Imisila emibili Isidalwa esifana kakhulu nezinambuzane zangempela. Banemilenze eyisithupha futhi banegama lomhlaba jikelele iDiplura. Isazi semvelo esingumJalimane uKarl Berner wabachaza ngo-1904.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Dvuhvostka
Le arthropod ingeyesigaba se-cryo-maxillary, ehlanganisa izidalwa zakudala ezihola indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo kakhulu, futhi zihlobene kakhulu nenhlabathi, ngaphandle kwemisila emibili, lesi sigaba sifaka imithombo yasentwasahlobo engazinzile. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zihlanganiswe iqiniso lokuthi izinto zabo zomlomo zidonswa ekhanda capsule, yingakho igama lazo.
Ividiyo: Imisila emibili
Phambilini, lesi sigaba esingaphansi besingezizinambuzane, kepha manje sesikhethwe njengesigaba esehlukile. Abantu be-oda elinemisila emibili basondele kakhulu ezinambuzaneni. Mikhulu kunabanye abameleli be-crypto-maxillary: protur kanye ne-springtails. Ngokomlando, ukuthuthukiswa kwabanemilenze eyisithupha akuqondakali kahle. Kepha uhlobo olulodwa lwemisila emibili, olusukela esikhathini seCarboniferous, luyaziwa - yiTestajapyx. Abantu babenamehlo ahlanganisiwe, kanye nesitho somlomo esifana naleso sezinambuzane zangempela, okubenza basondele kubo kunabamele iDiplura banamuhla.
Lezi zinhlobo zinamaqembu amakhulu amathathu:
- ICampodeoidea;
- Japygoidea;
- Projapygoidea.
Okusakazeke kakhulu yilezi:
- umndeni wekampodei;
- umndeni wama-yapiks.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inambuzane enemisila emibili
Iningi lemisila emibili mincane ngosayizi, ngamamilimitha ambalwa nje (0.08-0.2 mm), kepha eminye yayo ifinyelela amasentimitha amaningana (2-5 cm) ubude. Azinamehlo noma izimpiko. Umzimba we-fusiform ovulekile uhlukaniswe waba yinhloko, ingxenye ye-thoracic yezingxenye ezintathu, nesisu esinezingxenye eziyishumi. Izingxenye zokuqala eziyisikhombisa zesisu zinokumila okubizwa nge-styli. Isilwane sincike kulezi ziphuphu ezikhulayo ngenkathi sigijima.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ingxenye yokugcina ine-tarsus eguquliwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-cerci, efana nezimpondo noma imisila emibili. Kungenxa yabo ukuthi lezi zidalwa zathola igama lazo linemisila emibili noma yomsila wemfoloko.
Kwabamele imfoloko-imisila - i-yapiks, lokhu kuphuma kufushane, kuqinile, njengozipho. Ama-cerci anjalo asetshenziselwa ukubamba nokubamba inyamazane yawo. Emndenini waseCampodia, i-cerci ihlangene futhi ihlukaniswe. Badlala indima yezitho ezibucayi, zisebenza njengezimpondo. Ezinhlotsheni ezaziwayo zeProjapygoidea, i-cerci iminyene, ifinyeziwe, kepha ihlukaniswe.
Abantu abanjalo banezimo ezithile ezihlukile - lezi yizindlala ezijikeleza esiswini ekugcineni kwezinqubo zabo zomsila ezifinyeziwe. Izindlala ezijikelezayo zikhiqiza imicu esetshenziselwa ukukhubaza inyamazane, njengokungathi izibungu noma imihlathi ayenele.
Izingxenye ezintathu ze-thoracic zemilenze eyisithupha zimakwe ngokucacile, ngayinye yazo inemilenze emincane futhi emide. Izingqinamba ze-cryo-maxillary zibucayi, zithambile futhi zizacile ukuze ukuphefumula kwenziwe ngazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisila emibili inohlelo lokuphefumula olunamathrekhi namabhangqa ayishumi nanye wemiphefumulo. Izinhlayiya zemfoloko ziphinde zibe nenqwaba yamasegmenti: kusuka ezingcezwini eziyi-13 kuye kwezingu-70, futhi isigaba ngasinye sinemisipha yaso. Isibonelo, ama-postmandibulars awanawo umsipha onjalo.
Ihlala kuphi lenyoni enemisila emibili?
Isithombe: Dvuhvostka
Imisila yefork iyimfihlo kakhulu, kunzima ukuyibona, futhi usayizi wayo omncane, ukuguquguquka kwemibala nokulingisa kwayo kufaka isandla kule ndlela yokuphila. Bahlala ezintuthwaneni, iziduli zomuhlwa, emigedeni. Bahlala ngokhuni olubolile, inhlabathi engaphezulu, udoti wamaqabunga, ubulembu, amagxolo ezihlahla. Ngeke ubathole ngaphezulu, ngoba bathanda umswakama.
Kwamanye amazwe omhlaba, ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezitshalweni eziyimpande. Kuphinde kwabikwa ukuthi kunabamele okuyizinambuzane eziyizinambuzane zezitshalo ezifana nomoba, amakinati namakhabe. Okuvame kakhulu ngabantu abavela emndenini waseCampodia. Zihamba kakhulu. Ngokubukeka, lezi yizidalwa ezimnene futhi ezizacile, ezinezimpondo ezinde ngisho ne-cerci ende. Imilenze eyisithupha ihlala enhlabathini noma imfucumfucu ebolile, lapho kunokudla okuningi khona: izinambuzane ezincane kanye nezibungu, izinsalela zohlaza.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni izimo ezifanele impilo yalezi zidalwa umswakama ophezulu. Emazingeni okushisa owomile, abantu uqobo, izibungu zabo namaqanda kuyoma. Kepha kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezijwayelene nesimo sezulu esomile, esinwebisa indawo eyaziwayo yokusatshalaliswa kwemisila emibili.
Ukuhlala eCrimea, ogwini oluseningizimu, iJapix ghilarovi ubude bayo buyi-1 cm.Turkmenistan, kutholakala ummeleli omkhulu walo mndeni, uJapix dux, ufinyelela kumasentimitha amahlanu ubude. Emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, kunemisila emibili, enezici zombili iJapyx neCampodia - iProjapygoidea.
Yini edliwa ibhungane elinemisila emibili?
Isithombe: Imisila emibili endlini
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla kwalezi zidalwa lukhetheke kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo semishini yomlomo. Ihlelwe ngendlela yokugedla futhi izitho zomlomo ziqondiswe phambili, yize zifihlwe ekhanda. Umsele wamathumbu emisila emibili ubukeka njengeshubhu elilula.
Imihlathi engenhla inomumo wesikela enesigaxa, uhlobo lokubamba. Kusuka ngaphandle, yizona kuphela izeluleko ezibonakala, kanti konke okunye kufihlwe emakhoneni, anomumo oyinkimbinkimbi futhi abizwa ngokuthi amaphakethe emihlathi. Udebe namaphakethe aphansi akha ucezu olulodwa. Imihlathi engenhla noma okugunyaziwe - amandla, kanye naphansi - ama-maxilla afihliwe ekhefini. AmaYapik, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zemisila yefoloko, yizilwane ezidla ezinye.
Badla:
- izinambuzane ezincane kakhulu ze-arthropod;
- izimbungulu zombhede;
- ama-collembolans;
- ama-springtails;
- ama-nematode;
- izintwala zezinkuni;
- ama-centipedes;
- izihlobo zabo zekampodei;
- izibungu.
Leyo misila yemfoloko, lapho i-cerci ihlelwe khona ngohlobo lwama-pincers, ibamba inyamazane, i-arch emuva ukuze isisulu siphambi kwekhanda, bese siyidla. Abanye babamele bangama-omnivorous futhi badla i-detritus, okungukuthi, izinsalela eziphilayo zezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla kanye nama-vertebrate, izinhlayiya ze-excreta yazo kanye nezicucu zezitshalo ezingeke zenziwe. Ukudla kwabo kufaka ne-mushroom mycelium.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inambuzane enemisila emibili
Kunzima ukulandela umkhondo ngemisila yefoloko, mincane futhi ayinakho ukuthula. Cishe zonke izithombe zalesi sidalwa zithathwe phezulu, kepha hhayi ohlangothini. Bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukuphuma kwesisu kuyizitho nje zomthetho.
Ngemuva kokubheka isikhathi eside nokuthola izithombe ezikhulisiwe, kwacaca ukuthi laba abanemilenze eyisithupha basebenzisa ipeni labo eliphumayo esiswini njengezitho. Lapho zihamba endaweni evundlile, zilenga ngokukhululeka. Lapho unqoba izithiyo ezibheke phezulu, imisila yemfoloko iyazisebenzisa njengemilenze. I-mobile campodea ine-cerci ebucayi ekugcineni kwesisu, esetshenziselwa izinhloso ezifanayo nezimpondo. Zihamba ngokushesha okukhulu zifuna inyamazane, zizwa indlela yazo ngezimpondo zazo emifantwini yomhlaba, zizwa izithiyo ezincane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ICampodei ingagijima ngokulingana zombili ikhanda kuqala futhi okuphambene nalokho. Imilenze nokuphuma esiswini kulungiselelwe kahle ukunyakaza emuva naphambili. I-Cerci emsila wesisu iphumelele esikhundleni se-antennae-antennae ngempumelelo.
ICampodea iyazwela ekuzanyazanyisweni okuncane komoya okwenzeka kumuntu oshukumisayo noma isitha. Uma lesi sidalwa sikhubeka phezu kwesithiyo noma sizwa ingozi, khona-ke sigijimela ngokushesha ukubaleka.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Imisila emibili ingafinyelela ngesivinini esifika ku-54 mm / s, okuyizingalo ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa zomzimba ngomzuzwana. Ukuqhathanisa, ingulule igijima ngejubane elilinganiselwa ku-110 km / h. Ukuze ingulule ihambe ngejubane elifanayo nesihambisi semfoloko, kufanele iyithuthukise ize ifike ku-186 km / h.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Dvuhvostka
Lezi zidalwa zakudala zihlukaniswe ubulili obubili. Abesifazane nabesilisa bangahluka ngosayizi. Ukufakelwa kwemisila emibili, njengezinye izilwane ze-cryptomaxillary, kunomlingiswa wangaphandle wangaphakathi. Abesilisa bafaka ama-sprmatophores - amaphilisi aqukethe isidoda. Lawa ma-capsule anamathiselwe emhlabathini ngesiqu esifushane. Umuntu oyedwa angafaka ama-spermatophores afinyelela kwamakhulu amabili ngesonto. Kukholakala ukuthi ukusebenza kwabo kuhlala cishe izinsuku ezimbili.
Owesifazane uthatha ama-spermatophores ngokuvula kwakhe izitho zangasese, bese ebeka amaqanda avundisiwe emifantwini noma ezindaweni zokucindezela emhlabathini. Abantu baphuma eqandeni, bafana ngokuphelele nabantu abadala, baneziqu ezimbalwa esiswini futhi abanazo izitho zangasese. AmaDiplurans achitha izinsuku zawo ezimbalwa esesimweni esinganyakazi futhi kuphela ngemuva kokuthi i-molt yokuqala iqale ukunyakaza futhi ithole ukudla.
Ukusuka kwisibungu kuye kwisifanekiso somuntu omdala, ukukhula kwenzeka ngendlela eqondile ngezigaba ze-molting, ezingaba cishe izikhathi ezingama-40 empilweni, ziphila isikhathi esingangonyaka. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zingaphila iminyaka emithathu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-campode ashiya amaqanda awo, kuyilapho ama-yapiks esondela eduze kwemikhuhlane, evikela amaqanda nezibungu ezitheni.
Izitha zemvelo zemisila emibili
Isithombe: Dvuhvostka
Ukuntuleka kolwazi ngalezi zidalwa, imfihlo yokuphila kwazo akuvumeli ukucacisa ngokuphelele nangokunembile isiyingi sonke sezitha zazo. Kepha lokhu kungafaka izibungu ezidlayo, abamele ofezela bamanga, ama-rove beetle, amabhungane omhlabathi, izimpukane ze-empida, izintuthwane. Akuvamile, kepha zingaba yizisulu zezicabucabu, amaxoxo, iminenke.
Izinguquko zeMacroflora nazo zithinta abantu. Ukulima okuqondile (njengokulima) kunomthelela oqondile ngqo, kepha kubanga umonakalo omncane. Umanyolo wandisa inani labantu abasemhlabathini, kanti izibulala-zikhula azenzi lutho ngazo. Amanye ama-insecticide ayabulala, futhi ukwanda kwe-dvuhvostok ngemuva kokufakwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane kungenzeka kungenxa yemiphumela ebulalayo yamakhemikhali ezitheni zawo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Eminye yemisila emibili ingalahla i-cerci yayo ye-caudal uma kunengozi. Yizona kuphela i-arthropods ezikwazi ukuvuselela isitho esilahlekile ngemuva kochungechunge lwama-molts. Hhayi i-cerci kuphela, kepha nezimpondo nemilenze kungaphansi kokubuyiselwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inambuzane enemisila emibili
Amaqembu emisila emibili ahlala emhlabathini maningi ngenani futhi ayingxenye engenakubuyiselwa yomhlabathi i-biocenosis. Zisatshalaliswa umhlaba wonke, kusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya ezindaweni ezipholile. Lezi zidalwa zivame kakhulu emazweni anezimo ezishisayo nezinomswakama, kepha kunezinhlobo ezingama-800 sezizonke, okukhona kuzo:
- eNyakatho Melika - izinhlobo ezingama-70;
- eRussia nasemazweni angaphansi kweSoviet - izinhlobo ezingama-20;
- e-UK - izinhlobo eziyi-12;
- e-Australia - izinhlobo ezingama-28.
AmaJapix atholakala eCrimea, eCaucasus, e-Asia Ephakathi, eMoldova nase-Ukraine, kanye nasemazweni ashisayo. Lezi zidalwa azinaso isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo, yize ezinye zazo, njengama-yapik amakhulu, zivikelekile kwamanye amazwe. E-United States, esifundeni se-West Virginia, insimu yomsila emibili yePlusiocampa evela emndenini waseCampodia ifakiwe ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezingandile. ENew Zealand, uMnyango Wezolimo ubala u-Octostigma herbivora, ovela emndenini wakwaProjapygidae, njengesinambuzane.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: I-Cawtail ivame ukudideka nama-earwigs. Futhi zinokwakheka okufana nokuzipho ekugcineni komzimba ovulekile. Izindlebe zezindlebe zingaphansi kwesigaba sezinambuzane. Lapho zihlolisiswa, zikhombisa amehlo, amaphiko amancane kakhulu ne-elytra eqinile, zinesembozo esinyene, kanti isisu sinezingxenye eziyi-7. Ubukhulu bezinambuzane bukhulu kunemisila yemfoloko, etholakala ezweni lethu, futhi izindlebe zezindlebe zihamba ngokuthula ebusweni bomhlaba.
Ungadidanisi ama-oxymandibulars nama-centipedes, lapho yonke imilenze icishe ilingane, kanti enemisila emibili inamabhangqa amathathu emilenze emide, kanti amanye anama-combs amancane esiswini. Imisila emibili, ingxenye enkulu, isidalwa esingenabungozi futhi esisebenzisekayo, esiza ukwenza umquba, sokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo. Umuntu angahle angabuboni ubukhona babo, ngoba bukhona emhlabathini futhi bumncane kakhulu kangangokuba kunzima ukubabona.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 24.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-20: 46
