Umbulali whale - esinye sezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle eziqhakazile futhi eziyimfihlakalo kakhulu emhlabeni ezinedumela eliyimpikiswano enkulu. Abanye abantu bambheka njengehlengethwa elikhulu elinomphefumulo onomusa nezinga eliphakeme lezobunhloli, abanye - umhlaseli onobungozi nononya okwazi ukubulala hhayi nje kuphela ukudla, kepha futhi njengokubonakaliswa kobudlova. Zombili lezi zinguqulo ziyiqiniso ngokwengxenye, indlela yokuziphatha nomlingiswa womkhomo obulalayo kungenxa yezizathu eziningi - kusuka ezimweni zemvelaphi yezinhlobo kuya ekudleni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Orca
Ukushiwo kokuqala kwalesi silwane esincelisayo kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka yesikhathi sethu. Imikhomo ebulalayo ifakiwe ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane zasendle zomhlaba yincwadi enkulu kunazo zonke ye-encyclopedic yasendulo enesihloko esithi "Umlando Wezemvelo", umbhali wayo uPliny Omdala. Igama lesayensi lomkhomo obulalayo lishintshiwe kaningi, lathola isimo salo sanamuhla ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, futhi kuze kube namuhla inguqulo yalo yesiLatini izwakala njenge-Orcinus orca.
IGreat Soviet Encyclopedia nezinye izichazamazwi ziqaphela amagama amabili ngesiRashiya alinganayo asetshenziswayo - "killer whale" kanye "killer whale". Okunengqondo kunazo zonke inketho yesibili, eyenziwe ngegama elithi "isikela", eliveza ukwakheka komphetho wesifuba sesilwane. Kodwa-ke, emibuthanweni yesayensi ekhuluma isiRussia, inketho yokuqala ijwayelekile kakhulu futhi isakazekile.
Ividiyo: Orca
Igama lesidlaliso elibuhlungu - umkhoma obulalayo - umkhoma obulalayo wathola ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindaba eziningi ezinegazi kanye nezinganekwane, ezaphindwa zaxoxwa futhi zaqiniswa ngenzalo eyengeziwe ngabalobi bezindaba. ICinema nayo ayizange ime eceleni, okwadala kumafilimu ayo isithombe somzingeli ononya futhi ongenasihawu onamandla okuhlasela hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi zasolwandle ezinkulu, kodwa nabantu.
Uma siphendukela emithonjeni yesayensi yemvelaphi yalesi silwane esincelisayo, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi sithole ukuthi kungokwase-cetaceans, okungaphansi kwemikhomo enamazinyo. Kepha iqhaza elibalulekile ekuhlukanisweni komkhomo obulalayo lidlalwa yisabelo sayo emndenini wamahlengethwa, onquma indlela yokuphila kanye nemilutha nemikhuba eminingi yalezi zilwane. Okungukuthi, umkhoma obulalayo yihlengethwa enkulu kunazo zonke edla inyama enemikhuba yesilwane esidlayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: whale killer whale
Umkhomo obulalayo, oyilungu lomndeni wamahlengethwa, unemidwebo yomzimba ehambisana nalolu hlobo, kodwa mkhulu kakhulu kunezihlobo zawo futhi unombala omnyama nomhlophe.
Ngendlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke, ejwayelekile kubantu abaningi, imikhomo ebulalayo inemhlane nasemaceleni amnyama, amabala amhlophe azungeze umphimbo nangaphezulu kwamehlo, nomugqa omhlophe omude ngasesiswini. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezithile zoLwandlekazi iPacific kunabantu abanombala owodwa - omnyama noma omhlophe. Kepha izinketho ezinjalo azivamile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Indawo nosayizi wamachashazi amhlophe emzimbeni womuntu ngamunye wehlukile, ngokufana neminwe yomuntu, lokhu kuyisibonakaliso esiqinisekile sokukhomba umuntu ngezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye.
Imikhomo yababulali besilisa inkulu ngokuphindwe kabili nengxenye kuya kwababili kunabesifazane, ifinyelela amamitha ayishumi ubude futhi inesisindo cishe samathani ayisishiyagalombili. Ubukhulu obumangazayo nokuba khona kwemihlathi enamandla enemigqa emibili yamazinyo acijile acijile amasentimitha ayi-13-15 ubude kwenza lezi zilwane zibe ngabazingeli abafanele, abakwazi ukuthola inyamazane eyeqa isisindo sayo.
Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo ezingokoqobo, idatha evelele yokuzingela yemikhomo ebulalayo iyisizathu sokuvela kwezinsumansumane eziningi ngokoma kwabo okumangalisayo kwegazi. Ngokusho kososayensi nochwepheshe abacwaninga ngomsebenzi obalulekile walezi zilwane, iningi lalezi zindaba ziyinganekwane ejwayelekile.
Omunye umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi komkhomo obulalayo nehlengethwa elilula umphetho womgogodla ophume kakhulu ngaphezu komugqa womzimba, ofinyelela ukuphakama kwemitha elilodwa nohafu kuya kwamabili kwabesilisa. Ukusika amanzi ngejubane elilinganiselwa ku-55 km / h, kuyethusa ngosayizi wayo omuhle. Amaphiko ezinsikazi abukeka engathusi kangako futhi ubude bawo buba uhhafu uma kuqhathaniswa nobabesilisa. Imisila yemikhomo ebulalayo ifakwe amaphiko anezingqimba ezinamandla.
Uhlalaphi umbulali?
Isithombe: Orca
Zonke izindawo zokuhlala zemikhomo ebulalayo sezifundwe isikhathi eside futhi zifakiwe ezincwadini eziningi zamareferensi nakuma-encyclopedia. Ngenxa yokuphila okusebenzayo komphakathi kwemikhomo ebulalayo, akunzima ukuthola umbono wokusatshalaliswa kwabo emanzini oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba.
Njengoba imenyu yalezi zilwane ibanzi futhi ihlukahlukene, bayazitholela ukudla kuyo yonke indawo - kusuka emanzini ashisayo kuya eqhweni elisendaweni ebandayo. Kuyiqiniso, imikhomo ebulalayo ayivamile kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo kunasemanzini abandayo nasendaweni epholile. Lokhu kuchazwa imikhuba efanayo yokudla nokukhethwa kwendawo enethezekile yokuphila.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngamanzi aseRussia, umkhoma obulalayo ungumhlali ongavamile kakhulu. Abantu abancane batholakala eMedithera, eMhlophe, eBering Seas, kepha ama-Azov neBlack Sea akhululekile ebukhoneni bemikhomo ebulalayo.
Ukuze ziphile ngokunethezeka, lezi zilwane zikhetha izindawo ezilungele ukuzingelwa, nenani elanele lokudla okungaba khona. Ngakho-ke, ajwayelekile kakhulu emanzini avulekile kunasogwini. Indawo esebenzayo kakhulu yendawo yabo yokuhlala ingamakhilomitha angama-800 wamanzi asogwini.
Yini edliwa whale killer?
Isithombe: Killer whale osebeni
Ukudla komkhomo obulalayo mhlawumbe kuthakazelisa kakhulu uma kuziwa kulezi zidliwayo. Izici zemvelo zemikhomo ebulalayo etholwe ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zivumela ukuthi zizingele ngisho nabamele abakhulu bezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele ezingatholakala kuphela e-World Ocean. Imvelo yokuzingela yomkhomo yabulala amakhono akhe aphelela. Bazinyonyobela izisulu zabo buthule futhi zinganakwa.
Umcwaningi waseScotland u-Erich Hoyt uhlele idatha etholakalayo futhi wathola ukuthi ukudla kwemikhomo ebulalayo kufaka phakathi:
- Izinhlobo ezingama-31 zezinhlanzi;
- Izinhlobo ze-9 zezinyoni;
- Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-cephalopods;
- Izinhlobo ezi-1 zofudu;
- ulwandle otter.
Lapho kunokudla okwanele, imikhomo ebulalayo inobungane impela kozakwabo futhi izwana kahle namanye ama-cetaceans asendaweni efanayo. Kepha maqondana nokudla okuncane, imikhomo yokubulala elambile izohlasela amanye amahlengethwa, ama-pinnipeds nemikhomo ngaphandle kokungabaza. Futhi ubukhulu benyamazane abunandaba: wonke umhlambi wemikhomo ebulalayo uhlasela inyamazane enkulu.
Lezi zidlakela zidinga ukudla okungu-50 kuya ku-150 kg nsuku zonke. Umndeni ngamunye omkhulu wemikhomo yokubulala unokuthanda okuthile. Abanye bathanda ama-pinnipeds, abanye - ama-penguin nezinyoni zasolwandle, abanye bazingela izicathulo ze-herring.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Imikhomo ebulalayo ingabuka emanzini ifuna ukudla.
Ekuzingeleni, imikhomo ebulalayo yenza ngokuvumelana nangokuthula, ingazami ukuhlwitha isiqeshana somuntu esikhudlwana. Ngokubuka izenzo zabo, ungalandelela isu elithile. Ukwazi ukuthi izikole ze-herring zivame ukuhlangana ndawonye, imikhomo ebulalayo iyishayela enhlotsheni yebhola, bese ibamba inhlanzi ngemivimbo eminingi yemisila enamandla. Ngemuva kwalezi zenzo, amalungu omhlambi angamunca kuphela inhlanzi engenamandla angantanta ebusweni bamanzi.
Isu lokuzingela izimvu zamanzi noma izimvu zamanzi ngemikhomo yokubulala alithandeki kangako. Uma ama-pinnipeds esehleli phansi eqhweni elincane leqhwa, umbulali wemikhomo udedela uchungechunge lwamakhanda anamandla e-ice floe, umane aphonse inyamazane yawo emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingaphonsa umzimba wazo eqhweni bese, ngokushibilika ebusweni bayo ngesisu, zibambe ama-penguin nama-pinnipeds khona kanye endaweni yabo.
Uma ngesidlo sasemini imikhomo ebulalayo ihlangabezana nomkhomo noma esinye isisulu esikhulu esingabulawa ngokushaya okukodwa, imikhomo ebulalayo iqeda isisulu ngokuhlasela okuqhubekayo okuvela ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene, ikhiphe izingcezu zenyama, ilume esikhunjeni nasemaphikweni kuze kuphele ukumelana. Amathuba okuphunyuka ephila emhlambini olambile cishe awunawo.
Kepha abantu, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile, abayikho ukudla okukhangayo kwemikhomo ebulalayo. Konke ukuhlaselwa kwabantu kwenziwa izilwane ezilimele noma bezivikela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Orca
Imikhomo yokubulala ihlala emaphaketheni, ngalinye linamasiko alo wokuzingela, ukwakheka komphakathi kanye nokuthandwa okuthile kokudla. Lezi zici eziyisisekelo zokuphila kungenxa yokuthi kwezinye izindawo, imikhomo ebulalayo ihlukaniswe yaba amafomu ahlukene. Isibonelo, imikhomo yokubulala yasePacific ihlukaniswe ngososayensi abacwaningayo baba ngamaqembu amabili: imikhomo yabahlali neyokuhamba. Ngokwemvelo, abamele la maqembu abaxhumani futhi abahlangani, yize bevame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezifanayo.
Imikhomo yokubulala abahlali, noma, njengoba ibizwa kanjalo, imikhomo yokubulala abantu, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi futhi ezimweni ezingavamile izingela ama-pinnipeds. Lolu hlobo lwe-whale killer aluphili ngokuvumelana nesiteketiso se-killer whale ngokuziphatha kwayo nangecebo lokuzingela. Babuthana ngamaqembu abantu abayi-12-15 futhi, baklelane kukholamu noma kulayini, bazingele izikole zezinhlanzi. Kulokhu, ukuma esikhaleni nasekufuneni inyamazane kwenzeka ngenxa ye-echolocation esebenzayo.
Imikhomo ebulalayo ekuzingeleni iziphatha ngokuthula ngokwedlulele futhi iqondise kuphela ngokulalela imisindo yolwandle, ngoba isisulu esingaba khona singayizwa kalula "imikhondo" yabo. Le mikhomo ebulalayo ingababulali bangempela. Bazingela ngamaqembu abantu aba-3-5, futhi ukudla kwabo kuhluke kakhulu kunokwabahlali abahlala khona:
- amahlengethwa;
- imikhomo;
- zonke izinhlobo zamaphini;
- ama-sea otters;
- izinyoni zasolwandle;
- amaphengwini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: "Kunezimo lapho imikhomo ebulalayo ihlasela khona izinyamazane ne-elk ibhukuda emiseleni emincane."
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Killer Whale Cub
Imikhomo ebulalayo ihlangene kakhulu futhi ihlanganyela ngokubambisana. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinhlobo, indlela yokuziphatha yokukhishwa kokudla kweqembu ithuthukile, okuyisici esinqumayo ekwakhiweni kwenhlangano yezenhlalo yemikhomo ebulalayo. Isisekelo salo liqembu labomama, elibandakanya owesifazane omdala kanye nenzalo yakhe yobulili obuhlukile. Amaqembu anjalo afaka cishe abantu abayi-18 abayizihlobo zegazi. Kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa angahola umhlambi, kepha izimo ezinjalo azivamile, kubusa imindeni eqinile emindenini yemikhomo ebulalayo.
Umhlambi ngamunye unezimpawu zokuxhumana komunye nomunye, okubizwa ngokuthi ulimi lwesigodi, okukhombisa ukuthi ungoweqembu elithile. Ngaphakathi kwepakethe, imikhomo ebulalayo inamathelene kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi inobungane. Uma kuvela izingxabano phakathi kwabo, khona-ke ziphela, njengomthetho, ngempama enolaka yamaphiko noma umsila emanzini. Imikhomo ebulalayo inakekela abantu abadala nezilwane ezisencane.
Ngokuzingela okuphumelelayo nokunye ukuxhumana nomphakathi, amaphakethe angashintshana ngamalungu eqembu phakathi kwawo. Kukholakala ukuthi kungalezikhathi lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhwelwa kwabantu, okuqinisekisa ukuxubana kwegazi.
Ngokwesilinganiso sokuphila seminyaka eyi-75-100, abesifazane bathola ukuthomba cishe eminyakeni eyi-12-14, isikhathi sokuzala siyaqhubeka baze bafinyelele eminyakeni engama-40 ubudala. Abesilisa baphila kancane, ngokwesilinganiso cishe iminyaka engama-50.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokuphila semikhomo yokubulala ekuthunjweni sincishiswe kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nempilo yabantu abahlala endaweni yabo yemvelo.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwemikhomo yababulali besifazane asikasungulwa ngokunembile, kepha cishe izinyanga eziyi-16-17. Amantshontsho azalwa ngemvamisa cishe yeminyaka emihlanu, kanti isikhathi esiphakathi kokuzalwa kwawo siyiminyaka emi-2. Owesifazane angaba namawundlu ayisithupha empilweni yakhe yonke.
Izitha zemvelo zemikhomo yokubulala
Isithombe: Imikhomo yokubulala olwandle
Imvelo inikeze umkhoma obulalayo ukuhlakanipha okunamandla, okuthi, lapho kuthuthukiswa ngempumelelo enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyibeke phezulu kohlu lwezinto zokudla zasendle zasolwandle. Zimbalwa izakhamuzi zasolwandle ezinesibindi sokulwa nalesi silwane esinamandla, ngakho-ke, endaweni engokwemvelo, umkhomo obulalayo awunazo izitha.
Okuhlukile kunemikhomo ebizwa ngokuthi i-humpback imikhomo, ebonakale izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ezenzweni eziphazamisa ukuzingelwa kwemikhomo ebulalayo. Cishe bahlala behlangana nezidliwayo futhi akuvamile ukuthi badle izinhlanzi. Kunezikhathi lapho ama-humpbacks eqala ukuya kumikhomo ebulalayo ngesikhathi sokuzingela amanye ama-cetaceans noma ama-pinnipeds, kepha kaningi avikela izingqinamba zawo ezincane noma ezincane ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezilambile. Lezi zinhlanya zinamaphiko amade futhi ahamba kakhulu, okuthi, lapho egcwele imolluscs, kube yizikhali eziyingozi impela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imikhomo yama Humpback iyona kuphela abamele impilo yasolwandle engenza imikhomo ebulalayo ibaleke.
Isimo sokuphikisana phakathi kwemikhomo ebulalayo nemikhomo yama-humpback asiqondakali ngokuphelele. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lokuzidela lwenzeka lapha, oluvame ukutholakala ezilwaneni zasendle, lapho izilwane zigijimela ukuvikela hhayi izihlobo zazo kuphela, kodwa futhi nabamele olunye uhlobo.
Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, ama-humpbacks asabela ekuzwakaliseni kwemikhomo ebulalayo. Futhi yize izidla inyama zithule, kepha ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa noma ngemuva kwaso, ziyakhulumisana ngenkuthalo. Mhlawumbe, lezi "zingxoxo" nazo zidonsela ukunaka kwemikhomo. Kunoma ikuphi, ama-humpbacks anesifiso esilula: uma imikhomo yokubulala ihlasela umuntu oseduze, udinga ukungenelela.
Imikhomo ebulalayo igcina ubudlelwano bayo nobudlelwano nama-tiger shark, ama-sperm whale kanye nabantu ..., ibabheka njengabanokulimaza kanzima uma kunengxabano.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Killer whale and cub
Imikhomo ebulalayo isakazeke olwandle, kodwa isimo seningi labantu babo asaziwa. Zonke zivikelwe ngaphansi kwe-International Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA).
Izinto ezibangela ukwehla kwabantu ababulalayo imikhomo azaziwa kahle futhi ucwaningo kungenzeka luqhubeke kuze kutholakale eminye imininingwane yokuthi yini okudingeka yenziwe ukuguqula lo mkhuba.
Nazi izizathu ezimbalwa ezingenzeka:
- ukuncipha kwenani nekhwalithi yokudla okutholwe izilwane;
- ukungcolisa okuqhubekayo kwe-hydrosphere okubangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwamasosha omzimba noma okuzala;
- ukuchitheka kukawoyela;
- umsindo nokuphazamiseka kwemikhumbi ephazamisa ukufundwa kwemvelo.
Umbulali whale okunikezwe ukuhlakanipha okuphelele okusinda, kepha ngenxa yethonya elibi lomhlaba womuntu esimisweni semvelo soLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, inani labantu lalisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Amaqembu amaningi ocwaningo, ososayensi, izikhungo zemvelo zivikele lesi silwane esincelisayo esinamandla esiyingqayizivele. Emisebenzini yabo, bazama ukuthola izindlela eziphumelelayo zokugcina inani lemikhomo ebulalayo kanye nokuyivimbela ukuthi inganyamalali ebusweni bomhlaba.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/15/2019 ngo-18: 13
