Caiman - isakhamuzi esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni wethu, ukubukeka kwalo kuhlala kungashintshi. Indawo eguqukayo nezitha zemvelo ze-caiman zibambe iqhaza ekwakheni izici zayo eziguqukayo kanye nohlamvu oluyingqayizivele. UCayman ungummeleli we-odlayo wezingwenya, kepha unokwehluka okuyisisekelo, lapho kungabonakala khona kalula.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Cayman
Ngomsuka wama-caimans, ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi okhokho babo basendulo bayizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingasekho - mbumbulu-suchia. Baphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-230 eyedlule futhi baveza ama-dinosaurs nezingwenya. Ama-caimans asendulo ayehlukile kubamele besimanje bohlobo ngemilenze emide nesifonyo esifushane. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule, izibankwakazi zanyamalala, futhi izingwenya, kufaka phakathi ama-caimans, zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila ezimweni ezintsha.
Ividiyo: UCayman
Uhlobo lwe-caiman luyingxenye yomndeni we-alligator, isigaba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kodwa luvelele njengeyunithi ezimele ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo sangaphandle. Esiswini se-caimans, ngesikhathi sokuvela, ifreyimu yamathambo yakheke ngendlela yamapuleti axhunywe amalunga ahambayo. "Izembatho" ezinjalo zokuzivikela zivikela kahle ama-caimans ekuhlaselweni izinhlanzi ezidlayo. Esinye isici esivelele salezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ukungabi bony septum emgodini wamakhala, ngakho-ke ugebhezi lwabo lunendlela evamile yekhala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: "AmaCaymans, ngokungafani nezingwenya nezingwenya zangempela, awanawo ama-lacrimal gland ekwakhekeni kwamehlo abo, ngakho-ke awakwazi ukuhlala emanzini anosawoti kakhulu."
Isakhiwo somzimba sama-caimans sivumelaniswa nempilo ezimweni zamanzi. Ukuze uzulazulule kalula emanzini bese ushaya isisulu ngokungalindelekile, umzimba we-caiman ubambeke ukuphakama, ikhanda liyisicaba ngomlomo olengisiwe, imilenze emifushane nomsila omude oqinile. Amehlo anezingqamuzana ezikhethekile ezivalekayo lapho zicwiliswa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Emhlabeni, laba balandeli bangashesha ngokushesha ngokwanele, futhi abantu abasha bangagijima ngisho nasekugijimeni.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: “AmaCayman ayakwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo. Kubantu abadala, lo msindo ufana nokukhonkotha kwenja, nasezinganeni ze-caiman - ukukhala kweselesele.
Uhlobo lwe-caimans lubandakanya izinhlobo ezi-5, ezimbili zazo (iCayman latirostris neVenezilensis) esezashabalala.
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezi-3 zama-caimans zingatholakala emvelweni:
- Ingwenya kaCayman noma ejwayelekile, ekhanyisiwe (inezinhlobo ezine ezingaphansi);
- UCayman unamakhala abanzi noma unamakhala ebanzi (awekho ama-subspecies);
- IParaguayan caiman noma ipiranha, Yakar (awekho ama-subspecies).
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ingwenya caiman
Abamele lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-caimans bayafana, kepha banokuhluka kwangaphandle ngakunye.
Ingwenya caiman ibonakala ngezimpawu zangaphandle ezilandelayo:
- Ubukhulu - ubude bomzimba besilisa - amamitha ayi-1.8-2, nabesifazane - amamitha ayi-1.2-1.4;
- Isisindo somzimba sisuka ku-7 kuye ku-40 kg. Isifonyo sinesimo esivulekile esinomphetho wangaphambili we-tapered. Phakathi kwamehlo kukhona ukukhula kwamathambo okwenza ukubukeka kwezibuko, okuvela kulo igama lalesi silwane. Engxenyeni engaphandle yeso kunonxantathu ongunxantathu, ozuzwe kokhokho bawo;
- Kunamazinyo angama-72-78 emlonyeni, umhlathi ongaphezulu umboza amazinyo asezansi. Emhlathini ongaphansi, amazinyo okuqala nawesine makhulu ngokwanele, yingakho kwakhiwa ama-notches emihlathini engenhla;
- Umbala womuntu omdala uyahlukahluka kusuka kokuluhlaza okumnyama kuya konsundu, kanti abasha banombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okunezindawo ezingafani emzimbeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: “Izingwenya zezingwenya zishintsha umbala wazo zibe mnyama emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Leli khono lesikhumba sakhe lihlinzekwa ngamaseli e-pigment - ama-melanophores. "
I-caiman ebheke ebanzi, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, inezici ezilandelayo:
- Ubukhulu - abesilisa abangafika kumamitha amabili ubude, kepha kukhona abamele abangafika kumamitha ayi-3.5. Abesifazane bafushane;
- Umlomo we-caiman ubanzi futhi mkhulu, eceleni kwawo kukhona ukukhula kwamathambo;
- Emhlathini ongenhla azikho izinothi zamazinyo amakhulu ezansi, njengakwingwenya caiman;
- Umzimba - ngemuva kunezikali eziningi eziminyene, futhi esiswini kunemigqa eminingana yamapuleti amathambo;
- Umbala uluhlaza okomnqumo, kepha ulula. Kunamabala amnyama esikhunjeni somhlathi ongezansi.
IParaguayan Cayman inezici ezilandelayo zokubukeka:
- Ubukhulu - ubude bomzimba buvame ukuba phakathi kwamamitha ama-2, kepha phakathi kwabesilisa kunabantu abaphakathi kwamamitha ama-2,5 - 3;
- Isakhiwo somhlathi, njengengwenya caiman;
- Umbala womzimba unsundu, uyehluka phakathi kwamathoni akhanyayo namnyama. Kunemivimbo emnyama ensundu esifubeni nasemsileni.
Uhlala kuphi lo caiman?
Isithombe: Animal caiman
Indawo ezihlala kuyo lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ibanzi ngokwanele futhi incike ekuthandweni kwe-thermo kwezinhlobo ze-caiman. Insimu yokusatshalaliswa kwengwenya caiman ngamachibi asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele zaseNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi. Itholakala kusuka eGuatemala naseMexico kuya ePeru naseBrazil. Enye yama-subspecies ayo (i-fuscus) ihanjiswe endaweni yezifundazwe ezithile zaseMelika ezisemngceleni woLwandle lweCaribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico).
Ingwenya caiman ikhetha imizimba yamanzi ngamanzi amile amile, eduze nemifula emincane namachibi, kanye nezindawo eziphansi ezinomswakama. Akakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside emanzini anosawoti, kungapheli izinsuku ezimbili.
I-caiman ebhekene nobubanzi imelana kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphansi, ngakho-ke itholakala ngasogwini lwe-Atlantic emizimbeni yamanzi aseBrazil, eParaguay, eBolivia nasenyakatho ye-Argentina. Indawo ethandwa kakhulu yizindawo ezingamaxhaphozi kanye nokugeleza kwemifula emincane kunamanzi amasha, kwesinye isikhathi anosawoti omncane. Ingabuye ihlale emachibini aseduze nemizi yabantu.
IParaguayan Cayman incamela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele. Uhlala eningizimu yeBrazil naseBolivia, enyakatho ye-Argentina, eParaguay ezindaweni eziphansi ezinamanzi. Kuvame ukubonakala phakathi kweziqhingi zezitshalo ezintantayo.
Udla ini u-caiman?
Isithombe: Cayman Alligator
AmaCaimans, ngokungafani nezihlobo zawo ezinkulu ezidla inyama, awavumelaniswa nokudla izilwane ezinkulu. Leli qiniso kungenxa yesakhiwo somhlathi, usayizi omncane womzimba, kanye nokwesaba kokuqala kwalezi ezihuquzelayo.
Ukuhlala ikakhulukazi emaxhaphozini, ama-caimans angazuza ezilwaneni ezinjalo:
- ezingenamgogodla nezinwabuzelayo zasemanzini;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- ezihuquzelayo ezincane;
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Ekudleni kwezilwane ezisencane, izinambuzane eziwela emanzini zihamba phambili. Njengoba zikhula, zishintshela ekuzuzeni inzuzo enkulu - ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs, izinhlanzi zemifula, amaxoxo, amagundane amancane. Abantu abadala bayakwazi ukuzondla nge-capybara emaphakathi, inhlwathi eyingozi, ufudu.
AmaCaimans agwinya inyamazane yawo yonke ngaphandle kokuyiluma. Izimfudu ezinamagobolondo azo aminyene zibhekwa njengezihlukile. Kuma-caimans anomlomo obanzi nowaseParaguay, iminenke yamanzi iyindlela yokwelapha emnandi ngokukhethekile. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhetha komsoco, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zibhekwa njengezihlelekile zemizimba yamanzi, njengoba zilawula inani lala ma-molluscs.
Elinye igama le-caiman yaseParaguay yi-piranha, ngoba idla lezi zinhlanzi ezidlayo, ngaleyo ndlela ilawula inani labantu babo. Phakathi kwama-caimans, kukhona nezimo zokudla abantu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane saseCayman
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zivame ukuhlala zodwa futhi kwesinye isikhathi zihlala ngazimbili noma ngamaqembu, imvamisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Lapho kufika izikhathi ezomile, babuthana ngamaqembu befuna imizimba yamanzi engakomi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: "Ngesikhathi sesomiso, abanye abamele ama-caimans bamba bangena odakeni nase busika."
Ngenhloso yokufihla emini, ama-caimans akhetha ukuhlala odakeni noma phakathi kwamahlathi, lapho angakwazi khona, ukucasha, ngokuthula elangeni isikhathi esiningi. Ama-caimans aphazamisekile azobuyela ngokushesha emanzini. Abesifazane baya emhlabathini ukuyokwakha isidleke lapho bese bezalela amaqanda.
Ebusuku, lapho kuqala ukuhwalala, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ziya kozingela ezweni lazo elingaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho zizingela, zicwila ngokuphelele emanzini, zivelise kuphela amakhala abo namehlo phezulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: “Kunezinduku eziningi ezakhiwe ngesakhiwo samehlo we-caiman kunezingqungquthela. Ngakho-ke, babona kahle ebusuku. "
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zinemvelo enokuthula, enokuthula futhi esabekayo, ngakho-ke azihlaseli abantu nezilwane ezinkulu ngenhloso yokudla. Lokhu kuziphatha ngokwengxenye kungenxa yosayizi wabo omncane. AmaCaimans aphila kusukela eminyakeni engama-30 kuye kwengu-40; ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sokuphila sifushane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Caiman Cub
Kubantu be-caiman, njengeyunithi yokwakhiwa, kukhona isigaba sabantu besilisa ngokobukhulu bomzimba nokuvuthwa ngokocansi. Lokho wukuthi, endaweni yokuhlala ethile, owesilisa omkhulu kunabo bonke futhi ovuthiwe ngokobulili kuphela othathwa njengonamandla futhi ongazala. Bonke abanye besilisa ahlala nabo endaweni eyodwa banamathuba amancane okuvunyelwa ukuzala.
AmaCaimans athathwa njengokuvuthwa ngokocansi, esefinyelele ebudaleni bomzimba womuntu omdala eneminyaka engu-4 kuye kwengu-7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bancane ngosayizi kunabesilisa. Isikhathi esifanelekayo sokukhiqiza kabusha siqala ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti. Ngesikhathi semvula, abesifazane benza izidleke zokubeka amaqanda, eduze kwechibi lendawo ezihlahleni noma ngaphansi kwezihlahla. Izidleke zakhiwa ngezitshalo nangobumba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zimane zimbe umgodi esihlabathini.
Ukulondoloza inzalo, insikazi ingakha izidleke eziningana noma ihlangane nabanye ukwakha isidleke esivamile, bese ikubheka ndawonye. Kwesinye isikhathi ngisho owesilisa angabheka isidleke ngenkathi insikazi izingela. Owesifazane oyedwa ubeka amaqanda ayi-15-40 alingana nehansi noma iqanda lenkukhu. Ukuze abantu bobulili bobabili bachamusele ku-clutch eyodwa, insikazi izalela amaqanda ngezendlalelo ezimbili ukudala umehluko wezinga lokushisa.
Ukuvuthwa kwemibungu kwenzeka zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-70-90. Ngo-Mashi, ama-caimans amancane alungele ukuzalwa. Zikhipha imisindo yokuthi "ziyabhonga" futhi umama aqale ukuzimba. Ngemuva kwalokho, emlonyeni, ibadlulisela echibini. Ngenkathi yokukhula, izilwane ezincane zihlala zisondelene nonina, ozivikela ezitheni zangaphandle. Owesifazane oyedwa angavikela hhayi kuphela amawundlu akhe, kodwa futhi nabantu angabazi. Abantu abasha bakhula ngentshiseko iminyaka emibili yokuqala, bese ukukhula kwabo kwehla. Eqoqweni lama-caimans akhulayo, abantu abakhulu nabakhuthele ngokushesha bayabonakala, kamuva bazohlala phezulu esigungwini sabo sabantu abadala.
Izitha zemvelo zama-caimans
Isithombe: Cayman
Yize ama-caimans edla inyama, ayingxenye yohlu lwezidlo zezilwane ezinkulu, ezinolaka kakhulu. Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-caiman zingaba yizisulu zama-jaguar, ama-anaconda amakhulu, ama-otter amakhulu, imihlambi yezinja ezinkulu ezilahlekile. Ukuhlala endaweni efanayo nezingwenya zangempela kanye nezimnyama (lena ingwenya yaseNingizimu Melika), lezi zilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane zivame ukuba yizisulu zazo.
Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, insikazi akumele yenze umzamo omncane nokubekezela ukuvikela isidleke namaqanda aso kwizibankwa ezinkulu ezibhubhisa kuze kufike kwikota yezidleke ze-caiman. Kulezi zinsuku, abantu bayizitha zemvelo zama-caimans.
Umuntu unethonya elibi kangako kubantu be-caiman:
- Okuyingozi endaweni yokuhlala - lokhu kufaka ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi ngodoti ovela ezindaweni eziphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukulima izindawo ezintsha zezolimo;
- Nciphisa isibalo sabantu ngenxa yokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho. Isikhumba salezi ezihuquzelayo kunzima ukusicubungula lapho kwenziwa imikhiqizo yesikhumba, okuwukuphela kwento ebukeka ibanzi. Izingwenya zezingwenya, ngosayizi wazo omncane nokuthula, zivame ukudotshwa ukuze zithengiswe ezindaweni ezizimele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: "Ngo-2013, ama-caimans ahlala eTortuguero National Park eCosta Rica ayeyizisulu zobuhlungu bokubulala izinambuzane, owangena eRio Suerte evela emasimini kabhanana."
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Little Cayman
Inani labantu kwisibalo se-caiman lehliswe kakhulu maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yokubanjwa okungalawulwa nokuhweba. Lokhu iqiniso lomlando kungenxa yokuthi ngalesi sikhathi izingwenya ezinezinhlobo zezikhumba eziyigugu zazisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwalisa imakethe yezimpahla zesikhumba ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, abantu baqala ukuzingela ama-caimans, noma isikhumba sabo sikulungele ukucubungulwa kuphela ezinhlangothini zomzimba.
Isikhumba seCaiman asibizi kangako (cishe izikhathi eziyi-10), kepha ngasikhathi sinye, sigcwalisa ingxenye ebalulekile yemakethe yomhlaba namuhla. Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sesenzo esilimazayo sabantu, inani le-caiman ligciwe, ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuvikelwa kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwazo nezimo eziguqukayo zokuphila. Kuma-caimans ezingwenya, inani elilinganisiwe labantu kubantu liyisigidi esingu-1, kuma-caimans anemilomo ebanzi - izinkulungwane ezingama-250-500, kanti eParaguay lesi sibalo siphansi kakhulu - izinkulungwane eziyi-100-200.
Njengoba ama-caimans ayizilwane ezidliwayo, ngokwemvelo adlala indima yokulawula. Ukudla amagundane amancane, izinyoka, ama-molluscs, amabhungane, izibungu, kubhekwa njengabahlanza imvelo. Futhi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-piranha njengokudla, kugcina inani labantu bezinhlanzi ezingezona izidlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-caimans anothisa imifudlana engajulile nge-nitrogen equkethwe udoti wezilwane.
Ukuvikelwa kweCayman
Isithombe: Cayman Red Book
Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-caimans zingaphansi kohlelo lwe-CITES lokuhweba lwenhlalakahle yezilwane. Njengoba inani lezingwenya ezingaphezulu liphezulu, zifakiwe ku-Annex II walesi Sivumelwano. Ngokwesithasiselo, lezi zinhlobo zama-caimans zingasongelwa ngokuqothulwa uma abamele bazo bengalawulwa. E-Ecuador, eVenezuela, eBrazil, izinhlobo zazo zingaphansi kokuvikelwa, kanti ePanama naseColombia, ukuzizingela kunqunyelwe. ECuba nasePuerto Rico, wathuthelwa ngokukhethekile emachibini endawo ngokuzalanisa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Apaporis caiman ejwayelekile, ehlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeColombia, ifakiwe kuSithasiselo I seCITES Convention, okungukuthi, lolu hlobo lusengozini futhi ukuhweba ngalo kungenzeka kuphela njengokuhlukile. Abekho ngaphezu kwenkulungwane abamele lawa ma-subspecies. Ama-caimans anezimpondo ezibanzi nawo afakiwe kuSithasiselo I seCITES Convention, kunalokho ngoba isikhumba sawo yisona esifanele kakhulu ukwenza imikhiqizo yesikhumba ngawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavame ukuzama ukukudlulisa njengesikhumba se-alligator esezingeni eliphakeme.
Izinhlobo zeParaguayan ze-caimans zifakiwe kwi-International Red Book. Ukuze kwandiswe inani labantu, kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezenziwa eBolivia, e-Argentina naseBrazil. E-Argentina naseBrazil, bazama ukufuya inani lalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingathobekile, zibenzele izimo emapulazini "ezingwenya". Futhi eBolivia, bazivumelanisa nokuzalanisa kwabo ezimweni zemvelo.
Caiman izilwane ezingavamile ezihlala emhlabeni wethu. Ziyathakazelisa ngomlando wazo, ezixakile futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ukubukeka okuthusayo, futhi akuyona indlela yokuphila eyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba beyizakhamizi zasendulo kakhulu emhlabeni, banelungelo lokuhlonipha nokusekelwa esintwini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-9: 32
