunca ukumiswa, avumele ukuthi iphinde imunce ibuyele emlonyeni.
Izisulu ezibanjwe enetheni zifaka izinambuzane ezincane ezahlukahlukene:
- amaphela;
- amabhungane;
- izimpukane;
- omiyane;
- izintethe;
- amacimbi;
- amabhu;
- ezinye izicabucabu.
Njengazo zonke izicabucabu, abafelokazi abamnyama banamehlo angaboni kahle futhi bathembele ekudlidlizeni kuwebhu ukuthola isisulu noma ingozi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umfelokazi wesicabucabu omnyama
Isicabucabu somfelokazi omnyama sihamba ebusuku. Ufihla ezindaweni ezimnyama nezingathintwanga, emigodini emincane eyenziwe izilwane, ngaphansi kwamagatsha awile, izinqwaba zezihlahla namatshe. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlala emigodini yamagundane kanye neziqu eziyize. Ezinye izindawo zifaka phakathi amagaraji, izakhiwo ezingaphandle nezinqolobane. Ngaphakathi ezindlini, izidleke zisezindaweni ezimnyama, ezingathintwanga ezifana namatafula, ifenisha, izindlu zangaphansi.
Ukudla inyama yabantu besifazane empeleni kwandisa amathuba okusinda kwenzalo. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane bezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo abavamile ukukhombisa lokhu kuziphatha. Ubufakazi obuningi obubhalwe phansi bokuthi abantu badla abantu ngokocansi kwenzeka emakhejini aselebhu, lapho abesilisa bengeke babaleke khona.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izicabucabu zesilisa ezimnyama ezifelwayo zikhetha abalingani bazo, zinqume ukuthi insikazi yondlekile yini okwamanje, ukuze igweme ukudliwa. Bayakwazi ukusho ukuthi isicabucabu sidle ngamakhemikhali azwelayo kuwebhu.
Umfelokazi akanalo ulaka, kepha uyakwazi ukuluma lapho ephazanyiswa. Uma ebanjwe ogibeni, mancane amathuba okuthi alume, ancamele ukuzenza ngathi ufile noma ucashile. Ukulunywa kungenzeka lapho isicabucabu sikhonjiwe futhi singakwazi ukubaleka. Ukulimala kwabantu kwenzeka ngenxa yokulunywa okuvikelayo okutholwa lapho owesifazane ecindezelwa noma ecindezelwe engahlosile.
Udinga ukwazi! Ubuthi bomfelokazi omnyama bunoshevu. Lapho amazinyo engena esikhunjeni, ahlala lapho imizuzwana embalwa. Inkontileka yezindlala zobuhlungu yokuletha ubuthi ngamadayiphu kuma-canines.
Isifo esivele ngenxa yokulunywa saziwa njenge-latrodectism. Izimpawu ezibuhlungu zizwakala kuwo wonke umzimba. Isihlungu somfelokazi omnyama sibizwa nge- "neurotoxic" ngoba sisebenza ezinzwa. Lapho ukuphela kwezinzwa kungasebenzi: imisipha iyeka ukulalela, umzimba uba lukhuni, ukukhubazeka nokudlikizela kuyaqina. Kwesinye isikhathi imisipha yokuphefumula iyema ukusebenza, idale ukuminyana.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umfelokazi Omnyama
Imvamisa abafelokazi abamnyama bayashada entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Insikazi ikhiqiza iqanda eliqukethe amaqanda angaba ngu-200 +. Umboza amaqanda ngezimbambo, bese akha isikhwama kulokhu, okufanele kuvikele amaqanda emathonyeni angaphandle. Isikhwama silenga kuwebhu ukuze sisuswe ezilwaneni ezizingelayo.
Kuthatha cishe amasonto amabili ukuqandusela amaqanda. Zimbalwa kakhulu izicabucabu ezincane ezisindayo ngoba ziyadlana zisanda kuzalwa. Izicabucabu zichitha izikhathi eziningana ngaphambi kokufinyelela ekuvuthweni. Ukudla nokushisa yizici ezithinta ukukhula kwezingane.
Khumbula! Abesifazane bathatha izinyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 ukuvuthwa, kanti isikhathi sabo sokuphila cishe siyiminyaka eyi-1.1 / 2. Abesilisa bavuthwa ezinyangeni ezi-2-4 futhi baphila cishe izinyanga ezine. Zilahlekelwa yisembozo sangaphandle (ama-exoskeleton) njengoba zikhula.
Ukuthintana ngokocansi phakathi kwezicabucabu zokukhwela kukude uma owesilisa ezivumela ukuthi adliwe. Ngokudela impilo yakhe, angagcwalisa umlingani wakhe ngesidoda esiningi. Insikazi igcina lesi sidoda ezingxenyeni ezimbili zokugcina futhi iyakwazi ukulawula lapho isebenzisa la maseli agciniwe ukuvundisa amaqanda ayo.
Uma ephinda eya ocansini, isidoda sowesilisa wesibili singasusa isidoda sokuqala. Kepha abesifazane abadla abalingani babo bokuqala maningi amathuba okuthi benqabe okulandelayo.
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu somfelokazi omnyama
Isithombe: Umfelokazi omnyama wesilwane
Lezi zigcawu, yize zisabeka kancane, kodwa zinezitha. Izinhlobo eziningana zeminyovu zingaluma futhi zikhubaze isicabucabu ngaphambi kokudla. Umfelokazi omnyama futhi ungukudla okuyintandokazi kwamantombazanyana. Ezinye izinyoni zingazidla lezi zigcawu, kepha ngenxa yalokho zizothola isisu.
Ukumakwa okukhanyayo ngokubomvu noma okusawolintshi esiswini kuxwayisa izilwane ezidlayo ukuthi lokhu kungukudla okungathandeki. Iningi lamagciwane omgogodla azingela ngokubuka athatha lesi siginali ebomvu-mnyama futhi agweme ukuyisebenzisa.
Phakathi kwezigcawu, abafelokazi abansundu bavame ukufaka abamnyama ngokushesha endaweni abahlala kuyo, yize kungaziwa kahle ukuthi lokhu kuyisibonakaliso yini sokudla, bangavele babaxoshe ngenye indlela. Ezinye izinhlobo zezicabucabu ezingaphansi nazo zinomdlandla ngokudla kwabafelokazi abamnyama.
Amanye ama-arthropods angadla abafelokazi abamnyama, kepha kufanele akwazi ukubamba isicabucabu ngaphambi kokuba asilume, okuyinto abaphumelela ukuyenza.
Lesi yisicabucabu esisheshayo, siyakwazi ukubona kusengaphambili ukudlidlizela okuncane okukhiqizwa umhlaseli. Uma esengozini, wehlela emhlabathini ngewebhu bese ecasha endaweni ephephile. Isicabucabu sivame ukuzenza ngathi sifile ukuze sikhohlise abaphikisana nabo.
Umnyovu wodaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Chalybion cal sanicum) entshonalanga ye-United States uyisidlakela esiyinhloko somfelokazi omnyama. Izibankwa ze-alligator nazo kwesinye isikhathi "zingadla" ekudleni okunjalo okweqile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isicabucabu somfelokazi onobuthi
Isibalo sabafelokazi abamnyama njengamanje asesongelwanga yilutho, ngisho nangokuphambene nalokho. Ucwaningo olusha lukhombisa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indawo yokuhlala umfelokazi omnyama iyanda iye enyakatho nakwezinye izinkomba ngaphandle kwendawo yayo ejwayelekile.
Izici zesimo sezulu zinomthwalo wokushintsha indawo yokuhlala yalesi sinambuzane esiyingozi. Kwabafelokazi abamnyama, into ebaluleke kakhulu ekubikezeleni uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwabo izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lezinyanga ezintathu ezifudumele zonyaka. Lokhu kuphawula okubuyekeziwe kusho ukuthi abasebenzi bezempilo ezifundeni ezingajwayele ukubona umfelokazi omnyama kufanele azilungiselele ukubukeka kwakhe.
Ukulunywa ngumfelokazi omnyama kungahlukaniswa ngamaphayinti amabili esikhunjeni. Lesi sihlungu sibangela ubuhlungu endaweni yokulunywa, bese isakazeka esifubeni, esiswini nasemzimbeni wonke. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention ithi ukulunywa ngumfelokazi omnyama imvamisa akukhona ukusongela impilo kubantu abadala, kepha kungadala ubuhlungu obukhulu kanye nokuqaqamba kwemisipha okubuhlungu. Abantu abalunywe ngumfelokazi omnyama bayelulekwa ukuthi bafune usizo lwezempilo.
Ukulwa nezicabucabu, izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa ezindaweni zazo lapho kutholakala ukutheleleka. Phinda ukwelashwa ngezikhathi eziboniswe kwilebula. Ukuqhubeka nokudikibala isicabucabu ukuthi singene endlini yakho, ungasebenzisa isifutho sesifutho sokubulala izinambuzane ezungeze isisekelo sendlu nezindawo zokungena ezikhona ezinjengezinsimbi zomnyango, amawindi, imiphakathi yesisekelo.
Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi isicabucabu umfelokazi omnyama kukhona futhi okuseduze nenyakatho. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwenza eminye imizamo yesampula ezindaweni ezihlotshaniswa nalezi zigcawu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-12: 15
