Iklabishi le-Butterfly - isinambuzane se-lepidoptera esivela emndenini we-whitefly. Igama lakhe lesibili - abamhlophe beklabishi, lihlotshaniswa negama lomndeni nohlobo lohlobo. Lezi zinhlobo - uPieris brassicae wachazwa nguLinnaeus ngo-1758, kungokwesikhala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Uvemvane Weklabishi
Igama, kokubili isiLatin nesiRussia, lisikisela ukuthi isitshalo sokudla esiyinhloko sezibungu iklabishi. Izimpiko zale Lepidoptera zimhlophe, okusobala futhi egameni. Iklabishi linezihlobo ezimbili eziseduze - itheniphu kanye netheniphu, zibukeka zifana, kepha iklabishi likhulu. Ubukhulu bayo bungaqhathaniswa nobenye yezinhlobo ezimhlophe, ezihlobene futhi, i-hawthorn, kodwa ayinamaki amnyama kuyo.
Kutholakale cishe kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, kwezinye izindawo bayathutha. Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, ziba kakhulu phakathi nehlobo, ngenxa yokufuduka okuvela ezifundeni eziseningizimu. Izindiza ezihamba amabanga amade nezinkulu ezifudukayo zalezinhlobo azijwayelekile, ngoba kunokudla okwanele yonke indawo, kepha zingahamba zifike ku-800 km.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngo-Agasti 1911, uSolwazi Oliver wavakashela isiqhingi esincane esingamahektare ama-2 eNorfolk. Isikhala sonke besimbozwe izihlahla zeklabishi. Babanjwa ngamahlamvu anamathele esitshalo se-sundew esinambuzane. Isitshalo ngasinye esincane sithathe izimvemvane ezi-4 kuye kwezi-7. Lapho uprofesa ebabona, cishe bonke babesaphila. Ubale ukuthi babalelwa ku-6 million abantu ababanjwe ezingibeni.
Uma owesilisa eqala ukushela insikazi ebivele ikhulelisiwe ngaphambili, khona manjalo igxumela otshanini ukucasha kumuntu ocasulayo ocasulayo. Ivala izimpiko zayo futhi ihlale imile, ithembele ekufihleni kwengaphansi. Imvamisa umkhongi angamthola, ngenxa yama-pheromones akhishiwe, ezama ngamandla ukuphoqa yena.
Uqala ngokuphendula ngokushwibeka kancane ngapha nangapha. Lokhu kulandelwa ukuvuleka okuyingxenye kwamaphiko, okuvimba ukuthintana. Uphakamisa isisu sakhe eweni eliwumqansa (mhlawumbe ngasikhathi sinye ekhipha okuqukethe amakhemikhali) ukukhombisa ukushiya kwakhe umlingani wakhe, bese owesilisa endiza.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Abesilisa bakhipha iphunga lesici elifana nele-pelargonium.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isinambuzane sevemvane leklabishi
Iklabishi linezimpiko ezimhlophe ezinamakhona amnyama ngaphambili. Abesifazane banamachashaza amnyama ezimpikweni zangaphambili, bayakhanya; kukhona nomugqa omnyama omise okweenyembezi eceleni komphetho ongezansi wamaphiko angaphambili. Ngasohlangothini olungaphambili lwephiko lokuqala, ezinye izikali zimnyama, lokhu kubukeka njengomucu oshunqayo. Ngakho-ke amathiphu amnyama, asondele kakhulu ekhoneni lephiko, ayakhanya. Kunophawu olumnyama maphakathi nonqenqema olungenhla lwephiko olungezansi, olungabonakali lapho lesi sinambuzane sihleli, njengoba lumbozwe ngaphambili.
Ngaphansi kwamaphiko ezinsikazi kuluhlaza okotshani ngombala impova emnyama futhi kunamachashaza ngaphambili. Kwabesilisa, ingaphansi liyi-buffy kakhulu. Lapho izimpiko zisongiwe kusebenza njengesifihlakalo esihle. Kulesi sikhundla, izimpiko zangemuva zicishe zimboze ezingaphambili. Ububanzi bazo bungu-5-6.5 cm.Izintambo zimnyama zimhlophe phezulu. Ikhanda, isifuba nesisu kumnyama ngezinwele ezimhlophe futhi kumhlophe ngaphakathi.
Ividiyo: Uvemvane Weklabishi
Amacimbi anombala oluhlaza sasibhakabhaka anemigqa emithathu ephuzi emzimbeni kanye namachashazi amnyama. I-Pupa (2.5 cm) iluhlaza okotshani namachashazi ansundu ngokumpunga. Ibhande ngentambo kasilika enamathiselwe eqabungeni.
I-Whitefish iyinhlobo ye-aposematic, okusho ukuthi inemibala yokuxwayisa evimbela izidumbu. Umbala we-Aposematic ukhona ezigabeni ze-larval, pupa kanye ne-imago. Futhi aqukethe ama-glycoside ka-oyela wesinaphi anobuthi avela ezitshalweni zokudla. Amafutha wesinaphi aqukethe izinhlanganisela zesulfure ezinikeza iphunga elibi kwizibungu nangobulembu bazo. Iphunga elingemnandi lithusa izinyoni nezinambuzane eziningi ezingazizingela.
Isinambuzane sinezitho zombono ezithuthuke kahle kanye nephunga elibi kakhulu. Ukujiya okufana nekilabhu ezimpondweni nasemilenzeni yaphambili kusebenza njengezitho zokuthinta. Ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda, insikazi ihlala eqabungeni lesitshalo, ilicubungule ngokucophelela, ihlole ukuthi iyafaneleka yini, futhi kungemva kwalokho nje lapho iqala ukubekela.
Uhlala kuphi uvemvane lweklabishi?
Isithombe: Iklabishi le-Butterfly belyanka
Lezi zinhlobo zeLepidoptera zisatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zoLwandle iMedithera kanye nezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba eScandinavia. Iklabishi i-whitefish iyatholakala futhi eMorocco, e-Algeria, eTunisia, eLibya nakuyo yonke i-Asia enesimo sezulu esipholile kuze kufike ezintabeni zaseHimalaya. Akuveli ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kwalezi zifunda, kepha kwethulwe ngephutha eChile.
Ukuvela kweklabishi sekuvele kuqoshwe kwezinye izifunda zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ukukhathazeka okukhulu futhi kubangelwe ukuthi la mathambo atholakala ngo-1995 e-Australia, nango-2010 eNew Zealand. Izikhathi eziningana lesi silokazane semifino sitholakale enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States. Ukuthi uvemvane lufike kanjani lapho akucaci; kungenzeka ukuthi lufike ngokungemthetho nomthwalo.
Uvemvane lujwayele ukufuduka, akunzima kuwo ukugcwalisa inani labantu abaseziqhingini, njengoba kwenzeka eNgilandi, lapho iklabishi lindiza lisuka ezwekazini. Zivame ukutholakala emhlabeni wezolimo, emapaki, ezingadini zemifino nasemapulazini, bathanda izindawo ezivulekile. Bangakwazi ukuhlala ocingweni, iziqu zemithi, kepha njalo lapho kunemithombo yamandla eduzane yesizukulwane esizayo. Ezintabeni kuphakama ukuphakama kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.
Ngezinsuku ezibalele, abantu abadala bandiza besuka ezimbalini beya ezimbalini, badla umpe, kuthi lapho lina liguqubele bahlala otshanini noma ezihlahleni eziphansi, izimpiko zabo zivulekile. Ngakho-ke ziyafudumala, ingxenye yemisebe yelanga, ekhombisa kusuka emaphikweni, iwela emzimbeni.
Udlani uvemvane lweklabishi?
Isithombe: Uvemvane Weklabishi
Izidalwa ezinamaphiko zidla umpe wezimbali. Ukuze benze lokhu, bane-proboscis ehlanganiswe yomoya. Zingabonakala ku: dandelion, sivets meadow, alfalfa nezinye izimbali. Imithombo yencindi yasentwasahlobo nayo iyaqina futhi iyaqhuma, kuyilapho ama-broods asehlobo ethanda:
- ikhakhasi;
- i-cornflower;
- i-marjoram;
- Vuka;
- i-scabiosum;
- Hemp.
Izimvemvane zibekela amaqanda azo ezitshalweni ezibethelelayo, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezahlukene zeklabishi. Izitshalo ezinama-mustard glucosides kawoyela zibalulekile ekudleni. Lezi zinto zinika iklabishi elimhlophe iphunga elithile elethusa izitha.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi uhlobo lwesitshalo lapho imvuthu yakhiwa phezu kwalo kunqunywa ngesipiliyoni sangaphambilini sesinambuzane. Lapho zikhethiwe, ziholwa yimibala eluhlaza.
Amacimbi adla ndawonye, amunca ngokushesha amaqabunga, ashiye imithambo kuphela, bese edlulela ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane. Zingezinye zezinambuzane eziyinhloko futhi zidala umonakalo omkhulu emndenini weklabishi okhulele emasimini nasezivandeni ezizimele.
Lezi yizinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene kanye nemikhiqizo yeklabishi, ikakhulukazi amahlumela aseBrussels, ukholifulawa, i-kohlrabi, kanye nesinaphi, i-rapeseed, izinhlobo ezingama-79 zezitshalo ze-cruciferous, kufaka phakathi izimbungulu, i-zerushnik, isithombo. Amacimbi athanda kakhulu amaqabunga entekenteke e-nasturtium ne-mignonette.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inambuzane yeklabishi
Abamhlophe beklabishi bangabokuqala ukuvela ngokushesha nje lapho sekufudumele. Ngisho nangezinsuku ezinamafu, lapho kusenezinye izinambuzane ezimbalwa, zingabonakala zindiza phezulu ezindaweni eziluhlaza. Banokundiza okunamandla, okungahlehlisi, futhi ngaphezu kwezithiyo ezinjengezihlahla, izihlahla, izakhiwo, bandiza kalula phezulu noma baqonde phakathi kwabo.
Lapho nje abamhlophe beklabishi befika endaweni lapho kunezimbali khona, bahlala khona izinsuku eziningana. Esikhathini sezulu esibalele, benza izindiza ezimfishane kodwa ezijwayelekile, bema isikhashana njalo ngemizuzwana embalwa ukuze baphuze umpe ezimbalini ezingaphansi.
Izizukulwane ezimbili zezimvemvane zikhula phakathi nenkathi. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, isizukulwane sokuqala singo-Ephreli-Meyi, enyakatho - ngemuva kwenyanga. Esikhathini sesibili, kuvela abantu abaningi, iwela engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo. Esinye isizukulwane singakhula eningizimu.
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi izibungu zesibungu zihlala esitshalweni esidla kuso, iziphungumangathi zalezi zinambuzane zingatholakala ezihlahleni zemithi, ezicijile, ezindongeni, ebangeni elithile ukusuka kulesi sitshalo. Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhukhumala kwenzeka esiqwini noma eqabeni lesitshalo. Ngokuvamile, isiphungumangathi sinamathele ngentambo endaweni emile.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Lezo ziphungumangathi ezakha esiqwini noma eqabungeni lesitshalo esikuzo zinombala oluhlaza ongacimile, kuyilapho lezo ezakha ezisekelweni zokufakelwa zinombala ophuzi ophaphathekile, onamabala amancanyana amnyama naphuzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Iklabishi elimhlophe
Abamhlophe banesithembu, kepha iningi labesifazane linomlingani oyedwa. Ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokuhlangana, izimvemvane zibekela amaqanda amakhulu amakhulu afana ne-kegle anombala ophuzi ophuzi (cishe ama-PC ayi-100.). Ngosuku lokuqala, baba ophuzi ngokugqamile futhi baqapheleke impela ngemuva kwesizinda seqabunga eliluhlaza. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngaphambi kokuba izibungu zivele kuzo, amaqanda aba mnyama futhi igobolondo liba sobala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma izimvemvane zeqaqa zibona ukuthi ezinye izinsikazi zibekele amaqanda esitshalweni, lapho-ke azisazibekeli ezazo lapho.
Imvamisa, ukubekwa kwenziwa ngemuva kweqabunga, ngakho-ke akubonakali ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, hhayi ngaphansi kwelanga noma imvula.
Ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka, izibungu zidlula ngeziqu ezinhlanu ngezigaba ezine ze-molting:
- Owokuqala ubonakala ngeqiniso lokuthi izibungu ziphuma eqandeni lombala ophuzi okhanyayo ngomzimba othambile, oshisayo nekhanda elimnyama.
- Esikhathini sesibili, ama-tubercles ayabonakala emzimbeni, lapho kukhula khona izinwele.
- Eminyakeni yesithathu, baba matasa kakhulu, baphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani ngamachashazi amnyama, futhi bese bedala umonakalo omkhulu.
- I-instar yesine iyefana neyesithathu, kepha amacimbi asevele emakhulu, asebenza ngokwengeziwe, umbala womzimba uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
- Eminyakeni yesihlanu iba mikhulu (40-50 mm), ibe nomzimba ohlangene, umbala ogqamile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukutholakala kokudla kubaluleke kakhulu.
Uma izibungu zingakutholi ukudla okungcono kakhulu ngevolumu eyanele, zingafa ngaphambi kokuba izimvemvane. Esigabeni se-pupal, abantu basehlobo abachithi isikhathi eside, futhi ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2-3 kuzalwa isampula entsha enamaphiko amhlophe. Uma i-pupation ivela ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekwindla, khona-ke basebusika kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi amaklabishi esifazane maningi amathuba okuthi ondle umpe wenkunzane nobuddela. Uma umpe we-legume ulawula ekudleni kwabo, izibungu zabo aziphili, ngoba lezi zilimo azinazo izakhamzimba ezinomthelela ekukhuleni kwazo.
Izitha zemvelo zovemvane leklabishi
Isithombe: Iklabishi elimhlophe
Cishe amaphesenti angama-80 ezibungu abulawa yi-Apanteles wasp, i-Apanteles glomeratus, ejova amaqanda ayo kuyo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi amacimbi esencane. Izibungu zesilwane esidlayo ziyaqandusela ngaphakathi komzimba womninikhaya, bese zisishwabadela kancane, kepha iklabishi liyaqhubeka nokuphila nokudla ukudla. Lapho izibungu zomgibeli zikhula, zidla izitho ezibalulekile zomninikhaya futhi ziyibulale bese ziqhuma esikhunjeni.
Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona izinsalela ezomile zegobolondo lesibungu eqabungeni leklabishi, elizungezwe ukuqoqwa kwemifece emincane ephuzi engaba ngu-80. Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, abagibeli baphuma emakhunjini abo futhi bandiza befuna amacimbi amasha we-whitetail eklabishi. Ngemuva kokuthola isisulu esingaba isisulu, umgibeli wesifazane uzizwa ngezimpondo zakhe ukulinganisa ubukhulu baso.
Ubungako besibungu kufanele bube ukuthi inzalo ezokhula ngaphakathi ithole ukudla okwanele. Umdala kakhulu umuntu angaphenduka abe yisiphungumangathi ngaphambi kokuba izibungu zesinambuzane esiyisidalwa zikhule lapho. Abagibeli babhoboza isisulu nge-ovipositor futhi badedele iqanda elilodwa lapho. Insikazi ingenza imijovo enjalo eminingi ibe yisibungu esisodwa.
Iziphungumangathi eziningi, lapho zisanda kwakha futhi izembozo zazo zisathambile, zihlaselwa iminyovu eyi-parasitoid uPteromalus puparum. Ubeka amaqanda akhe lapho. Kuze kufike ku-200 izilwane ezidla ezinye ezingakhula ngesiphungumangathi esisodwa. Emasontweni amathathu, izibungu ziyakhula kusiphungumangathi seklabishi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ehlobo, khona-ke baphuma kulo njengezinambuzane ezindala, ekwindla, bahlala bechitheka ngaphakathi.
I-whitefish yeklabishi ayinalo iqembu elithile lezilwane ezidla ezinye. Zizingelwa zizinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni ezahlukene. Zidliwa ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kuyaqabukela zizidalwa ezihuquzelayo, isitshalo esisodwa esidla izinambuzane.
Kukudla okungenzeka kwabanye:
- hymenoptera;
- i-hemiptera;
- i-coleoptera;
- IDiptera;
- arachnids.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Uvemvane Weklabishi
La maLepidoptera anendawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa futhi ayizinambuzane ezinolaka ezinamandla. Uma ungalwi nabo, iklabishi lingaholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-100% yomkhiqizo wezinhlobo ezahlukene zeklabishi, ungadla ama-radishes, i-turnips, i-rutabagas, i-rapeseed. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu abadala bathambekele ekufudukeni libeka engcupheni izindawo lapho ngaphambili babembalwa khona ngenani noma bengazange bahlangane nabo ngaphambilini.
Ukulimala komcako omhlophe kungaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani lesitshalo. Ngaphandle, amakhanda eklabishi azobukeka ehloniphekile, kepha ngaphakathi avame ukulinyazwa yizibungu. Amacimbi avame ukucasha ngaphakathi kukholifulawa, okunciphisa inani lawo. Ukwakheka okuphezulu kwezibungu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ibamba elilodwa lidla lesi sitshalo emathanjeni, bese lidlulela kwelinye.
Lesi sinambuzane sichayeka ezindleleni zamakhemikhali zokubhujiswa. Ezindaweni ezincane kuvunwa ngesandla amacimbi nezinambuzane. Yize abantu behlala begadiwe futhi belawulwa ngabantu, lesi sinambuzane sithathwa njengesinambuzane emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, eChina, eTurkey, eNdiya, eNepal naseRussia, lapho kukhona ukulahleka okuphathekayo konyaka kokuvunwa kwemifino ehlukahlukene.
Ngo-2010, uvemvane lwaqala ukutholwa eNew Zealand. Phakathi neminyaka emithathu, seliphindaphindekile futhi selilinganiswe njengesilokazane esibi futhi esingadingeki esihlaselayo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ukukhuthaza izingane ukuba zihlanganyele nemizamo yokuqeda iklabishi, uMnyango Wezokongiwa waseNew Zealand unikeze izingane zesikole umklomelo we-NZ $ 10 ngovemvane ngalinye elibanjwe ngamaholide ezikole. Amakhophi ayi-134 alethwe emasontweni amabili. Abasebenzi boMnyango bathathe abantu abadala abangu-3 000, iziphungumangathi, amacimbi kanye nezigaxa zamaqanda.
Ngaphezu kwezindlela zamakhemikhali nezomshini, izindlela zebhayoloji bezisetshenziswa futhi ukulwa nabamhlophe beklabishi. Kwakhululwa iminyovu ekhethekile yokudla emasimini. Lo mkhankaso wokulawula izinambuzane uqede ngempumelelo. Le mpumelelo ibangelwe ukuthi i-alamu iphakanyiswe ngokushesha futhi kwathathwa izinyathelo zokulwa neklabishi kusaqalwa. Kepha e-Australia nase-United States, lama-Lepidoptera ayaqhubeka nokuzala nokusabalala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesifazane abamhlophe bayakugwema ukubeka amaqanda lapho bebona khona ezinye izihlobo. Ukuze ubakhohlise, ungabeka "amafulegi" amhlophe enziwe ngendwangu ekhanyayo kwizikhonkwane noma ocingweni phakathi kokutshalwayo, okuzolingisa izimbangi zesinambuzane.
Iklabishi le-Butterfly ingagcwalisa isiza sakho ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kabusha kweklabishi, udinga ukulwa nokhula lwe-cruciferous, ushanele noma ucishe iziqu zemithi, uthango ekwindla nasentwasahlobo ukuze ususe iziphungumangathi. Ngenkathi, kubalulekile ukuhlola ngokucophelela izitshalo bese uqoqa amacimbi, ukubeka amaqanda. Akuthandeki ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela amakhemikhali ezingabulala izinambuzane ezizuzisayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi abantu kufanelekile: ukumnika umhlonyane, ugwayi, i-chamomile, njll.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.03.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 17.09.2019 ngo-19: 45
