Sparrowhawk - isilwane esincane esinamaphiko. Ungumzingeli osheshayo, osheshayo, onesibindi futhi obalayo. Igama alibonisi ukuthanda kwakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Izingela amahlathi amancane nezinyoni eziphansi. Eyaziwa phesheya ngokuthi "undlunkulu".
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sparrowhawk
Le nyoni isuka ohlotsheni lwabaphikisi bangempela bomndeni woKlebe kanye nokuhleleka kophiko. Kuthathe isintu ikhulu nesigamu ukubhala kabusha konke okungaphansi kondlunkulu. Ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Kunokwehluka okuncane ngosayizi nombala.
Ososayensi bachaze ama-subspecies ayisithupha:
- I-Accipiter nisus nisus ihlala eYurophu, kanye nakunxantathu ophakathi kwezintaba zase-Ural, eSiberia nase-Iran. Lathola igama lalo ngo-1758. Kuchazwe okokuqala nguCarl Linnaeus.
- I-Accipiter nisus nisosimilis ihlala eCentral naseMpumalanga yeSiberia, eJapan, eChina naseKamchatka. Kuchazwe ngo-1833 nguSamuel Tickel.
- I-Accipiter nisus melaschistos ihlala ezintabeni zase-Afghanistan, eHimalaya, eTibet nasentshonalanga yeChina. Kuchazwe ngo-1869. Lokhu kwenziwe ngu-Allen Octavius Hume.
- I-Accipiter nisus granti yakhetha iCanary Islands neMadeira ukuthi iphile. Ichazwe ngo-1890 nguRichard Boudler Sharp.
- I-Accipiter nisus punicus incane kunazo zonke ondlunkulu. Uhlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika nasenyakatho yeSahara. Ichazwe ngo-1897 ngu-baron waseGerman uCarlo von Erlanger.
- Izinhlobo ze-Accipiter nisus wolterstorffi eSardinia naseCorsica. Kuchazwe ngo-1900 ngu-Otto Kleinschmidt.
Ama-subspecies aseNyakatho aya ebusika eMedithera naseNyakatho Afrika.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yeSparrowhawk
ISparrowhawk inezwi elicijile nelicacile. Kepha ukuzwa umhlaseli kunzima ngokwanele. Abaqaphi bezinyoni nezazi zemvelo bahlala ezindaweni zokuqamekela amahora amaningi. Kungenzeka ukurekhoda izwi lenyoni kuphela ngenkathi yokuzingela nokuhlangana. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo ezinkulu, i-Accipiter nisus ayihlaseli izilwane ezincane. Izinyoni zihlala ziyindaba yokuzingelwa kwakhe.
Abesifazane baseSparrowhawk bacishe baphindwe kabili kunabesilisa. Owesilisa ojwayelekile unesisindo esingu-170 amagremu, kanti owesifazane unesisindo esingu-250-300 gram. Izimpiko ezimfushane nomsila omude kunika amandla okuhamba kule nyoni. Iphiko lesifazane alidluli ubude obungu-22 cm, kowesilisa - amasentimitha angama-20. Umzimba ungamasentimitha angama-38 ngokwesilinganiso. Okuphezulu kuyimpunga, ngezansi kumhlophe ngephethini ensundu nombala obomvu obonakalayo. Izihlathi zesilisa nazo zibomvu tebhu. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane, ishiya elikhanyayo lihlukaniswa ngokusobala.
Ividiyo ye-Sparrowhawk:
Insikazi ihlukaniswa ngombala onsundu ngaphezulu. Ngezansi kwalo kumhlophe ngemivimbo ensundu emnyama. Abesifazane, ngokungafani nabesilisa, abanazo izimpaphe ezibomvu nhlobo. Kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa, imivimbo engu-5 enqamulelayo ibonakala kahle emsileni lapho indiza. Izidumbu zinemivimbo e-wavy. Kuzwakala sengathi le nyoni igqoke izikhali.
Abantu abasha bahluka kubantu abadala ngokujula nangombala okhanyayo. Ezinyonini ezisencane, umbala omhlophe cishe awunazo izimpaphe. Zihlukaniswa ngephethini engavamile yezimpaphe - amabala anomumo wezinhliziyo abonakala ngezansi. Ama-Sparrowhawks anezindawo ezintathu eziphuzi eziphuzi ngemuva kombala ojwayelekile. Amehlo, imilenze kanye nesisekelo somlomo kunombala ophuzi we-canary. Umlomo omncane, ikhanda liyindilinga.
Uhlala kuphi undlunkulu?
Isithombe: Sparrowhawk owesilisa
Uhla lwondlunkulu lubanzi ngokungavamile. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zitholakala eSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude, eYurophu, e-Afghanistan nasezindaweni ezikude njengaseHimalaya naseTibet. Amanye ama-subspecies akhethe ukuhlala hhayi ezwekazini, kepha eCanary Islands, eMadeira, eSardinia naseCorsica. Abamele lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni sebezinze nase-Afrika.
Akuwona wonke ama-subspecies we-Sparrowhawk afudukayo. Izinyoni ezihlala engxenyeni yaseYurophu ebusika esifundeni saseMedithera, eMiddle East, kanye naseJapan naseKorea. Bahlala emakhaya abo unyaka wonke futhi banezindawo zokwakha izidleke ezakhiwe kahle. Imizila yokufuduka yoKlebe abancane ihlobene eduze nendawo okuhlala kuyo izinyoni ezincane, lesi sidlo esidla kuso. Ukuya ebusika, oklebe bandizela eNorth Caucasus, Iran nasePakistan - okuyizindawo kuphela lapho oklebe badla khona izigwaca, ezitholakala lapho ngobuningi. Lokhu kudala izimo zokugcina izithombo zokuphumula kanye nokukhuluphalisa izidalwa ezifudukayo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: I-sparrowhawk yathola igama layo ngenxa yesifiso somuntu sokuzingelwa kwezigwaca ezithandwayo. Ngokwemvelo, uklebe akavamile ukuzingela le nyoni.
ISparrowhawk ihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ingatholakala emahlathini nasemathafeni, nasemaphethelweni asemadolobheni. Uhlala kalula ezintabeni. Izidleke ze-Quail hawk zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-5000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu ngamahlathi angavamile, imifula yezikhukhula, ama-steppes, izigodi nezingwadule.
Udliwa yini undlunkulu?
Isithombe: Owesifazane uSparrowhawk
I-Sparrowhawk iyinhlobo ye-ornithophagous ezondla ngokudla okuphilayo. Uzingela izinyoni ezincane. Imenyu ifaka ondlunkulu namabele. Sithanda ukuzitika ngezintaka nezinyoni ezimnyama. Izingela amajuba ezinkuni, amajuba ngisho nabagawuli bezinkuni. Izisulu zikaklebe wesifazane wesigwaca kwesinye isikhathi zikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunaye. Kunezimo lapho oklebe bazingela ama-hazel grouses namagwababa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: USparrowhaw uvamise ukuzingela emini. Inyoni iphumula ebusuku. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho uklebe uhlala ekuzingeleni kuze kuhlwe, bese kuvela izikhova namalulwane amancane ekudleni kwawo. Izinyoni ezincane zivame ukona lokhu.
Sparrowhawn umsoco uncike ekufudukeni nasesikhathini. Ukudla kwakhe kunganqunywa yizindawo ze-pluck. Ngaphambi kokudla, undlunkulu ususa izimpaphe kulowo ohlukunyezwayo. Izimpaphe nemfucumfucu yokudla kungasetshenziswa ukwahlulela ukudla kwenyoni. Ukudla kuncike kakhulu esikhathini sonyaka nasendaweni lapho ondlunkulu befudukela khona. Entwasahlobo, ababheki bezinyoni bathola izimpaphe ze-zoryanka, i-titmouse ne-starling ku-pluck.
Yize kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi ondlunkulu bazingela izinyoni kuphela, kunezimo zokuzingela amagundane amancane namaxoxo. Njengoba kuphawulwe ososayensi, cishe u-5% wokudla kondlunkulu ngamagundane amancane nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Lapho zidlulela ngaphesheya kweBaltic, izinyoni zihlasela izingwengwezi ezincane, futhi ondlunkulu besiqhingi bahlasela amapholi.
I-Sparrowhawk ayikuphikisi ukudla izinkukhu. Ngenxa yokuthi uklebe akesabi ukuhlala eduze kwabantu, amapulazi angasese azimele ahlupheka. Kutholakale izithako zokudla ezingaphezu kwezingu-150 kuma-feeder okulinga ahlelwe ngabaqaphi bezinyoni. I-sparrowhawk esikhulile idla izinyoni ezingaphezu kwe-1000 ngonyaka. Imenyu yondlunkulu ifaka nezinambuzane nama-acorn.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sparrowhawk ebusika
Ukhozi alusuki empini futhi alushiyi mpi ngaphandle kokudla. Akashaywa phansi yisiphithiphithi somhlambi okhuliswe ukwesaba. Usebenzisa ukwethuka kwezinyoni ngenkathi ezingela. I-Sparrowhawk, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama, ayihambi emoyeni lapho ilandelela inyamazane. Ungumpetha ekuhleleni. Isebenzisa umsila ovulekile, izulazula emoyeni isikhathi eside impela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yokungalingani ngosayizi wezinyoni ngazimbili, abesilisa bazingela inyamazane encane, kanti abesifazane bathanda ezinkulu.
Iphethe ubuhlakani obuphezulu. Ixhumana nomuntu. Kulungile futhi kuyaqeqeshwa. Umngane omkhulu wokuzingela. Lesi sici soKhetshi besagwaca siculwa ezinkondlweni nasezinkothweni. I-quail hawk iyinyoni eyintandokazi yabantu abaningi kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi. ERussia, le nyoni yayibizwa ngokuthi uklebe omncane. Ngokwesiko wayeqeqeshelwe ukuzingela izigwaca. Yingakho igama elithi "sparrow hawk", elidume kakhulu eYurophu, lingazange libe nezimpande eRussia.
Indlela yokuzingela inqunywa yizici zokwakheka kukaklebe. Izimpiko ezimfushane zikuvumela ukuba uhambe phakathi kwamahlamvu ezihlahla futhi unganciphisi isivinini. Umsila onezimpaphe omude uhlinzeka ngokuhamba okuphezulu. Lokhu kuvumela inyoni ukuthi ihlale izulazula isikhathi eside ifuna inyamazane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Sparrowhawks anemindeni engaguquki ehlala njalo futhi achanyelwa izidleke. Uma kunengozi, umbhangqwana we-hawk awusuki endaweni, kodwa uphakamisa isidleke phezulu. Iqaqa endala bese yakha entsha kusuka ezintweni zokwakha ezitholakalayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Sparrowhawk
Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila, izinyoni seziqedile umjikelezo wazo wokuthomba futhi zilungele ukubanjwa kokuqala. Isikhathi sokuqomisana siphela ngokwakhiwa kwezithandani ezizinzile. Izivumelwano zihlala amashumi eminyaka. Eminye imindeni inezidleke eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi lolu hlobo "luhamba" lusuka kwesinye isidleke luye kwesinye. Zisetshenziswa njengoba kudingeka, kuya ngesimo sezulu nezimo zemvelo.
OKlebe bakha isidleke esijule ngokwanele endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Kube khona amacala oklebe abakhulisa isidleke ngaphezulu unyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kuziphatha kwezinyoni kungenxa yokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle. Amaqanda abekwa ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona amacala lapho ukubeka kuqediwe ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Ngokwesilinganiso, izithandani zizalela amaqanda ama-5. Izazi ze-ornithologists ziqaphele ukuthi usayizi wamaqhuqhuva wehlile muva nje. Kukholakala ukuthi isimo semvelo sinomthelela ekwehleni kwenani lamaqanda.
Amaqanda kaSparrowhaw anemibala emhlophe. Iphethini elinezinxushunxushu zombala wezitini ezibhakiwe lizifihla ezilwaneni eziyingozi. Ekwakhiweni kwezidleke, izagwaca zisebenzisa izigaxa notshani obomile kuphela, izimpaphe ezisuswayo. Indawo yokubeka ijulile, ivaliwe kahle kusuka ekuhloleni amehlo, umoya nemvula.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokuqandusela, insikazi iba nolaka. Kukhona amacala aziwayo okuhlaselwa ozigwaca kubantu. E-Ryazan, i-ornithologist yahlaselwa yizithandani ezihlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala.
Ukufukamela kwamaqanda kuthatha amalanga ama-30. Lapho sekuqediwe, amaphuphu avela. Ukubeka akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokusho kwe-ornithologists, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ukusebenza kwama-clutches kungama-70-80%. Uma i-clutch ifa, ondlunkulu bayohlela entsha. Kwesinye isikhathi amaphuphu aneminyaka ehlukene atholakala ezidlekeni.
Izitha zemvelo zeSparrowhawk
Isithombe: Inyoni yeSparrowhawk
Izitha zemvelo zeSparrowhawk yizinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama. IGoshawk ayiphuthelwa yithuba lokuzingela umfowabo omncane. Ukuzivikela ezinsongweni ezinjalo, ondlunkulu abazakhi izidleke eziseduze kwama-goshawks, okugcina ibanga lokuzakhela cishe amakhilomitha ayi-10.
Ngaphezu kwesisodwa, kuye kwachazwa amacala okuhlaselwa kondlunkulu ngamagwababa ampunga noma amajuba, okuthi, ngokuhlangana emhlambini, ahlasele oklebe. Ukuhlaselwa kwamaqembu eSparrowhawk kungabonakala emadolobheni nasemaphandleni, lapho izinyoni zihlala khona eduze nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu zifuna ukudla. Imihlambi eminingi yabantu abadlulayo iheha oklebe. Kepha uklebe awuphathi njalo ukuzuza ngokudla okulula. Amaqembu ahlelwe kahle awagcini nje kuphela ngokuhlasela oKlebe, kepha futhi axosha umhlaseli endaweni yesidleke.
Ama-feline abe yizitha zemvelo zondlunkulu. Baphanga izidleke ngamatshwele asanda kuzalwa nezinyoni ezincane.
Abantu futhi badala izimo zokuncipha kwenani lezinyoni:
- Izinguquko emvelweni ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu.
- Ukwehliswa kwezindawo zokuhlala izinyoni zemvelo.
- Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukulinywa kwamasimu, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu nezimboni.
- Ukuwohloka kwesimo semvelo semiphakathi yamakhekhethi emvelo.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni ezinobuthi ezingcolisa indawo yezinkukhu, kunciphise ukutholakala kokudla, futhi kuthinte amandla okuzala.
- Ukubamba izinyoni ukuqeqeshwa nokuthengiswa.
- Izindlela zobuqaba zokuvikela amapulazi ezinkukhu ezizimele ku-hawk.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sparrowhawk esihlahleni
Inani labantu lalo lincipha kancane kancane ngenxa yethonya labantu kulo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, le nyoni yawela ngaphansi kwesibhamu esingenasihawu. I-Sparrowhawk bekukholelwa ukuthi ingadala umonakalo omkhulu ekufuyweni kwezinkukhu zasekhaya. Sebenciphise inani lezinyoni cishe ngekota, ekugcineni abantu baqonda ukuthi ukwehla kwesibalo sondlunkulu kuyithinta kanjani imvelo. Ukukhiqizwa okungalawulwa kwabantu abadlulayo kudale umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo nasekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo.
Manje ku-100 sq. km awutholi izidleke ezingaphezu kwezingu-4. Ukuzingela izinyoni, imvelo, nezinye izinto kuthinte inani.
Ngokuya ngemininingwane yakamuva, kunamabili ngazimbili kuphela ondlunkulu emhlabeni:
- EYurophu, amabhangqa angaphezu kwama-2 000;
- Kunamabhangqa ayi-20 000 eRussia;
- Kunamabhangqa angama-35,000 e-Asia;
- I-Afrika inamabhangqa ayi-18,000;
- IMelika inamabhangqa angama-22,000;
- Kunamabhangqa angama-8,000 eziqhingini.
Sparrowhawk uqobo lwayo aluthinti ngandlela thile ukwehla kwenani labantu abadlulayo, yize londla izinyoni zalo myalelo. Futhi akusilo usongo olukhulu ekwakhiweni kwamapulazi ezinkukhu ezizimele ezisizayo. Igcina ibhalansi yemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-10: 46
