Isibungu seMarble - IHemiptera ephathelene nomndeni omkhulu wePentatomoidea. I-Holyomorpha halys, inkathazo enephunga elingathandeki, idale izinkinga eziningi ngokuhlasela kwayo okukhulu kwezifunda eziseningizimu zezwe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Marble bug
Isinambuzane esivela emndenini wezimbungulu emhlabeni okhuluma isiNgisi sithole igama elide ngokwengeziwe elichaza ngokusobala: isikhunta esinsundu semabula. Njengazo zonke izihlobo eziseduze, ungowamaphiko (i-Pterygota), abizwa kancane kakhulu ngokuthi iParaneoptera, okungukuthi, ezilwaneni ezinamaphiko amasha ezinokuguqulwa okungaphelele.
Ividiyo: Imbungulu yeMarble
Isigaba lapho kubhaliswa khona izimbungulu zemabula sinegama lesiLatini elithi Hemiptera, okusho ukuthi iHemiptera, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-arthropods. Izimbungulu ezingaphansi (Heteroptera) zihlukahlukene, kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-40, endaweni yesikhala sangaphambi kweSoviet kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umndeni omkhulu lapho i-bug yemabula ingabizwa khona - lezi yi-shitniki, umhlane wabo ufana nesihlangu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: NgesiLatin, ama-scutellids yiPentatomoidea. "IPenta" - egameni lisho ukuthi "amahlanu", kanye no "tomos" - isigaba. Lokhu kungabangelwa umzimba wepentagon wezinambuzane, kanye nenani lamasegmenti ezimpondweni.
Elinye lamagama ama-marbled, njengezinye izidalwa ezifanayo, yisinambuzane esinukayo. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono lokukhipha iphunga elingathandeki, ngenxa yemfihlo, ekhishwe yimibhobho yesinambuzane. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-yellow-brown, kanye ne-East Asia bug bug,
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isinambuzane semabula sezinambuzane
Le scutellum inkulu kakhulu, ifinyelela ku-17mm ubude, inesimo sesihlangu esinsundu esigaxekile. Umbala omnyama ngemuva namathoni aphaphathekile esiswini. Konke kunamachashazi amhlophe, ethusi, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akha iphethini lemabula, eliqanjwe ngalo.
Ukuhlukanisa le bug kwabanye abantu, udinga ukwazi izici zayo:
- inezindawo ezikhanyayo nezimnyama ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezingenhla zezimpondo;
- engxenyeni engemuva ye-scutellum, amaphiko ulwelwesi olugoqiwe ayabonakala njengendawo emnyama emise okwedayimane;
- emaphethelweni engxenye yesisu kukhona umugqa wamabala amane amnyama namabala amahlanu;
- imilenze yangemuva ku-tibia ikhanya ngebala;
- phezulu kwesihlangu nangemuva kukhona ukuqina ngendlela yamapuleti.
Amaphiko wesikhala esincane mancane, asongwe ngaphezu kwesisu esiyizingxenye eziyisithupha. Ku-prothorax kunezindawo zemisele yamanzi eyimfihlo ephethe iphunga eliqinile, elingajabulisi, elibhekele i-cimicic acid. Kubekwa i-pair of complex kanye ne-pair of eyes elula ekhanda.
Ihlala kuphi imbungulu yemabula?
Isithombe: I-Marble bug e-Abkhazia
E-USA, esifundazweni sasePennsylvania, lesi silokazane savela ngo-1996, kodwa sabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2001, ngemuva kwalokho sazinza eNew Jersey, eDelaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia nase-Oregon. Ngo-2010, inani lezimbungulu eMaryland lafinyelela ezingeni eliyinhlekelele, futhi lalidinga imali ekhethekile yokuliqeda.
Manje iqoshwe ezifundeni ezingama-44 zase-US naseningizimu ye-Ontario, eQuebec eCanada. Ifike emazweni ase-Europe azungeze u-2000 yasakazeka emazweni acishe abe yishumi nambili. Izwe lakubo le-hemiptera yi-Southeast Asia, litholakala eChina, Japan, Korea.
Lesi silokazane singene eRussia ngo-2013 eSochi, mhlawumbe sinezikhala eziluhlaza. IShieldworm yasakazeka ngokushesha ngasogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, eStavropol, eKuban, eCrimea, eningizimu ye-Ukraine, yathuthela eTranscaucasia idlula e-Abkhazia. Ukubukeka kwayo kwaqoshwa eKazakhstan nasePrimorye.
IMarble bug ithanda isimo sezulu esiswakeme, esifudumele futhi isakazeka masinyane lapho ubusika bungemanzi khona, lapho ingaphila khona. Ngesikhathi sokubanda, icasha emaqabungeni awile, ezihlahleni zotshani obomile. Ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile ngesiphazamisi semabula, lapho kubanda khona ebusika kunasekhaya lakubo, ufuna ukucasha ezakhiweni, emizini, ezinqolobaneni, ezakhiweni zokuhlala, ebambelela kuzo zonke izindawo.
Idliwa yini imbungulu yemabula?
Isithombe: I-Marble bug eSochi
I-bugbug emabhele iyisinambuzane esine-polyphagous futhi idla izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo; inezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-300 kwimenyu yayo. EJapan kuthinta imisedari, imisayipuresi, izihlahla zezithelo, imifino nemidumba efana nobhontshisi. Eningizimu yeChina, itholakala ezihlahleni zasehlathini, izimbali, iziqu, imidumba yemidumba ehlukahlukene nezitshalo zokuhlobisa.
Ukulimaza ama-apula, ama-cherry, izithelo ezisawolintshi, amapentshisi, amapheya, ama-persimmon nezinye izithelo ezinamanzi, kanye nama-mulberries nama-raspberries. Badla amaqabunga emephu, i-ailant, i-birch, i-hornbeam, i-dogwood, i-oak enamaqabunga amancane, i-forsythia, i-rose rose, i-rose, i-larch yaseJapan, i-magnolia, i-barberry, i-honeysuckle, i-chokeberry, i-acacia, i-willow, i-spirea, i-linden, i-ginkgo nezinye izihlahla nezihlahla
Iningi lemifino nezinhlamvu ezifana ne-horseradish, i-Swiss chard, lwesinaphi, upelepele, ikhukhamba, ithanga, irayisi, ubhontshisi, ummbila, utamatisi, njll. Lesi silokazane sishiya izindawo ezinama-necrotic emahlamvu amancane. Izindawo zokuluma izithelo nemifino zingadala ukutheleleka kwesibili, lapho izithelo ziba nezibazi, ukuwa okungavuthiwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: E-United States ngo-2010, ukulahleka okubangelwe yimabula kwakungaphezu kwama- $ 20 billion.
Ku-hemiptera, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zomlomo zihlelwe ngokuya ngomgomo wokubhoboza. Ngaphambi kwekhanda kukhona i-proboscis, ecindezelwe ngaphansi kwesifuba esimweni esizolile. Udebe olungezansi luyingxenye ye-proboscis. Kungumgudu. Iqukethe umhlathi we-bristle. I-proboscis imbozwe ngenhla ngenye indebe, evikela engezansi. Izindebe azibandakanyeki enqubeni yokondla.
Isinambuzane sihlaba ubuso besitshalo ngemihlathi yaso engenhla, etholakala ngaphezulu kwalena encanyana, engezansi, ephansi iyavala bese yenza ama-tubules amabili. Amathe agelezela ezansi nomzila omncane, ophansi, futhi ubisi lwesitshalo lumunzwa eceleni kwesiteshi esingenhla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abakhiqizi bewayini baseYurophu bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuhlasela kwesiphazamisi semabula, ngoba konakalisi nje kuphela amagilebhisi kanye nezivini, kepha kungathinta nokunambitheka nekhwalithi yewayini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Georgia marble bug
Le hemiptera yi-thermophilic, yona:
- ikhula ngenkuthalo emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka- + 15 ° C.;
- izizwa ikhululekile ku- + 20-25 ° C.;
- ku- + 33 ° C, 95% yabantu bayafa;
- ngenhla + 35 ° C - zonke izigaba zezinambuzane zivinjelwe;
- + 15 ° C - imibungu ingakhula, futhi izibungu ezizalwayo ziyafa;
- ku- + 17 ° C, kuze kufike ku-98% wezibungu ezifayo.
Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, izinambuzane ezindala zicasha ezindaweni ezicashile. Eningizimu yeRussia, lezi akuzona nje izinto zemvelo: udoti wamaqabunga, amagxolo ezihlahla noma imigodi, kepha nezakhiwo. Izinambuzane zingena kuzo zonke imifantu, oshimula, ukuvuleka komoya. Bangakwazi ukuqoqa ngobuningi ezinqolobaneni, izakhiwo zangaphandle, ama-attics, izindlu zangaphansi.
Okuthusa kakhulu abahlali bakulezi zifunda ukuthi la ma-arthropods abhukuqa kakhulu amakhaya abo. Bona, bethola amakhona acashile, basebusika. Emakamelweni afudumele, ahlala ekhuthele, endiza aphume ekukhanyeni, azungeze ama-bulb, ahlale emafasiteleni. Ezimweni ezifudumele, bakhetha ukucasha emiqhele yezihlahla, isibonelo, palovii, izifo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: E-United States, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-26 bezimbungulu zemabula bacashe endlini eyodwa ebusika.
Isinambuzane sisebenza kakhulu, singahamba amabanga amade. Ziyakwazi ukwenza ngokuvumelana nokudla okuthandayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Marble bug Krasnodar Territory
Ngemuva kokuqala kwemfudumalo, i-bug marbled iyavuka, iqala ukudla ukuze ithole amandla. Cishe emva kwamasonto amabili, sezikulungele ukukhwelana. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, isizukulwane esisodwa kuphela senzalo ngenkathi ngayinye kungenzeka, ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu - ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ezweni lokuzalwa kwezimbungulu, ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezifudumele zaseChina, kuze kube izizukulwane eziyisithupha ngonyaka.
Owesifazane ubeka amaqanda angama-20-40 engxenyeni engezansi yeqabunga lesitshalo, elizosebenza njengokudla kwezimpungushe. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, umuntu oyedwa angakhiqiza amaqanda angama-400 (ngokwesilinganiso sama-250). Isende ngalinye eliphuzi elikhanyayo linokumise okweqanda (1.6 x 1.3 mm), phezulu livaleke ngci nesembozo esinama-notch asibambe ngqi.
Ekushiseni okulingene okubalelwa ku-20 ° C, isibungu sivela eqandeni ngosuku lwama-80, ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kunelikhonjisiwe ngama-degree ayi-10, le nkathi yehliselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-30. Kuneminyaka emihlanu ye-nymphal (izigaba ezingavuthiwe). Ziyahluka ngosayizi kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala - 2.4 mm kuya kowesihlanu - 12 mm. Inguquko kusuka komunye unyaka iye komunye iphela nge-molting. AmaNymphs afana nabantu abadala, kepha awanawo amaphiko; iziqalo zawo zivela esigabeni sesithathu. Zinoketshezi olunoketshezi olunukayo, kepha amapayipi alo angemuva, futhi inani lamasegmenti ezintongweni nasezidladleni lincane, futhi awekho namehlo alula.
Iminyaka ngayinye yehlukile ngobude besikhathi:
- Esokuqala sithatha izinsuku eziyi-10 ngo-20 C °, izinsuku ezi-4 ngo-30 C °, umbala ubomvu ngokubomvu. Ngalesi sikhathi, izimpethu zizungeze amaqanda.
- Owesibili uthatha izinsuku eziyi-16-17 ku-20 ° C nezinsuku eziyi-7 ngo-30 ° C. Ngombala, ama-nymphs afana nabantu abadala.
- Owesithathu uhlala izinsuku eziyi-11-12 ku-20 ° C nezinsuku eziyi-6 ngo-30 ° C.
- Owesine uphela ngezinsuku eziyi-13-14 ngo-20 ° C nezinsuku eziyisithupha ngo-30 ° C.
- Okwesihlanu kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-20-21 ku-20 C ° nezinsuku eziyi-8-9 ku-30 C °.
Izitha zemvelo zezimbungulu zemabula
Isithombe: I-Marble bug
Lesi sinambuzane esinukayo emvelweni asinazo izitha eziningi kangaka, akuwona wonke umuntu othande lesi sinambuzane esinukayo.
Izinyoni ziyamzingela:
- indlu wrens;
- ama-accentors;
- abagawuli bezinkuni begolide;
- izinkanyezi.
Futhi, izinkukhu ezijwayelekile ezifuywayo ziyakujabulela ukuzidla. Izingqapheli zaseMelika zibika ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje izinyoni eziningi ziye zazingela le marbled, zizimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuzincula.
Iqiniso Elihehayo: Yize izinkukhu zidla izinambuzane ezinsundu, abalimi bakhala ngokuthi inyama yenkukhu bese iba nomuzwa ongemnandi.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane, izimbungulu zesihlangu nazo zinezitha. Lokhu kufaka izintuthwane, ezinye izidlo ze-hemiptera, ama-mantis wokuthandaza, izicabucabu. Kukhona ezinye izimbungulu ze-shit - i-podizus, ziyizidalwa ngokwemvelo futhi zingalimaza ama-marbled. Zifana ngombala ngaphandle, kepha ama-podizus anezidladla ezikhanyayo nendawo emnyama ekugcineni kwethole. Futhi, enye imbungulu yi-perillus, ibuye izingele isinambuzane semabula, idla amaqanda nezibungu.
E-China, isitha se-marbled yi-wasp eyisimungulu u-Trissolcus japonicus ovela emndenini we-Scelionidae. Mancane ngosayizi, alingana namaqanda ebugbug. Umnyovu ubeka amaqanda awo kuzo. Izibungu ze-parasite ezinamaphiko zidla ingaphakathi leqanda. Bachitha ngempumelelo izimbungulu zemabula, babhubhise izinambuzane ngo-50% ebangeni labo. EMelika, okuthiwa ibhungane elinamasondo libhubhisa lesi silokazane, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zezintwala zokhuni zidla amaqanda azo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inambuzane yeMarble bug
Inani lalezi zinambuzane liyakhula futhi kunzima ukulilawula. Ngengozi iwela ezimeni lapho cishe zingenazo izitha emvelweni, ama-scutellids aqala ukwanda ngokushesha. Izinambuzane ezikwazi ukulawula kahle inani labantu zihlala ezifundeni lapho i-marbled ivela khona ekuqaleni. Ngokushesha wazivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezintsha, nokufudumala kweminyaka yamuva, kunomthelela esilinganisweni sokusinda nokwanda kwenani lezilokazane.
Indlela enhle yokulwa kungaba ubusika obuneqhwa. Kepha ososayensi abathembeli emvelweni futhi bazama izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulwa. Kanye namalungiselelo asebenzayo okubulala izinambuzane aqeda izinambuzane ezinenzuzo, izindlela zebhayoloji ziyasetshenziswa.
Ukuhlolwa kwesikhunta esithinta izinambuzane kukhombisile ukuthi izinhlobo ze-bover zithelela izimbungulu ezifika kuma-80%. Isikhunta se-metaricium sasingasebenzi kahle. Ubunzima bokuzisebenzisa ukuthi umswakama ophezulu uyadingeka ukulwa nezidakamizwa ezisuselwa ku-mycoses, kanti lesi sinambuzane sikhetha izindawo ezomile zobusika. Izicupho ezinama-pheromones azisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi: okokuqala, azihehi izibungu, futhi okwesibili, abantu abadala nabo abasabeli ngaso sonke isikhathi kubo.
Kunezindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu lapho lezi zinambuzane ze-shit zingavela futhi zizale:
- Amazwe aseNingizimu Melika: angazizwa emuhle eBrazil, e-Uruguay, e-Argentina;
- Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ye-Afrika: i-Angola, iCongo, iZambia;
- INew Zealand, izifunda eziseningizimu ye-Australia;
- Yonke iYurophu ngaphakathi kwama-30 ° -60 ° latitudes;
- E-Russian Federation, ingazala kahle eningizimu yesifunda saseRostov, isakazeke ngokushesha ezifundeni zaseKrasnodar naseStavropol;
- Lapho ubusika bubanda khona, izinambuzane zingavela ngezikhathi ezithile, zifuduke zisuka eningizimu.
Iminyaka eminingana imbumbulu yemabula iphindaphindwe kakhulu kangangokuba iba yinhlekelele yemvelo. Izinyathelo ezithathiwe ziyindlela yokuvimbela futhi azikwazi ukuthinta kakhulu ukwanda kwesibalo salesi sinambuzane. Ukuzala okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka maqondana nokudla nezimo zezulu, ukufuduka okusebenzayo, ukuzivumelanisa namakhemikhali - lokhu kuchitha yonke imizamo yokulawula isinambuzane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.03.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 17.09.2019 ngo-19: 50
