I-hummingbird - inyoni encane, ekhanya ngezimpaphe, njengokuhlakazeka kwamasafire. Iyamangala ngama-acrobatics asemoyeni, indiza ngokushesha, bese ima ngokushesha, inyuke futhi isuke iye phezulu, phansi noma emuva futhi ibheke phansi, ilawula kahle zonke izigaba zokundiza.
Zishaya amaphiko azo ngokushesha okukhulu (cishe izikhathi ezingama-80 ngomzuzwana), kuphumele kuzwakale umsindo. Lezi zingane zihehe abantu baseYurophu bokuqala ukufika eNyakatho Melika. Izazi zemvelo eziningi zangaleso sikhathi zazizibuza ukuthi ngabe ama-hummingbirds ayekhona phakathi kwenyoni nesinambuzane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Hummingbird
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-22 edlule, ama-hummingbirds aguquke ngokushesha aba yizinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Umlando wabo wokuthuthuka uyamangalisa. Uphatha izinyoni ezincane kusuka kwelinye izwekazi aye kwelinye, abuye abuye futhi, sonke lesi sikhathi ehlukanisa futhi athuthukise izici zazo ezihlukile.
Igatsha eliholela ku-hummingbird wanamuhla laqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-42 eyedlule, lapho okhokho be-hummingbird beqhela ezihlotsheni zabo, beshesha futhi benza uhlobo olusha. Lokhu kungenzeka kwenzeka eYurophu noma e-Asia, lapho izinsalela ze-hummingbird zitholakale khona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-28-34 edlule.
Ividiyo: Hummingbird
Lezi zinyoni zathola indlela eya eNingizimu Melika zidabula i-Asia neBering Strait ziya e-Alaska. Azikho izinzalo ezisele ezwenikazi lase-Eurasia. Zake zaba seNingizimu Melika eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-22 eyedlule, izinyoni zashesha zakha imichilo emisha yemvelo futhi zathuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kukhombisa ukuthi ukwehluka kwe-hummingbird kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, nezinhlobo ezintsha zikhula ngezinga eliphakeme kunamazinga okuqothulwa. Ezinye izindawo ziqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-25 endaweni efanayo.
Kuhlala kuyindida ukuthi ama-hummingbird akwazi kanjani ukuzwana eNingizimu Melika. Ngoba zincike ezitshalweni ezikhule nazo. Manje kunezinhlobo ezingama-338 eziqashelwayo, kepha isibalo singaphindeka kabili eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa ezizayo. Ngokwesiko, babehlukaniswe baba yimikhaya emibili: ama-hermits (Phaethornithinae, izinhlobo ezingama-34 ezigabeni eziyisithupha) kanye nojwayelekile (iTrochilinae, zonke ezinye izinhlobo). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic kukhombisa ukuthi lokhu kwehlukana akulungile futhi kunamaqembu ayisishiyagalolunye amakhulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Hummingbird
Izici ezihlukile ze-hummingbird ngumlomo omude, izimpaphe ezikhanyayo nomsindo wokumemeza. Iningi labantu linemibala egqamile, kepha kukhona nama-albino ansundu noma amhlophe imbala. Imibala iyashintsha ngokukhanya ngakunye futhi inikeze izimpaphe isley yensimbi. Yimbalwa kuphela yemibala ehlukahlukene ebonakala esweni lomuntu. Ukuqonda izici zomzimba kukusiza unqume ukuthi yini eyenza lezi zingane zihluke:
- Usayizi. I-hummingbird yinyoni encane kunazo zonke (5-22 cm). Inyosi i- hummingbird iyinyoni encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-hummingbird yesilisa inombala ogqamile kunowesifazane, kodwa insikazi inkulu ngosayizi. Isikhulu esikhulu kunazo zonke i-hummingbird enkulu. Isisindo somzimba wenyoni singu-2.5-6.5 g.
- Ifomu. Onke amalungu omndeni abonakala ngezici ezifanayo zangaphandle, ezibenza babonakale ngokushesha. Umzimba ohlanjululwayo omfishane, amaphiko ahlanganisiwe kanye nomlomo omncane onwetshiwe.
- Umlomo. Uqhwaku olufana nenaliti yisici esiyingqayizivele somzimba senyoni. Inabile futhi incane uma uyiqhathanisa nosayizi we-hummingbird, futhi isetshenziswa njengeshubhu ukukhotha umpe ezimbalini ezinolimi olude.
- Izimpiko. Yinde, incane, ithinta ukukhuphula ukuhamba emoyeni. Banomklamo oyingqayizivele. Amalunga amaphiko (ihlombe + ulnar) atholakala eduze komzimba, okuvumela amaphiko ukuthi atsheke futhi ajike. Lokhu kuba nomthelela omuhle ekuthambekeni kwe-hummingbird lapho kushintshwa indlela nokuhamba phezulu.
- Paws. Mancane futhi amafushane, mancane ngokwedlulele, ngakho-ke izinyoni azihambi. Baneminwe emine enelungiselelo le-anisodactyl lozwane lwesine olukhombe emuva. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubamba amagatsha uhlale. Izinyoni zingenza ukweqa okungajwayelekile, kepha into esemqoka kuma-hummingbirds ukundiza.
- Izimpaphe. Izinhlobo eziningi zinemibala ecebile namaphethini anesibindi. Umqala okhanyayo we-frill collar uyisici esiyinhloko sowesilisa ngokuma nangombala. Isakhiwo sezimpaphe emzimbeni siqukethe amazinga ayi-10. Umbala wabesifazane ulula, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo unemibala yothingo.
Ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuma-hummingbirds kuyahlukahluka kusuka kuma-250 kuye ku-1200 amabhithi ngomzuzu. Ebusuku, ngesikhathi se-torpor, iyancipha futhi ibanga ukusuka kuma-50 kuya ku-180 amabhithi ngomzuzu. Inhliziyo yenyoni iphindwe kabili kunesisu futhi ihlala cavity yomgodi womzimba. I-hummingbird ingandiza ngejubane eliphakeme lamamayela angama-30/60 ngehora.
Ihlala kuphi i-hummingbirds?
Isithombe: Inyoni encane
Ama-hummingbirds ngabomdabu baseNew World. Kade bahlala eNingizimu Melika, eNyakatho naseMelika Ephakathi. Iningi lalezi zinhlobo zikhethwa yizindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo kanye neCaribbean. Amakholoni amaningi atholakala maphakathi nezwe kanti izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zibonakala ezindaweni ezipholile.
Imvamisa, uhla lwezinhlobo ezithile lumboza isigodi esisodwa noma ithambeka, kuyilapho kwabanye abamele uhlobo lohlobo lwazo, izindawo zabo zokuhlala zinwebeka emgqeni omncane ngasethambekeni elisempumalanga noma entshonalanga ye-Andes; kunezindawo eziningi zasendaweni eziyiziqhingi.
Insimu ecebe kakhulu yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-hummingbirds iyindawo yokuguquka isuka ezintabeni iye ezansi kwezintaba endaweni ephakeme ye-1800-2500 m enezinga lokushisa lansuku zonke eliyi-12-16 ° C. Izimbali ezicebile zimelelwa izitshalo ezinwabuzelayo, izihlahla, ama-fern, ama-orchid, izihlahla, ama-bromeliads, njll. Ama-hummingbirds kule ndawo anezinhlobonhlobo zobukhulu bomzimba nobunjalo bomlomo.
Ukufuna ukwazi! Ama-hummingbird ahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ayakwazi ukubamba ngekhanda izindawo nabantu ngabanye unyaka nonyaka.
I-hummingbird encane ingandiza ibanga elihlaba umxhwele elingu-2000 lokufuduka, kwesinye isikhathi lifike kumamayela angama-500 ngokuqhubekayo. Imvamisa zindiza zibheke eningizimu ebusika nasenyakatho ehlobo. Ukufeza umsebenzi omangalisayo wokufuduka, bondla kakhulu futhi baphinde kabili isisindo somzimba wabo.
I-ruby-throated hummingbird inebanga lokuzala kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika. I-hummingbird enesikhumba esimnyama iyizinhlobo ezivumelana nezimo kakhulu eNyakatho Melika. Atholakala kusuka ezingwadule kuya emahlathini asezintabeni nasezindaweni ezisemadolobheni kuya ezindaweni zemvelo ezihlanzekile.
Zidlani izinyoni?
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Hummingbird
Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinyoni ziye zathuthukisa amakhono okondla ahlukile. Badla kakhulu umpe wezimbali, ubisi lwesihlahla, izinambuzane kanye nempova. Ukuphefumula okusheshayo, ukushaya kwenhliziyo nokushisa komzimba okuphezulu kudinga ukudla okuvamile kanye nenani elikhulu lokudla nsuku zonke.
Ama-hummingbird adla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene kubandakanya omiyane, izimpukane zezithelo nezindishi ezindizayo, noma ama-aphid emaqabungeni. Uqhwaku olungezansi lungagobeka ngama-25 °, lwenabele phansi. Ama-hummingbirds azulazula emihlambini yezinambuzane ukwenza lula ukondla. Ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo zamandla, baphuza umpe, uketshezi olumnandi ngaphakathi kwezimbali.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo! Njengezinyosi, ama-hummingbirds, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, angalazisa inani likashukela ku-nectar futhi anqabe izimbali ezikhiqiza umpe ngoshukela ongaphansi kuka-10%.
Azichithi usuku lonke zindiza njengoba izindleko zamandla bezizokwehla. Iningi lomsebenzi liqukethe ukuhlala noma ukuhlala phansi. Ama-hummingbird adla kakhulu, kepha ngezingxenyana ezincane futhi adla cishe isigamu sesisindo sawo ku-nectar nsuku zonke. Zigaya ukudla ngokushesha.
Chitha cishe i-15-25% yesikhathi sabo sokudla bese u-75-80% uhleli futhi ugaya. Banolimi olude abakhotha ngalo ukudla ngesivinini esifika kokungu-13 ngomzuzwana. Izingxenye ezimbili zomlomo zinokugqagqana okuhlukile. Ingxenye engezansi ilingana kahle phezulu.
Lapho i-hummingbird idla umpe, uqhwaku luvuleka kancane kuphela, luvumele ulimi ukuthi luphumele ezimbalini. Lapho ibamba izinambuzane ezindizayo, umhlathi we-hummingbird ugobela phansi, unwebise imbobo yokubamba ngempumelelo. Ukugcina amandla azo, izinyoni zidla izikhathi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ngehora.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Hummingbird Red Book
Ama-hummingbird andiza aya kunoma iluphi uhlangothi futhi andizela endaweni ethile. Zimbalwa ezinye izinyoni ezingenza into efana nale. Lezi zinyoni aziyeki ukushaya amaphiko azo, futhi ubukhulu bazo obuncane bazenza zibukeke njengezinyosi ezinkulu ezinkulu.
Zindiza kakhulu ngendlela eqondile ngaphandle uma owesilisa ethatha indiza yokubonisa yowesilisa. Abesilisa bangandiza ku-arc ebanzi - cishe ngo-180 °, okubukeka njengoyingilizi - beya emuva naphambili, njengokungathi kumiswe ekugcineni kocingo olude. Izimpiko zazo zikhala ngokuzwakalayo phansi kwe-arc.
Ukufuna ukwazi! Ama-hummingbird aqukethe amaseli akhethekile ezimpapheni zawo asebenza njengama-prism lapho ekhanyiselwa ilanga. Ukukhanya kuqhekeka kube amagagasi amade, kwakheke imibala ye-iridescent. Amanye ama-hummingbird asebenzisa le mibala egqamile njengesixwayiso sendawo.
Ama-hummingbirds ane-metabolism ephezulu kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezingezona izinambuzane. Ukwanda kwemetabolism kuvumela ukunyakaza kwamaphiko okusheshayo nokushaya kwenhliziyo okuphezulu ngokweqile. Ngesikhathi sendiza, ukusetshenziswa kwabo komoya-mpilo ngegramu ngayinye yezicubu zemisipha kucishe kuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-10 kunalokho kwabagijimi abakhulu.
Ama-hummingbirds angalinciphisa ngokumangazayo izinga lawo lomzimba ebusuku noma uma enenkinga yokuthola ukudla. Bazifaka esimweni sokulala ubuthongo obukhulu. Banesikhathi eside sokuphila. Yize abaningi befa kungakapheli unyaka wokuqala wokuphila, labo abasindile bangaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinyoni i-Hummingbird
Ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kuma-hummingbirds kuhlotshaniswa nesikhathi sokuqhakaza okukhulu futhi kwehluke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene nasezifundeni ezahlukahlukene. Izidleke zitholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala unyaka wonke. Ama-hummingbird angabantu abanesithembu. Zakha ngazimbili kuphela ukukhulelwa kwamaqanda. Abesilisa bahlala eduze kwabesifazane isikhashana futhi abahlanganyeli kweminye imisebenzi yokuzala.
Ngesikhathi sokuvumelanisa ngokocansi, abesilisa bazethula kowesifazane ngosizo lokucula nokubukeka okugqamile. Abanye babo bacula emini cishe ngama-70% wesikhathi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ezinye izinhlobo zizala ngomsindo omkhulu, ongena ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngesikhathi sezindiza zokumatanisa, ama-hummingbirds angabhakuzisa amaphiko awo amahlandla angama-200 ngomzuzwana, enze umsindo odumayo.
Izinyoni eziningi zakha izidleke ezimise okwenkomishi esihlahleni noma egatsheni, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi zasezindaweni ezishisayo zinamathisela izidleke zazo emaqabeni nasemadwaleni. Ubukhulu besidleke buyehluka maqondana nohlobo oluthile - kusuka kokuncane (uhhafu wegobolondo le-walnut) kuye kokukhulu (20 cm ububanzi).
Encwadini! Izinyoni zivame ukusebenzisa ama-cobwebs kanye no-lichen ukuhlanganisa izinto zokwakha isidleke ndawonye nokuqinisa isakhiwo sazo. Izici ezihlukile zezinto zokwakha zivumela isidleke ukuthi sikhule njengoba amaphuphu amancane ekhula.
Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda ayi-1-3, amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomzimba womuntu omdala. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-14 kuye kwezingama-23, kuya ngohlobo lwenyoni kanye nezinga lokushisa elikhona. Umama wondla amaphuphu ngama-arthropod amancane kanye noju. Intsha iqala ukundiza ezinsukwini eziyi-18-35 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa.
Izitha zemvelo ze-hummingbirds
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Hummingbird
Abantu abaningi baye bathandana nezinyoni ezinhle eziyigugu futhi balengise abaphakela ushukela namanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuzama ukusiza ukuvimbela ukulahleka enye yezinyoni ezimangalisa kakhulu emvelweni. Kodwa-ke, amakati avame ukutholakala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala, njengoba izilwane ezifuywayo nezinyoni ziba izisulu zazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ngaphezu kwejubane nokubona okuhle kakhulu, ama-hummingbirds angazivikela ngomsila wawo. Uma umhlaseli ebamba i-hummingbird ngemuva, izimpaphe zomsila ezilengiswe ngokukhululekile zingaselula ngokushesha. Lokhu kunikeza le nyoni ithuba lokusinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimpaphe ezinhle zikhula ngokushesha.
Ama-hummingbirds asebenzisa ama-spider webs ukwakha isidleke. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi bawela kuwo futhi abakwazi ukuzikhulula, baba yisisulu sezicabucabu nezinambuzane ezinkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidumbu ze-hummingbird yilezi:
- Izindwangu zokukhuleka - ikakhulukazi, imantis enkulu yamaShayina yangeniswa ivela eChina futhi yakhishwa ezingadini njengesilwane esidla izinambuzane, kodwa futhi yaba yisidleke sezinyoni.
- U-Ktyri ogoqa amaphiko abo azungeze i-hummingbird, ayivimbele ukuthi indize. Ibulala ama-hummingbirds ngaphandle kokukhishwa okuningi.
- Amaxoxo. Ama-hummingbird atholakele esiswini samaxoxo. Ngokusobala, bazibamba eduze kwemithombo yamanzi.
- Izinyoni ezinkulu: oklebe, izikhova, amagwababa, ama-orioles, izinkukhu nezindwandwe zingaba yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke, ama-hummingbirds anolaka futhi avame ukulwa nezinyoni ezinkulu endaweni yawo.
- Izinyoka nezibankwa nazo ziyingozi kulezi zinyoni.
Ama-hummingbirds ashesha kakhulu, ahlala eqaphele ingozi futhi angakwazi ukundiza ngokushesha asuke kunoma yisiphi isilwane esidlayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni encane i-hummingbird
Kunzima ukulinganisa usayizi wesibalo sabantu njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Kuyaziwa ngomlando ukuthi ama-hummingbird abulawa ngenxa yezimpaphe zawo, kepha namuhla izinyoni zibhekene nezinsongo ezibhubhisa ngokulinganayo.
Izinguquko ekushiseni komhlaba ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu zithinta izindlela zokufuduka kwe-hummingbirds, okuholela ekutheni izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zitholakale ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kobubanzi bazo obujwayelekile, lapho kunzima khona ukuthola ukudla.
Ama-hummingbird athandwa emhlabeni wonke. Abantu abaningi benza abondli be-hummingbird noma batshale izimbali eziheha izinyoni phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele lapho benza izindiza ezinde. Abalandeli be-hummingbird benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke igceke, ipaki, nengadi kunendawo enhle yalezi zinyoni ezinhle.
Kunemithetho emelene nokubamba ama-hummingbird nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kodwa-ke, eminye imisebenzi yabantu ingaba yingozi ezinyonini. Inkinga enkulu ukwehla kwendawo yokuhlala, njengoba abantu beqhubeka nokwakha amadolobha, izindawo zokupaka, njll.
Isimo sezulu singenye inkinga yama-hummingbird. Noma ngabe siyini isizathu, isimo sethu sezulu siyashintsha. Iziphepho zisongela ukufuduka kwezinyoni. Ukuntuleka kwezimbali zasendle ngenxa yokuqhuma okungajwayelekile, imililo nezikhukhula - kuthinta izinyoni.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-hummingbird
Isithombe: I-Hummingbird evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ngekhulu le-19, izigidi zezikhumba zezinkukhu zathunyelwa eYurophu ukuhlobisa izigqoko nokwakha ezinye izesekeli zabashokobezi enhlokodolobha. Izikhumba ezingaphezu kuka-600 000 ze-hummingbird ngonyaka zangena ezimakethe zaseLondon kuphela. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuchaza ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinesikhumba sezinyoni kuphela. Lezi zinyoni zanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, ngenxa yokuba umlutha womuntu emihlobisweni ekhanyayo.
Ukulahleka kwendawo nokubhujiswa kuyisongo esikhulu ezinyonini namuhla. Njengoba ama-hummingbirds evame ukujwayela indawo ethile eyingqayizivele, futhi angahlala esigodini esifanayo futhi angabi kwenye indawo, zonke izinhlobo ezibalwe njengabantu abasengozini noma ezisengozini zifakwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN.
Ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kubangelwa:
- izakhiwo zokuhlala nezokuhweba;
- izindawo zezokuvakasha nezokungcebeleka;
- ezolimo;
- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi;
- ukuthuthukiswa kokufuya izilwane;
- imigwaqo nojantshi.
Ngo-1987, wonke amalungu omndeni afakwa ku-CITES Isithasiselo II, esenza sikwazi ukunqanda ukuhweba kwabantu ababukhoma. Isithasiselo ngiqukethe kuphela i-ramphodon enomsila wethusi. Ngenxa yezimpaphe ezinhle, abantu abaningi babhujisiwe esikhathini esedlule i-hummingbird, okwaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, amazwe lapho kuhlala khona ama-hummingbird akuvumile ukuthunyelwa kwalezi zinyoni ezingavamile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 24.03.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 25.09.2019 ngo-14: 00
