I-Puma - isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke se-New World feline. Lapho nje ibibalwa phakathi kohlobo, okubandakanya amakati nama-lynx ajwayelekile. Kepha, njengoba ingafani nenye noma enye, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuyihlukanisa ibe uhlobo olwehlukile. Elinye igama lalesi silwane esinamandla nesinomusa yi-cougar.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Puma
Igama lalesi sidla sivela kulimi lwesigodi samaNdiya asePeru. Lesi sizwe sasikholelwa enganekwaneni yokuthi i-cougar yingane elahlekile eyakhetha indlela engafanele empilweni. Mhlawumbe lesi saga sasingenxa yokuthi ama-cougars ayevame ukuzingela imfuyo.
Elinye igama le-cougar yingonyama yaseMelika. Leli gama walinikwa izifiki ezivela eNew World. Izakhamuzi zaziziqhenya ngendlela yazo yokuphila, iqiniso lokuthi kwakudingeka zibe sezimeni ezinzima zengozi engapheli, lapho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi zingahlaselwa yilesi silwane esesabekayo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: I-cougar ifakiwe enanini lempumelelo yomhlaba futhi ifakiwe eGuinness Book of Records, njengesilwane esinamagama amaningi. Izizwe ezikhuluma isiNgisi kuphela ezinezihloko ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezingama-40 zekati lasebukhosini.
Esikhathini esedlule, bekukholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-25 zalezi zilwane. Kodwa ezweni lanamuhla, ngesisekelo sezivivinyo zofuzo, kunezinhlobo ezi-6 kuphela ezihlukanisiwe, ezine zazo esezivele zingasekho:
- IPuma pardoides;
- I-Puma inexpectatus;
- UPuma pumoides;
- Puma trumani.
Ama-subspecies aphilayo iPuma concolor nePuma yagouaroundi bahlala eMelika. Ngaphambilini, ama-jaguarundi subspecies ayehlukaniswa njengohlobo oluhlukile lwe-Herpailurus Severtzov, ngo-1858. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezisezingeni lamangqamuzana ezakhi zofuzo ziveze ubudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, ngenxa yalokho ososayensi bamanje ababheka njengohlobo olulodwa nohlobo olufanayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-subspecies amnyama ama-cougar awakatholi isiqinisekiso sesayensi sokuthi akhona futhi kungenzeka ukuthi aqanjiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi ziyi-cougar enezinwele ezinsundu ezimnyama, ezingaphutha ngombala omnyama ukude.
Olunye ucwaningo lwe-DNA lukhombise ukuthi isihlobo esiseduze kulawa makati adla inyama yengulule. Umzimba wakhe ongajwayelekile wamnika isizathu sokumhlukanisa nomndeni ohlukile i-Acinonychinae, kepha ubudlelwane bakhe obusondelene nama-cougars babusaphoqa ukuthi ingulule ibhekiswe emndenini wamakati amancane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal puma
I-cougar ikati lasendle elikhulu ngokwanele, okuthi ezwenikazi laseMelika libe lesibili kuphela ku-jaguar ngosayizi. Abesilisa bahlala njalo bebakhulu kunabesifazane futhi babukeka bebakhulu kakhulu. Ama-cougars aseNyakatho imvamisa makhulu kunalawo aseningizimu.
- Ubude bomzimba - kusuka ku-110 kuya ku-180 cm;
- Ubude bomsila - kusuka ku-60 kuye ku-70 cm .;
- Ekubuneni - kusuka ku-60 kuya ku-85 cm;
- Isisindo - kusuka ku-29 kuya ku-105 kg.
Umzimba wama-cougars mkhulu, kepha uyaguquguquka. Izidladla ezinamandla eziqinile zifakwe uzipho olucijile, ngaphambili ngezinzwane ezi-4, emuva ku-5, ngemuva.izinzipho ezihoxisekayo zilungele isilwane ukuthi sibambe inyamazane sigibele izihlahla. Ikhanda lincane futhi lihlangene kancane. Kunezindawo ezimnyama ebusweni nasezindlebeni. Umhlathi namazinyo kunamandla kakhulu, okuvumela amathambo ukuthi aphule.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ubudala be-cougar bunqunywa ngamazinyo akhe. Ngesikhathi sezinyanga ezine, onke amazinyo obisi ayaqhuma, avele aphume ngokushesha bese kuthi ezinyangeni eziyi-6-8 amazinyo ahlala eqala ukusika. Onke amazinyo akhula eminyakeni eyi-1.5-2. Ngokukhula, ziyagaya futhi zibe mnyama.
Umsila omude, onamandla usebenza njenge-balancer lapho ugxuma. Ikati lasendle lingagxuma lifike kumamitha ayi-7 ubude, futhi lifike kumamitha amabili ukuphakama. Ngenkathi izingela, amabhubesi asezintabeni angafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-50 ngehora ngenkathi ejaha inyamazane.
Ividiyo: IPuma
Ijazi elijiyile futhi elifushane ngokwedlulele alinayo iphethini eveziwe. Ubomvu bubomvu, bunesihlabathi ngombala, obufana nombala wengonyama. Umehluko ngosayizi, ukuntuleka kwemane, intshakaza emsileni nasekhaleni elibomvana. Kunombala omhlophe esiswini. Izinsana ze-cougar zizalwa zinamabala, njenge-lynx, nezingubo ezijiyile nezithambile.
Amantshontsho avula amehlo awo emavikini amabili ezelwe. Kuma-cougars asanda kuzalwa, umbala wamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ushintsha ube nsundu noma inhlaka. Iphethini yejazi iqala ukubuna eneminyaka engu-9, amabala ayanyamalala futhi anyamalale ngokuphelele eneminyaka engu-2.
Uhlala kuphi usofa?
Isithombe: Mammal puma
Indawo ehlala i-cougar isuka eziNtabeni iRocky ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika iye ePatagonia eningizimu. Ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kunoma yiziphi izimo zokuphila, indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zilwane ihluke kakhulu - kusuka emahlathini asezindaweni eziphansi nasezintabeni kuya emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasemathafeni. Lezi zilwane ziyimfihlo futhi zigwema izindawo ezivuleke kakhulu.
Phambilini, ama-cougars ayehlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zaseMelika, uhla lwawo lwalulukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zaleli zwekazi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi, izilwane kwakudingeka zishiye izindawo zazo zangaphambili. Izindawo abahlala kuzo zihambisana nenyamazane yabo enkulu - izinyamazane. Izindlela ezisemqoka zokukhetha izindawo zokukhosela nenala yokudla.
Ukwanda kwezindawo lapho lezi zilwane zingatholakala khona kuholele ekutheni abantu bendawo bazinike amagama angaqondile noma asankondlo. Amanye ama-subspecies aqanjwe ngegama lendawo yawo yokuhlala. Lapho kuhlala khona lesi silwane kuncike ezinhlotsheni zaso. Kepha ngokuyisisekelo bonke bathanda izindawo ezinendawo encane evulekile futhi abanamandla okucasha.
Njengoba amakati amakhulu eyedwa ngokwemvelo, abesilisa bazikhethela izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu, ezisukela kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-20 kuye kwangama-50. Ngenkathi abesifazane bengafuni kakhulu futhi bahlala ezindaweni zamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10-20.
Idlani i-cougar?
Isithombe: Cat puma
I-Cougar iyisilwane esidla imvelo ngokwemvelo. Izifiso zakhe zivame ukudlula amandla akhe okudla isisulu sakhe. Ngokwesilinganiso, badla kuze kufike ku-1,300 kg yenyama minyaka yonke. Lokhu cishe kungama-48.
Uzingela izilwane ezahlukahlukene, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala:
- izinyamazane;
- izinkawu;
- izinkunzi;
- ama-beavers;
- ama-raccoon;
- amagundane;
- ondlunkulu;
- inyoka;
- izimvu zasentabeni;
- izingulube zasendle.
Ama-cougars awehlukanisi imfuyo nezilwane zasendle, ngakho-ke izinqama, amakati, izinja zingaba izisulu zazo. Njengoba bekwazi ukwenyanya i-skunk kuphela, bazingela amaxoxo, izinambuzane neminenke. Ama-skunks avame ukuphatha ukusebenzisa izikhali zawo ezinuka kabi kanti ama-cougars awazinaki lezi zilwane.
Amabhubesi asezintabeni yizilwane ezinesibindi impela futhi ngokuvamile ahlasela inyamazane enkulu kakhulu kunosayizi wawo. Okokuqala, zilandela inyamazane zisuka endaweni yokukhosela, ziyanyenya zithule, bese zihlasela inyamazane ngemuva ziphule amathambo omlomo wesibeletho noma ziyiklinye. Isivinini sokugijima namakhono okukhuphuka ezihlahleni avumela isigaxa sokujaha izintshe futhi sibambe izinkawu ezihlahleni.
Lezi zilwane zinamandla kakhulu. Abasoze badela noma babelane ngesidlo sasemini esidliwe isigamu. Ama-Cougars ahlala ebuyela endaweni yokubulala, noma afihle izinsalela eqhweni noma awangcwabe emaqabungeni agciniwe. Ama-Cougars awathandi ukujaha izisulu. Uma ukugxuma kokuqala kungasinqobi isisulu, amakati ngeke axoshe inyamazane yawo isikhathi eside.
Ama-Anteater, armadillos, ama-coyotes, izimbila, izingwejeje, izinambuzane, izinyoni ezincane zamabhubesi aseMelika kulula ukudla okulula futhi okunganelisi. Ekuphishekeleni inyamazane, ama-cougars abukeka ehlaba umxhwele futhi enhle ngokugxuma. Zivame ukuzingela ebumnyameni, kepha ngosuku olushisayo zithanda ukulala onqenqemeni olubalele.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ushukela wasendle
Njengoba ama-cougars engabantu abazimele ngokwemvelo, umuntu ngamunye uhlala ekubambeni okukhulu kakhulu. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zimaka imingcele yendawo yazo ngomchamo, indle kanye notches ezihlahleni. Iziza zabantu bobulili obuhlukile zingagudluka, kepha abesilisa abaze bangene ensimini yomunye nomunye uma bebona ukuthi impahla inenkosi.
Kwenzeka ukuthi amakati asendle kufanele aguqule imvelo yawo ngenxa yezimo. Bazozama ukushiya izindawo zakwamanye amazwe ngokushesha okukhulu bangene endaweni yamahhala. Umgwaqo ungaba mude. Ngakho-ke, ama-pumas aqhamuka eWyoming ahlangatshezwa eColorado, futhi lokhu kuyingxenye yamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane.
Amabhubesi asezintabeni ayizilwane ezibekezelayo nezithule kakhulu. Uma ingwe igadla ogibeni izama ukuzikhulula, i-cougar izolususa lolo gibe ngomoya ophansi, noma ngabe kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Uma kungenzeki ukuthi agqashuke emaketangeni, uzowela ekudikibelekeni futhi athule anganyakazi.
Ama-Cougars awahlaseli abantu futhi azama ukuwagwema ngazo zonke izindlela. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi isizotha sibalwa phakathi kwezici zobuntu babo. I-cougar ngeke ikhombise ubudlova ize ilambe kangangoba isengozini yokukhathala noma izama ukuvikela inzalo yayo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: AmaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika akholelwa ukuthi izikhova ziyinzalo kasathane. Ukubhonga kwabo kwenza wonke umuntu wathuthumela ngokwesaba. Kepha lawa makati enza umsindo wempempe ye-locomotive kuphela esimweni esithukuthele, sonke isikhathi ahlanze njengamakati.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Cougar Cub
Isikhathi sokukhwela kwamabhubesi aseMelika asihlali isikhathi eside - kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi. Imibhangqwana yakha cishe amasonto ama-2, bese ihlukana futhi. Kuphela lawo makati anendawo yawo athambekele ekuzaliseni. Abesilisa bangakhwelana nabesifazane abaningana abahlala ezindaweni eziseduze.
Ngalesi sikhathi, izimpi zabakhethiweyo zenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa ngokugquma okukhulu. Ophumeleleyo uzama ukumboza abesifazane abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kohlelo lwabo. Ukushisa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-9. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, njengamanye amakati, ama-cougars enza imisindo ebanga inhliziyo.
Ukuzala inzalo kumaphakathi nezinsuku ezingama-95. Kudoti owodwa, kungavela amantshontsho asuka kwamabili kuya kwayisithupha, afinyelela ku-30 cm ubude futhi anesisindo esifinyelela kuhhafu wekhilogremu. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, izingane zivula amehlo, izindlebe, futhi amazinyo azo okuqala aqala ukukhula. Ngokukhula, amaphethini emzimbeni namasongo asemsileni ayanyamalala.
Ukubona omama abasetshanini e-zoo, kwacaca ukuthi abesifazane babengavumeli noma ngubani ukuthi asondele kula amawundlu futhi babengabavumeli nokuthi bawabuke. Ukushicilelwa kokuqala kuzokwenzeka cishe inyanga ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kuze kube yinyanga eyodwa nengxenye, izingane zondliwa ngobisi lukamama, bese zishintshela ekudleni okuqinile.
Umama unakekela izingane ezifika eminyakeni emibili ubudala, ngemuva kwalokho intsha kumele izitholele impahla yazo. Isikhathi esithile bangakwazi ukuzigcina beqoqene, kodwa-ke yilowo nalowo ahambe ngendlela yakhe. Abesifazane bakulungele ukuzala eminyakeni engama-2,5, abesilisa abaneminyaka emi-3. Ngokwesilinganiso, baphila iminyaka eyi-15-18 endle, ekuthunjweni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.
Izitha zemvelo ze-cougar
Isithombe: Puma isilwane
Ama-Cougars awanazo izitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, basasaba amabhere amnyama, ama-jaguar, ama-grizzlies, izingwenya, ama-caimans amnyama, amaphakethe ezimpisi nezingwenya ezinkulu zaseMississippi. Ama-barbali nama-grizzlies ngokuvamile angadla inyamazane ebanjiwe ye-cougar. Imvamisa lezi zilwane zihlasela ama-cougars abuthakathaka, amadala noma alimele.
Esinye sezitha ngumuntu obeka izingibe nezicupho zama-puma, adubule amakati ngenzuzo. Ama-Cougars yizilwane ezisheshayo futhi, uma ekwazi ukuvika ukudubula kwesibhamu, isicupho sizomenza ahlupheke isikhathi eside. Uma ehluleka ukuzikhulula, uzothula alinde umzingeli.
UMongameli wase-US u-Theodore Roosevelt wadala umphakathi wokuvikela izilwane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye wavumela ukuqothulwa kwama-pumas ngaphandle kokujeziswa ngokuxhaswa yinhloko yomphakathi wezilwane waseNew York. Ngemuva kwalokho, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamabhubesi asezintabeni abhujiswa eMelika.
Ngokufika kwabaseYurophu ezwenikazi laseMelika, ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwama-cougars kwaqala ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwabadli bemfuyo njengemali elula. Omunye we-subspecies wathola igama elithi "i-horse fighter" ezifundazweni eziningana. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwaqala ukuzingelwa izinkuku nezinja, kuzihambisa ezihlahleni, lapho amakati angadutshulwa khona kalula.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Predator cougar
Ngaphandle kokuthi ukuzingela ama-pumas akuvunyelwe cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamapulazi ezinkomo, ukuqothulwa kwamabhubesi aseMelika kuyaqhubeka. Kepha, yize izindawo zabo zokuhlala zingasetshenziswa ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa kwazo kalula nezimo zokuphila, izinhlobo eziningi ziningi impela.
Emaphethelweni wokuqothulwa ngekhulu lama-20 e-United States, inani lama-cougars entshonalanga lilodwa lilinganiselwa kubantu abadala abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 futhi liyaqhubeka nokugcwala izwe eningizimu nasempumalanga. Ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yikuphi ukwakheka komhlaba kusiza ama-cougars akhule ngamanani.
Ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamabhubesi asezintabeni, inani le-cougar yaseFlorida selifinyelele emazingeni ayingozi futhi njengamanje lisengozini. Ukuzingela kwezemidlalo, ukugeleza kwamaxhaphozi nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ashisayo kuholele ekuqothulweni kwalezi zinhlobo. Ngo-1979, kwakucishe kube ngu-20. Ukuzaliswa kwemvelo akusenakwenzeka futhi amakati asendle athathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa.
Ubumpofu bezinto zofuzo buholela ekuzalweni kwezingane ezinokuphambuka nokukhubazeka, okuholela ekuvikeleni amasosha omzimba nokwanda kokungenwa yizifo. Okwamanje, bonke abantu bahlala ezindaweni ezigcinwe kwimvelo yaseFlorida futhi inombolo yabo ingamayunithi ayi-160.
Isikhathi eside, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi i- cougar esempumalanga, eyayivela eCanada nase-United States, yayisohlwini olwalungasekho. Kepha ngawo-1970, kwatholakala abantu abadala abaningi edolobheni laseNew Brunswick, elathathwa ngokushesha lavikelwa. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana bekwazile ukuzala abantu abangafika kwabangu-50.
UPumas unogada
Isithombe: Puma ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ama-subspecies amathathu ama-cougars abhalwe ku-CITES Isithasiselo I: I-Puma concolor couguar, iPuma concolor coryi, iPuma concolor costaricensis. Ukuzizingela akuvunyelwe kuwo wonke amazwe noma kunqunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, abelusi noma abanikazi bezinyamazane bayaqhubeka nokuvikela amapulazi abo ezingonyameni zezintaba ngokubulala ama-puma azingela imfuyo.
I-cougar yaseFlorida i-Puma concolor coryi ibhalwe ngokusemthethweni kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN futhi inikezwe isimo seCritical Condition. Ingaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile, kwenziwa iziqiwi nezindawo ezingcwele, lapho kulenga khona imisakazo ukulandelela ukuhamba kwezilwane. Ema-zoo, izilwane zimila kahle futhi zizala izingane.
Ososayensi basebenza ngamathuba okuwela izinhlobo zezinhlayiya zeFlorida nazo zonke ezinye. Kuhlelwe ukuthi kuhlaliswe kabusha izingonyama zaseMelika kwezinye izifundazwe, kepha lokhu akuyona into elula. Amahlathi aseFlorida anyamalala kaninginingi kunesibonelo, amahlathi aseNingizimu Melika.
Iyaqhubeka imizamo yokufuya amakati asendle njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, zihlala zikhona izingozi ekuphepheni kwabantu. Labo abafuna ukuletha isilwane esingakafiki endlini kumele bakhumbule ukuthi lezi zidlakela ezinamandla nezinomusa azithandi ukulalela noma ngubani futhi ziyayithanda inkululeko.
I-Puma - isidalwa esinokuthula maqondana nomuntu. Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi babalekela abantu abade. Izisulu zokuhlaselwa ikakhulu izingane noma abantu abakhubazekile abazulazula endaweni yengonyama yasentabeni ebusuku. Lapho ushayisana nesilwane, akukhuthazwa ukuba ugijime, ubheke amehlo aso bese umemeza.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.03.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-9: 00
