Isilinganiso esikhulu semvukuzane isilwane esingajwayelekile esivamile esihlala ngaphansi komhlaba. I-Spalax giganteus yigama lesiLatini lesilwane esincelisayo esivame ukudideka ne-mole, yize likhulu kaningi kunalesi sinambuzane. Indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo kanye nenani elincane labantu livimbela ukutadisha okugcwele komlingiswa wesilwane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Igundane le-Giant mole
Ummeleli omkhulu womndeni wamagundane omvukuzi ungowamagundane okugqekeza, kanye nama-zokors negundane loqalo. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuhleleka kwegundane, leli yigatsha elidala kunawo wonke. Phambilini, bekucatshangwa ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lomndeni luguquke futhi lwazivumelanisa nempilo engaphansi komhlaba lodwa, kepha izifundo ezalandela zaveza ubudlelwano bazo futhi zahlanganiswa zaba yiqembu elilodwa le-monophyletic.
Abamele amagundane emvukuzane batholakala ePliocene yokuqala evela ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga ye-Ukraine, enyakatho yesifunda iVolga, eCiscaucasia, eTrans-Urals. Izifundo zeCytogenetic ziqinisekisile uhlelo lwamaqenjana ohlobo lweSpalax Güldenstaedt - amagundane emvukuzane. Azikho izinsalela zemvubukulo yesilinganiso esikhulu semvukuzane kusukela esikhathini ngaphambi kokuqala kweHalocene.
Ividiyo: Igundane elikhulu lemvukuzane
Phambilini, lolu hlobo lwamagundane emvukuzane lwaluthathwa njengama-subspecies ajwayelekile, ngaphandle kokwehluka okuphawulekayo kombala nosayizi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwalezi zilwane ku-subgenera ehlukile, eceleni kwemigodi engxenyeni ye-occipital, akunakulinganiswa. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi kusilinganisi esincane semvukuzane, hhayi izimbobo, kepha yifossae encane kuphela, futhi inani lazo lingahluka. Kaningi kunezimbili zazo, kepha kukhona eyodwa noma ezintathu, i-giant inembobo eyodwa.
Uhlobo lwamagundane emvukuzane lubandakanya, ngokungezelela ku-giant, ezinye izinhlobo ezine:
- ezejwayelekile;
- kunesihlabathi;
- I-Bukovinian;
- busisiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona uhlobo lohlobo lwamagundane amancane, afaka phakathi amancane, amaPalestine nongakhali. Izilwane ziyehluka ngokubukeka nobukhulu, kanye nasendaweni ezihlala kuyo, indlela yazo yokuphila iyafana. Izilwane empeleni ziyizimpumputhe, ayikho iminonjana yamehlo ancishisiwe asele, acasha ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Igundane lesilwane esikhulu
Kula magundane anjengegundane, yonke into ivumelaniswa nendlela yokuphila yangaphansi komhlaba. Umzimba onjenge-bullet onamandla, nekhanda eliyindilinga elithinta ekhaleni, cishe alukho ushintsho oluphawuleka ngesimo sentamo. Njengoba kungadingekile, izindunduma azithuthukiswa, futhi umsila ucishe ungazwakali.
Imivimbo yama-bristles amnyama idlula isuka ezindlebeni iye ekhaleni; badlala indima ye-vibrissae, ababambe iqhaza enqubeni yokuthinta. IVibrissae nayo itholakala esiswini, ebunzini, engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba. Impumulo inkulu, inesikhumba, inamafolda amboza amakhala, ayivikele ekungeneni kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokumba.
Izindebe zibonakala zigeleza ngapha nangapha ngaphakathi, okuphuma kakhulu emlonyeni. Futhi, emihlathini engenhla nengezansi, kunemisipha emithathu ohlangothini ngalunye. Ama-incisors abanzi futhi makhulu ngokungajwayelekile, kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kwawo. Ingxenye ebanzi engaphambili inamathambo amafushane amafinyila nolwanga kunezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene, kanti i-occiput itholakala ngaphansi. Izindebe zivula umlomo kuphela lapho zidla.
Izidladla zegundane zifushane, zineminwe emihlanu, imilenze yangemuva mikhulu kancane kunaleyo yangaphambili, uzipho lincane. Ama-paw, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane eziningi ezigqobayo, athuthukisiwe kahle. Isilwane esincelisayo singena ngemigodi. Leli yilungu lomndeni elikhulu kunawo wonke, elijiyile futhi elinwetshiwe, njengesihlalo se-mutaka, lingafinyelela isisindo esingu-700-1000 g.I-rodent ifinyelela kubude obungu-30 cm, nobude benyawo yangemuva icishe ibe ngama-37 mm.
Mfushane, uboya obukhulu ngaphandle phansi. Inombala we-fawn, ocher okhazimula ngobudala, ikakhulukazi phezulu kwekhanda. Isisu sijwayele ukuba mnyama ngombala ngemibala engwevu. Ubude obufushane boboya bezinwele buvumela isilwane ukuba sihambe ngokukhululeka kuma-labyrinths aso, kokubili phambili nangasemuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinwele zesigaxa semvukuzane silingana kahle ngokulingana ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, futhi kolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi ihambe kahle "islayida" ngaphakathi kwekhanda lomgodi kuqala nangemuva.
Ihlala kuphi igundane elikhulu?
Isithombe: I-Red Giant rat rat Red Book
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalesi sigundane esinendawo yokuphila kwangaphansi komhlaba sincane.
Kutholakala:
- ezindaweni ezingama-semi-desert enyakatho-mpumalanga yeCiscaucasia;
- esikhaleni sokufinyelela okuphansi kwemifula iTerek neKuma;
- ezindaweni eziphansi zeSulak;
- eningizimu yeMakhachkala kuya eGudermes.
Ngasenyakatho, izindawo zakhe zokuhlala zifinyelela:
- emazweni aseningizimu yesifunda sase-Astrakhan;
- eningizimu yeKalmykia.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezincane nezizodwa yilezi:
- empumalanga yoMfula i-Ural;
- esifundeni seKara-Agach;
- eduze nemifula iTemir, i-Emba, i-Uil;
- enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda seGuryev;
- entshonalanga yesifunda sase-Atyubinsk.
Lesi silwane sithanda izingwadule ezinesihlabathi nobumba, kepha zihlala ezindaweni lapho kukhona umswakama khona: emathafeni ezikhukhula zemifula, emathafeni anotshani bezintshebe kanye ne-lacustrine nasemasimini asehlathini, kuyatholakala nasezihlathini ezingamahlathi. Uthanda inhlabathi ye-chestnut. Isilwane singabonakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1400-2400 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. m., kaningi endaweni ephakeme ye-1500-1600 m.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukubhekwa kwesilinganiso semvukuzane esikhishiwe endaweni lapho bekungekho abanye abantu, kukhombisile ukuthi ezinyangeni ezine yakha izinqwaba ezingama-284.
Lapho kuhlala khona iqembu labantu, izinqwaba zomhlaba zimboza cishe i-15% lendawo. Entwasahlobo, amagundane emvukuzane aqala ukwenza izindlela ezintsha zokudla, azisebenzisa kulo lonke ihlobo. Ukuhamba nazo, igundane libamba izimpande eziqhumayo, bese lihudulela sonke isitshalo ngemuva kwabo. Ekwindla, baphinde baqale ukumba amavesi ngenkuthalo, kepha lokhu kusebenza okuvela phezulu akubonakali kangako. Izilwane zandisa amapaseji esigaba esiphansi, amakamelo okwakha izidleke, kepha awawucindezeli umhlabathi ngaphandle, kepha avale ama-feed passage nazo.
Amagundane nawo enza ukunyakaza kwesizini. Ebusika, basondela eduze kwamabhande ehlathi. Kukhona iqhwa eliningi, umhlabathi uvikelekile emakhazeni futhi awubandi kangako, futhi uhlelo lwempande oluminyene luwumthombo wokudla. Entwasahlobo, basondela eduze nezinsimu ezinotshani obungapheli.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Amagundane emvukuzane abamba izimbobo enhlabathini enesihlabathi ngejubane elilinganiselwa ku-2.5 cm / ihora noma u-850 mm ngemizuzu engama-20, ngalesi sikhathi, umthamo wokukhishwa ngu-25,000 cm3.
Idlani igundane elikhulu lemvukuzane?
Isithombe: Igundane le-Giant mole
Lesi silwane esincelisayo siyigundane, ngakho-ke, sidla zonke izimpande zezitshalo esizithola sisendleleni. Abadli nje kuphela izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ama-bulb, kodwa futhi bangadonsela isitshalo uqobo emgodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane, njengamanye amagundane amaningi, zigcina izinto zasebusika. Ezingxenyeni zabo, ungathola amakhilogremu amaningana ama-corms, ama-rhizomes, njll.
Kumenyu yamagundane emvukuzane kunamagama angafika kuma-40 ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kukhethwa iCompositae, imidumba, ama-labiates, ngaphezu kwalokho, igundane alihuduli lutho emlonyeni walo, kepha likhetha izinhlobo ezilinyiwe ezinamanzi, okudala ukulimala okukhulu kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ikhathaza abathengisi abazimele. Yibo abamba ngokungakhathali, bathukulule, basebenzise amahhala, benze amanzi, benze umhlabathi uthambeke, nezitshalo zibe mnandi futhi zibe nejusi. Ngakho-ke amagundane emvukuzane alwela izingadi namapulazi ezakhamizi zasehlobo.
Kusuka ezitshalweni zasendle, ukudla akuthandayo yizimpande ze-chicory, i-wheatgrass, umhlonyane, i-hyposphilus (kachima), izinwele zamathambo, i-juzgun. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, igundane, elungiselela izimpande, lidla ingxenye engenhla. Ezingadini zemifino kulimaza amazambane, izaqathe, ama-beet, itheniphu. Izilwane zithanda kakhulu izitshalo ezinobuthi, lapho zikhula khona, ezindaweni zokuhlala zalesi silwane, amaqoqo wamagundane ahlala akhiwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuma-pantry wamagundane amakhulu, kutholakala imifino eyi-15 kg kanye namazambane afinyelela ku-18 kg.
Ehlobo, amagundane adla ukudla ngosuku, okulingana ngevolumu nobunzima bawo - cishe ama-700 g. Uma futhi bekudla ebusika, khona-ke amasheya abalulekile wamakhekhe abengamanela cishe inyanga yonke. Kuze kube manje, kuncane okufundwe ngempilo yakhe ebusika. Ngokusobala, ingxenye yemithombo yamandla idliwe emafutheni angaphansi, ingxenye yokuphakelayo itholakala kuma-pantries, kungenzeka ukuthi izilwane ziqhubeke nokuthola izimpande zokudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane segundane elikhulu
Amagundane emvukuzane emba imisele emide futhi enamagatsha ngokujula kwamasentimitha angama-20-80. Imvamisa, izindlela zokuphakelwa zihlelwe ngamabanga amabili, zikhasa eceleni kwazo, isilwane sithola ukudla. Ukusuka kule mihubhe imihubhe emaweni iholela ezansi. Inethiwekhi yemigudu, equkethe imigudu emikhulu yokuphuma ohlangothini, enamakamelo okugcina izinto, iguqukela emgwaqeni omkhulu, lapho isidleke (kwesinye isikhathi kungu-2-3) namakamelo okugcina amaningi (ama-3-15 pcs.) Ngokuphakelwa kokudla namathoyilethi atholakala.
Imipheme enezitezi eziningi iyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, uma ubeka wonke amapaseji eketangeni elilodwa, khona-ke ubude bawo bungaba ikhilomitha, futhi igumbi lokufukamela lifihlwe ekujuleni okungu-120-320 cm, amaphaseji angabekwa ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha amathathu. Ama-panty pantries abukeka njengamagumbi emigudu, "avaliwe" nhlangothi zombili nomhlaba.
Imvamisa izilwane ezingaphansi komhlaba zimba imigqa yazo ngezidladla zazo, kepha amagundane emvukuzane anobuchwepheshe bawo, umzimba wonke wegundane uvumelana nawo. Yenza indlela yayo ngosizo lwama-incisors amade, ayembi, kepha iluma enhlabathini. Yingakho izindebe zakhe, ezihlonywe ngamafolda, zimboza umlomo wakhe hhayi kuphela ngenhla nangaphansi, kepha futhi naphakathi kwezinsika ezingaphezulu nezingezansi, ukuze umhlaba ungawi ngesikhathi sokumba.
Bacindezela inhlabathi iphume emgodini ngekhanda. Eduze nomnyango, kwakhiwa izindunduma zobumba ezinkulu, ziyavala bese zivala umnyango, bese kugujwa okusha kuboshwe eceleni. Emazansi, inqwaba yomhlaba inobubanzi besigamu semitha noma ngaphezulu.
Lapho sekuba nzima ukukhipha inhlabathi, igundane livale umhume ngomhlaba, bese kuthi omusha umbe ekugcineni kwejika bese wenza omunye umhosha. Ngakho-ke, isampula eyodwa, nohlelo lwayo lokuhamba, inezingqimba zomhlaba ezingama-250. Zibekwa ukusuka emnyango ibanga elingu-10 kuye ku-75 cm, futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwezinqwaba lingama-20-100 cm.
Amagundane emvukuzane ayedwa emvelweni futhi umuntu ngamunye omdala unomgodi wakhe onenethiwekhi yemigudu kanye nezindlu zokugcina. Imikhondo yokuhlala kwakhe ingabonakala hhayi kuphela yi "molehill", kepha futhi nezitshalo ezibunile, izimpande azidlile, noma ngokungabikho kwezinhlobo ezithile, azidonsele emgodini. Lezi zigundane eziyimpumputhe zincibilika kabili. Isikhathi sokuqala ezinyangeni zentwasahlobo, ngokwesibili - Agasti - Okthoba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isilinganiso semvukuzane enkulu esivela eRed Book
Umndeni wamagundane emvukuzane, ohlala njalo endaweni yomunye nomunye, endaweni efanayo ungamba imigudu endaweni engamahektha amaningana. Ekupheleni kobusika, ngesikhathi esibandayo nesilambe kakhulu salezi zilwane, amasende amaduna afinyelela isisindo nobukhulu obukhulu.
Amaqanda avuthwa kwabesifazane ngoMashi. Umuntu ngamunye, osebenzisa uhlelo olwehlukile lwemigodi, avale izindima zokudla zasehlobo ebusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhlabathi engaphezulu isamisiwe futhi igundane ngalinye le-mole lihlukanisiwe. Kodwa zithuthukise ngokuphelele zonke izinzwa, ngaphandle kokubona.
Zikhipha imisindo yokububula namaphunga athile ukuze zidonse ukunakwa. Kepha noma kukhona ukuzwa nokuhogela okuhle, kusalokhu kuyimfihlakalo ukuthi bakwazi kanjani ukunqoba emhlabathini ofriziwe 10-15, noma amamitha amaningi nangaphezulu phakathi kwemigodi engomakhelwane. Ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani akwaziwa, ebusika izinqwaba zomhlaba aziveli phezulu, kepha cishe isigamu sabesifazane siqedela ngempumelelo izinsuku futhi ekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli baletha inzalo.
Izilwane zinenzalo kanye ngonyaka. Ku-udoti, njengomthetho, kunezingane ezivela ezinganeni ezimbili ezinqunu nezingakwazi ukuzisiza, ezinesisindo ngasinye ngama-5 g. Ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, izingane zisesidlekeni, inyanga eyodwa nengxenye sezivele zihamba ngokukhululeka emaphaseji emhubhe. Ngokuqala kwekwindla, abantu abasha bashiya umgodi wabo wabazali bese beqala ukwakha inethiwekhi yabo yama-labyrinths angaphansi komhlaba. Ebusika, umsebenzi wezilwane uyancipha, futhi kudla nokudla okuncane kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukubheka kukhombisile ukuthi esakhiweni se-virgin esingakaqalwa ihektare elilodwa, eminyakeni emine, izilwane ezincelisayo zakhe izinqwaba zomhlaba eziyizigidi ezingama-3.5. Umthamo wabo wawungamamitha ayi-cubic ayi-13.
Izitha zemvelo zamagundane amakhulu emvukuzane
Isithombe: Igundane le-Giant mole
Izilwane eziyimfihlo ezihola impilo engaphansi komhlaba cishe azinazitha emvelweni. Izilwane ezincane zivame ukuhlaselwa ngesikhathi sokufuduswa. Zingazingelwa izimpungushe, izinyoni ezinkulu ezidlayo, izilwane zomndeni we-weasel.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Igundane eliyimpumputhe, elazithola ngephutha ebusweni bomhlaba, liqala limile, ngokusobala, lizama ukuziqondisa, bese liqala ukuzungeza endaweni, lihlehla, ngemuva kwalokho lizama ukugobhoza ngaphansi komhlaba ngokushesha okukhulu.
Lezo zindawo nezimbobo okushiywe amagundane kuhlala izilwane ezidlayo: ukugqoka, ama-weasel, ama-ferrets akhanyayo namnyama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekwindla, i-ferret ekhanyayo ivame ukuyozingela igundane le-mole. Ngezimbobo zokondla ezingavaliwe, ungena emgudwini wamaphaseji, ahambisane nawo, athole umnikazi abulale, adle inyamazane, futhi angene emgodini. Ngezinye izikhathi zonyaka, lesi silwane sidla ama-voles, izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini, namagundane.
Izingxenye zamaphaseji wefoloji angasetshenziswanga ngumboni oyimpumputhe kuhlala ama-gopher, ama-voles nama-hamsters.
Amagundane emvukuzane ayalimala ngemisebenzi yezolimo yabantu, ukulima izimfunda nama-steppes. Kepha njengoba lolu hlobo luhlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule ezingathembisi ngezolimo, kulezi zifunda ayikho ingozi yokuqothulwa kwamagundane ngabantu. Isilwane singazingelwa yizinja ezigobayo, kanti amagundane amancane angazingelwa ngamakati.
Ezingadini zemifino, umuntu usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwethusa lezi zilwane, kanye nezicupho, izingibe. Kepha njengoba amagundane engafiki ngaphezulu, lolu hlobo lokudakwa alusebenzi. Indlela enhle ukudlidliza nokuxosha ama-ultrasonic.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Igundane lesilwane esikhulu
Igundane elikhulu lama-mole lithatha indawo engaba amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-37, lokhu kuyindawo yokuhlala enkulu yendawo, futhi izindawo ezinesihlabathi lapho zihlala khona azinandaba nezolimo, okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwabantu.
Ngaphakathi kobubanzi, kwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukene. Imininingwane ngenani lezilwane ayithembekile futhi ivame ukuphikisana. Eminyakeni engama-60 yekhulu elidlule, imfuyo ilinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-25. Kusukela kuma-70s, izinombolo zaqala ukwehla kakhulu, zafinyelela kubantu abayi-2-3 kuma-80s endaweni engamahektha ayi-10,000.
E-Dagestan (indawo yokuhlala eyinhloko), inombolo yabo kuma-80s okuqala yayingaphezu kuka-1200, futhi ngokusho kweminye idatha, ngama-specimens angama-88, 10 ayizinkulungwane. Ukwehla kuhlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yezolimo yabantu. Kulezo zindawo lapho umsebenzi ongenziwanga khona, inani lamagundane emvukuzane lakhula.
Eminyakeni edlule, ukuhlaziywa akuzange kwenziwe, kodwa umsebenzi we-anthropogenic wabantu wehla kakhulu, obekufanele kuholele ekwandeni kwesilwane. Okwamanje, ukuthambekela kwabantu kuhlolwe njengokuqinile.
Ukuqapha amagundane amakhulu emvukuzane
Isithombe: Isilinganiso segundane elikhulu esivela eRed Book
Ukuncipha kwendawo okuhlala kuyo la magundane kungenzeka ngenxa yokusawulwa ngomhlabathi, ngesikhathi sokudla, ngesikhathi sokulima. Lokhu kungabeka izilwane ezimweni ezingezinhle futhi kuholele ekwehleni kwesibalo sazo.
Ku-International Red Book, i-giant mole rat ilinganiselwa njengengabungozi. I-Red Book ye-Russian Federation yaphawula ukuthi lokhu kuyizinhlobo ezingavamile zesigaba sesithathu. Oleleyo utholakala ezindaweni ezivikelwe zaseDagestan naseChechnya (izindawo ezigcina imvelo iStepnoy neParabochevsky esifundeni saseShelkovsky, isiqiwi semvelo saseYangiyurtovsky - isifunda saseKizilyurtovsky, iKhamamatyurtovsky kanye ne-Agrakhansky nature reserves - isifunda saseBabayurt)
Ngalesi sikhathi samanje, ukuqoshwa kwendawo nenombolo kwaqoshwa endaweni yaseChechnya, kucishe kwaphela, ngasebhange langakwesokudla lamaTerek, endaweni yaseDagestan (enyakatho yedolobhana laseKrainovka, eNovo-Terechnoye). Kepha kuyo yonke indawo yaseDagestan, akukho kuncipha kwendawo. Ukuba sengozini kwamagundane emvukuzane kungenxa yokusebenza okuphansi kokuzala.
Ukubuyisela nokugcina izinhlobo, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa umthelela wemisebenzi yabantu, lapho ihlala khona igundane elikhulu lemvukuzane, dala izindawo ezengeziwe ezivikelwe.Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuzolandelela ukuguqulwa kwabantu. Izinyathelo ziyadingeka ukubuyisela inani lalezi zilwane, ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa kokubuyiselwa kabusha.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/26/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/18/2019 ngo-22: 33
