I-Daman noma i-Damanovye (lat. Prosaviidae) wumndeni omelwe yizilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinesidleke, okuwukuphela kwazo zonke ezikhona njengamanje esiteshini samaphoyisa aseDamana (Hyrasoidea). Umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu.
Incazelo yedaman
Elinye igama lamadama yi-zhyryaki... Noma ngabe kunemininingwane ejwayelekile yangaphandle ye-hyrax yesimanje, isilwane esinjalo sinomlando wangaphambi komlando, okude kakhulu.
Ukubukeka
Ubukhulu besilwane esincelisayo: ubude bomzimba ebangeni elingama-30-65 cm ngesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-1.5-4.5 kg. Ingxenye yomsila wamafutha ayinabugovu, ayikho ngaphezu kuka-3 cm ubude, noma ayikho ngokuphelele. Ngokubukeka, ama-hyrax afana namagundane - izimbila ezingenamsila noma izingulube ezinkulu zeginea, kepha kumapharamitha we-phylogenetic isilwane esincelisayo esiseduze nezilwane ze-proboscis nezinhlabamkhosi. IDamanovye inokwakheka okuminyene, ibonakala ngokuqina, inhloko enkulu, nentamo ewugqinsi futhi emifushane.
Izindonga zangaphambili ziyi-plantigrade, ziqinile futhi zimi kahle kahle, zinezinzwane ezine nezinzipho ezisicaba ezifana nezinselo. Izitho zangemuva zohlobo lwezinzwane ezintathu, ezinenzwane yangaphakathi enesipikili eside futhi esigobile sokukama izinwele. Amathe ezinyawo awanalutho, ane-epidermis ewugqinsi nenjoloba kanye nemibhobho eminingi yokujuluka edingekayo ukuze kuhlale kunesikhumba. Lesi sici sokwakheka kwezidladla sivumela ama-hyrax ukukhuphuka emithambekeni enamadwala nangeziqu zemithi ngejubane elimangalisayo nangobungcweti, kanye nokuhla ubheke phansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Engxenyeni emaphakathi engemuva kunendawo emelwe yizinwele ezinde, ezilula noma ezimnyama ezinendawo emaphakathi engenalutho nemijelo yezithukuthuku eyindlala, ekhipha imfihlo ekhethekile enephunga eliqinile ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Isifonyo sifushane, sinomlomo ongaphezulu obhekiwe. Izindlebe ziyindilinga, zincane ngosayizi, kwesinye isikhathi zicishe zifihlwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwejazi. Uboya buminyene, buqukethe ubumnandi obuthambile nemibala emibi, umbala ompunga ngokunsundu. Emzimbeni, endaweni yesifonyo nentamo, nangaphezulu kwamehlo, kunezinqwaba ze-vibrissae ezinde.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Umndeni wakwaDamanovy unezinhlobo ezine, okubili okungukushona, kuthi umbhangqwana ube sebusuku.... Abamele uhlobo lweProcavia kanye neHeterohyrax yizilwane ezincelisayo eziguquguqukayo ezihlala emakoloni abantu abaphakathi kwabantu abahlanu kuya kwabayisithupha. Isilwane sasehlathini sasebusuku singaba nesizungu noma sihlale emndenini. Yonke i-hyrax ihlukaniswa ngokuhamba kanye nokukwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, yeqa phezulu ngokwanele futhi ikhuphuke kalula cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Bonke abamele ikoloni elilodwa bavakashela "indlu yangasese" eyodwa, futhi umchamo wabo ushiya imidwebo emhlophe yekristalu ematsheni.
Abamele umndeni wakwaDamanovy babonakala ngokuba khona kombono nokuzwa okuthuthukile, kepha ukungasebenzi kahle komzimba, ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinjalo zizama ukuhlangana ndawonye ebusuku ukuze zifudumale. Ngesikhathi sasemini, izilwane ezincelisayo, kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, zikhetha ukugcoba isikhathi eside elangeni, ziphakamise izidladla zazo ngezindlala zomjuluko. UDaman uyisilwane esiqaphe kakhulu ukuthi, lapho kutholakala ingozi, sikhipha ukukhala okubukhali nokuphakeme, okuphoqa lonke ikoloni ukuthi licashe ngokushesha endaweni yokukhosela.
Mangaki ama-hyrax ahlala
Isikhathi esiphakathi se-hyrax ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo asidluli eminyakeni eyishumi nane, kepha singahluka kancane ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Isibonelo, i-African hyrax iphila isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa, kuyilapho iCape hyrax ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphethini yesici yasungulwa, ngokusho ukuthi abesifazane bahlala njalo isikhathi eside kunabesilisa.
Izinhlobo zeDaman
Esikhathini sakamuva nje, umndeni we-hyrax wahlanganisa cishe izinhlobo eziyishumi noma eziyishumi nanye, okwakungezezizukulwane ezine. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlobo ezinhlanu:
- Umndeni wakwaProsaviidae umelwe nguD. Arboreus noma Wood hyrax, D. dorsalis noma Western hyrax, D. validus noma Eastern hyrax, H. brucei noma Bruce's Daman and Pr. Sarensis noma Cape hyrax;
- Umndeni we-Рliоhyracidac uhlanganisa izizukulwane eziningana - iKvabebihyrakh, Рliоhyrax (Lertodon), kanye ne-Роstsсhizоtherium, Sоgdоhyraх neTitanоhyrax;
- Umndeni Geniohyidae;
- Umndeni wakwaMyohyracidae.
Wonke ama-hyrax ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu: izintaba, ama-steppe nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamandla... Ama-hyrax amaningana amelwe umndeni owodwa, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingaba yisishiyagalolunye ezihlala e-Afrika, kufaka phakathi isihlahla nentaba ye-mountain hyrax.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-hyraxes asezintabeni yizilwane zamakholoni ezivamile eMpumalanga naseNingizimu ye-Afrika, kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga yeGibhithe, e-Ethiopia naseSudan kuya e-Central Angola naseNyakatho yeNingizimu Afrika, kufaka phakathi izifundazwe zaseMpumalanga naseLimpopo, lapho lezi zindawo zimelwe khona ngamagquma anamatshe, i-talus kanye nemithambeka yezintaba.
I-Cape hyrax isabalele ngokwanele ukusuka endaweni yaseSyria, eNyakatho-Mpumalanga ye-Afrika kanye nase-Israyeli kuya eNingizimu Afrika, futhi itholakala cishe yonke indawo eningizimu yeSahara. Abantu abahlukanisiwe babonakala emathafeni asezintabeni e-Algeria naseLibya.
Ama-hyraxes ezihlahla zaseNtshonalanga ahlala ezindaweni zamahlathi eNingizimu naseNingizimu Afrika, futhi atholakala nasemithambekeni yezintaba aze afike endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-4,5 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ama-hyraxes aseningizimu asakazeka e-Afrika, kanye nasogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga.
Ukuhlala kwalezi zinhlobo kudlulela engxenyeni eseningizimu ukusuka e-Uganda naseKenya kuya endaweni yaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye nasezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yeZambia naseCongo, ngasentshonalanga yolwandle olusempumalanga yezwekazi. Lesi silwane sizinza ezintabeni eziphansi kanye nasehlathini elisogwini.
Ukudla kwe-Hyrax
Isisekelo sokudla kwama-hyrax amaningi simelelwa ngamaqabunga. Futhi, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo zidla utshani namahlumela amancane amnandi. Isisu esiyinkimbinkimbi semifino enjalo siqukethe inani elanele le-microflora ekhethekile enenzuzo, enikela ekufakweni kokudla okuphumelelayo nokulula kakhulu kokudla kwezitshalo.
Ama-hyrax aseKapa kwesinye isikhathi adla ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane zesikhonyane, kanye nezibungu zazo. ICape hyrax iyakwazi ukudla utshani obuqukethe ubuthi obunamandla ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaDamans anezinsimbi ezinde kakhulu futhi ezibukhali, ezingasetshenziswa kuphela enkambisweni yokudla, kepha futhi zisebenza njengendlela yokuvikela isilwane esinamahloni ezilwaneni eziningi ezidlayo.
Ukudla okujwayelekile kwama-hyraxes asezintabeni ahlala emapaki kazwelonke kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ze-cordia (Cordia ovalis), grevia (Grewia fallax), hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), ficus (Fiсus), ne-merua (Maerua trirhylla). Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo aziphuzi amanzi, ngakho-ke zithola konke uketshezi okudingekayo emzimbeni kuphela kusuka ezimileni.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-hyrax amaningi azala cishe unyaka wonke, kepha inani eliphakeme lokuzalisa livame ukwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yenkathi yemvula. Ukukhulelwa kwi-hyrax yaseKapa kungaphezu nje kwezinyanga eziyisikhombisa. Isikhathi esinjalo esihlaba umxhwele siwuhlobo lokuphendula ezikhathini ezadlula, lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zazilingana netapir ejwayelekile.
Amawundlu agcinwa ngowesifazane esidlekeni esiphephe ngokuphelele, esibizwa ngokuthi yisidleke sezinambuzane, esigcwele utshani ngaphambi kwesikhathi... Udoti owodwa uvame ukuba namazinyane amahlanu noma ayisithupha, akhule kancane kunezinzalo zezinye izinhlobo ze-hyrax. Inzalo yentaba nentshonalanga ye-arboreal hyrax imvamisa iqukethe eyodwa noma amabili amawundlu amakhulu futhi akhule kahle.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinsizwa ezisencane zihlala zishiya imindeni yazo, ngemuva kwalokho zakha ikoloni lazo, kepha zingabuye zihlangane namanye amaduna ngamaqembu amakhulu, futhi abesifazane abancane bajoyina iqembu labo lemindeni.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa, izinyane ngalinye linikezwa "ingono ngayinye", ngakho ingane ayikwazi ukondla ubisi oluvela komunye. Inqubo yokuncelisa ithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, kepha amawundlu ahlala emindenini yawo aze afinyelele ekuvuthweni ngokocansi, okwenzeka kwi-hyrax cishe unyaka nohhafu. Emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, ama-hyrax amancane aqala ukondla ukudla kwendabuko kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo.
Izitha zemvelo
Intaba i-hyrax izingelwa izinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu, kufaka phakathi i-hieroglyph python, izinyoni ezidla inyama nezingwe, kanye nezilwane ezincane ezidlayo. Phakathi kokunye, lolu hlobo lungenwa yi-pneumonia ye-etiology yegciwane nesifo sofuba, futhi ihlushwa ama-nematode, amazenze, izintwala nemikhaza. Izitha eziyinhloko zempisi yaseKapa yizingulule nezinyamazana, kanye nezimpungushe nezimpisi ezinamabala, ezinye izinyoni ezidla ezinye, kubandakanya ukhozi iKaffir.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
E-Arabia naseningizimu ye-Afrika, ama-hyrax abanjwa ukuze kutholakale inyama enambithekayo nenomsoco, okukhumbuza unogwaja, othinta kabi inani eliphelele lezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamabala. Abasengozini enkulu njengamanje ama-hyrax ehlathi, isibalo sabantu ababhekene nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni eziluhlaza neminye imisebenzi yabantu. Ngokuvamile, namuhla inani labantu bazo zonke izinhlobo ze-hyrax lizinzile impela..
