Kuwo wonke amagundane ahlala emhlabeni wethu, amakhulu kunawo wonke eMhlabeni Omdala yiwo umfula u-beaver... Imvamisa ihlala emfuleni nasemachibini. Ungathola izincazelo eziningi nokushisekela nokubuyekezwa ngalesi silwane, ngoba kumangaza umuntu ngokusebenza kanzima. Kwenza ukuhleleka kube samuntu, kuvame ukutholakala ezinganekwaneni, futhi kusebenza lapho njengeqhawe elihle. Kodwa yini i-beaver yomfula, ihlala kuphi, futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: River beaver
Ngeshwa, iningi labantu lazi ngalesi silwane ngezindlebe kuphela. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ngisho nokuphimisa igama layo kahle. Isibonelo, igama elithi "beaver" lididekile ne- "beaver". Khonamanjalo, igama lesibili lisho igama loboya balesi silwane. Yize ngolimi olukhulunywayo, akekho ogcina le mithetho.
Ividiyo: River Beaver
Umndeni we-beaver waziwa emazweni ahlukene. Kuyaziwa cishe ngemikhakha engama-22, futhi ngokokuqala ngqa lolu hlobo lwezilwane luvela e-Asia. Ezinye izinhlobo zazikhulu kakhulu. Kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, izinsalela zezinsalela zisasinda, ososayensi abathi ziyi-Eocene.
I-beaver edume kakhulu, izinhlobo zayo ezanyamalala kudala, iyisidlakela esasikhona emuva ePleistocene. Isayensi yazi izinhlobo zayo ezimbili - iSiberia Trogontherium cuvieri, kanye neNorth American Castoroides ohioensis.
Uma izibalo zenziwa kahle, ngokusho kogebhezi lwamathambo ukukhula kwesilwane kufinyelele ku-2.75 m, futhi isisindo saso sonke sasingu-350 - 360 kg. Okungukuthi, yayifana ngosayizi nebhere elinsundu. Izinhlobo zanamuhla ze-beaver zazihlala eYurophu nase-Asia, cishe yonke indawo endaweni esehlathini. Kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lesi silwane saqothulwa cishe emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yoboya baso obuyigugu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal river beaver
Namuhla, zingu-2 kuphela izinhlobo ze-beaver ezisindile ezingatholakala emvelweni. Sikhuluma nge-beaver ejwayelekile, engatholakala e-Eurasia, kanye nezinhlobo zaseCanada ezihlala eNyakatho Melika. Ngokubukeka kwabo, akukho ukungafani okutholakele phakathi kwabo. Futhi ziyefana kakhulu ngemikhuba, zinosayizi ofanayo.
Kepha, njengoba ucwaningo lwamuva lukhombisile, umehluko phakathi kwabo uyabonakala ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo. I-beaver yase-Europe inama-chromosomes angama-48, kanti umlingani wayo ovela ezwenikazi laseMelika unezingu-40 kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili azikwazi ukuwela ukuze kuzalwe uhlobo olusha.
Kunezici eziningana ze-beaver, maqondana nokubukeka kwayo, isithombe somzimba esijwayelekile:
- uma ungabheki ubude bomsila, isilwane singakhula size sibe yimitha eli-1 ubude;
- umsila ubude bungaba kusuka ku-0,4 kuye ku-0.5 m;
- uma kuyi-beaver encane, isisindo sayo ngokuvamile singama-30-32 kg;
- owesilisa osekhulile angathola isisindo esifinyelela ku-45 kg;
- Isikhathi sokuphila sale nduku sesilinganiso seminyaka eyi-15-17;
- isilwane esinjalo asiyeki ukukhula size sife. Uma siqhathanisa owesilisa nowesifazane, khona-ke owesifazane uvame ukuba mkhulu.
Umbala woboya bebever bunsundu ezimweni eziningi. Kepha konke kuya ngeminyaka yakhe, ngakho-ke uboya bungaba bomvu noma bube mnyama ngokuphelele. Lezi zilwane zithanda ukumnakekela, zihlala zikama. Ukwenza lokhu, basebenzisa imilenze yabo yangemuva, enezinzipho zeminwe. Ngesikhathi sokukama, uboya buhlanganiswa ngokushesha ngemfihlo ekhethekile enamafutha. Ngenxa yalokhu, "ijazi loboya" le-beaver alimanzi ngisho nangemva kokuhlala isikhathi eside emanzini.
Uboya beaver yomfula bunezingoma ezimbili: unwele oluqinile lokuqapha, kanye nengubo yangaphansi ethambile futhi eminyene ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu ukuvikela okuhle kakhulu kwesilwane ku-hypothermia.
Kepha i-beaver inokunye ukuvikelwa emakhazeni - ungqimba oluningi lwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. Inhloko yesilwane, uma iqhathaniswa nomzimba, inkulu. Isifonyo siwumngcingo, namehlo anezindlebe mancane. Isici esiyinhloko salesi silwane yizinsimbi ezimbili ezinkulu ezihamba phambili. Futhi amazinyo akhe ajwayelekile, abonakala ngokuzicija, futhi akhula impilo yakhe yonke. Izidladla zakhe zineminwe emihlanu, zinolwelwesi, okwenza kube lula ngaye ukuhamba emanzini. Futhi uzipho alulukhulu kuphela, kepha futhi luyindilinga. Imilenze yangemuva ithuthuke kakhulu kunaleyo yangaphambili.
Isici sesibili se-beaver ngumsila waso, obukeka njengokugwedlwa kwesikebhe. Uyisicaba ngokuphelele, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, embozwe hhayi ngoboya, kodwa ngezikali eziminyene zama-horny. “I-keel” efanayo ene-horny igijima phakathi kwawo wonke umsila. Umsila ungafika ku-13 cm ububanzi futhi emanzini usetshenziselwa ukuhamba ngokushesha nokubhukuda.
Uhlala kuphi ibeaver?
Isithombe: Common beaver river
Ama-Beavers abhekwa njengamagundane asemanzini, ngoba angaba semhlabathini nasemanzini isikhathi eside. Imvamisa babhukuda kuphela, yize bekwazi ukutshuza.
Ensimini yezwekazi laseYurophu, lesi silwane singatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene:
- emazweni aseScandinavia, njengoba kunamachibi amaningi nezindawo ezinezihlahla;
- eFrance, futhi imvamisa kuba yizindawo eziphansi kuphela zeRhone;
- eJalimane, ikakhulukazi umcengezi woMfula i-Elbe;
- ePoland, imvamisa isigodi saseVistula.
Uma sicabangela amazwe ase-USSR Yangaphambilini, khona-ke ama-beavers atholakala lapha e-Ukraine, eBelarus naseRussia. Imvamisa le yingxenye yehlathi laseYurophu lalezi zifundazwe.
Njengoba lesi silwane singaphansi kokuvikelwa namuhla, singatholakala cishe kuyo yonke insimu yaseRussia. Itholakala eChina naseMongolia. Ukuthola indawo yokuhlala kwale gundane kulula kakhulu. Kwanele ukubona ukuthi kunezihlahla eziwile yini eduze kwamachibi, futhi konke kuzocaca ngokushesha. Kepha ukusika kuphela okufanele kuthathwe. AmaBeaver akha uhlobo lwedamu ngezihlahla eziwile namagatsha. Lokhu kungubufakazi bokuthi amagundane anjalo akhona lapha.
Kepha ukuhlangana nendawo yokuhlala i-beaver kuyimpumelelo enkulu. Imvamisa bayakufihla ngokuthembekile ukuze kungabonakali ngaphandle. Bayakha ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, futhi wonke umndeni uhlala lapho. Imifula ikhethelwa ukuhlala kwayo, kodwa kuphela nge-slow slow. Imifudlana namachibi nakho kufanelekile kubo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi basawagwema amadamu amakhulu kakhulu. Zitholakala kuphela lapho kunezihlahla eziningi nezihlahlana khona. Uma sikhuluma ngomfula, khona-ke kufanele ugeleze ehlathini. Noma okungenani kufanele kube nezihlahla eziningi ezahlukahlukene ogwini. Uma ebusika ichibi liba ngaphansi, nakanjani ngeke uyithole i-beaver lapho.
Idlani ibeaver?
Isithombe: Book Red River
Kodwa ukutholakala kwamanzi namanje akwanele ukuthi ama-beaver ahlale lapha. Empilweni yabo ephelele, uzodinga nenala yokudla. Lezi zilwane zidla inyama, azidli nhlobo inyama. Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko ngamagxolo namahlumela amancane ezihlahla nezihlahla ezahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwezihlahla ezinkulu, izihlahla ezithandwa kakhulu yi-beaver kukhona i-birch, aspen, willow, kanye ne-poplar. Futhi uma i-linden nayo ikhula, amagxolo ayo alungele ukudla.
Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezinamakhemikhali, akunangqondo ukuzibala nhlobo. Umhlanga, amadolo, izimbabazane ziyingxenye yokudla kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ngokusho kokubukwa kwama-beavers ahlala enkululekweni, angasebenzisa izinhlobo ezifika ku-300 zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ekudleni. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, sikhuluma ngezitshalo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni kuphela.
Kepha lapha kudingeka kwenziwe ukucaciswa okukodwa okubalulekile: ama-beaver akhetha izinhlobo zemithi ethambile kuphela njengokudla. Yize ungathola ama-oki agwetshiwe kanye nama-alders, futhi kusukela ekusikeni kuyabonakala ngokushesha ukuthi lona ngumsebenzi wama-beavers, kepha kuphela lezi zihlahla abazisebenzisi ukudla, kepha ukwakha indawo yokuhlala noma idamu. Ngendlela, bayayakha ukuze indlu yabo ihlale iphezu kwamanzi. Ngale ndlela, bazama ukugwema izimo ukuze amanzi anciphe futhi indawo yokuhlala isemhlabeni.
Uma i-beaver ikhethe izinhlobo eziningana zezihlahla, lapho-ke ngeke isakwazi ukushintsha indlela edla ngayo. Ubuye athande ama-acorn, ngenxa yamazinyo akhe abhekana nawo kalula. Ehlobo, zondla ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, kuthi ekwindla ziqale ukuvuna ukudla ebusika.
Imvamisa, bazama ukufaka amagatsha emanzini ngendlela yokuthi bakwazi ukuwafinyelela. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho ichibi liba yiqhwa ebusika. Umndeni owodwa uzodinga inani elikhulu lokudla okunjalo, okumele kugcwale amanzi. Futhi yize kuzoba noqweqwe lweqhwa ngaphezulu, kusazotholakala ukudla okuvela endaweni yokuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: European beaver river
I-beaver ingabhukuda emanzini isikhathi eside. Emhlabeni, uhamba kancane, uhamba kabi. Kepha emanzini uzizwa ekhululekile ngokuphelele. Lapho itshuza, ingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube imizuzu eyi-15. Lapho udilika emanzini, ama-auricles kanye namaphaseji ekhaleni avalwa ngokushesha nge-septum ekhethekile. Futhi amehlo ambozwe ngefilimu esobala. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-beaver ibona kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ibanga elide lingabhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi - kuze kufike ku-1 km.
I-beaver ihlukaniswa ngumuntu othanda ukuthula, izama ukubaleka lapho kuvela ingozi. Kepha uma kungekho lapho angabalekela khona, angangena empini eshubile, lapho-ke isitha ngeke silunge.
Lapho isilwane sibona, sizwa (yize sinamadlebe amancane, kepha sinendlebe enhle kakhulu) noma sizwa ingozi, sizozama ngokushesha ukucwila ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, uzama ukushaya kakhulu umsila wakhe obanzi. Lokhu akwenzeki ngokuxaka, kodwa ngenhloso, ukuxwayisa ngengozi yezihlobo zabo. Futhi kuphela emva kwesikhathi, lapho kudingeka umoya, ikhanda lakhe livela ngaphezu kwamanzi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi: I-Beaver ukuphela kwesilwane phakathi kwawo wonke amagundane esingahamba zombili ku-4 nasemilenzeni yangemuva. Kuzo uyakwazi ngisho nokuphatha amatshe okwakhiwa komuzi wakhe.
I-beaver isilwane esihlanzeke kakhulu. Awusoze wabona udoti endlini yakhe. Indawo yakhe yokuhlala uyakha ngendlela yokuthi ngisho eqabeni elibi kakhulu kuzoba nokushisa okubandayo. Kungenzeka uqonde kahle ukuthi la magundane alala kuphi lapho kubongwa khona umusi ophuma ngezimbobo ophahleni lwale ndlu. Ngendlela, bazama ukuyivikela kahle. Ukwenza lokhu, baletha ubumba ngezidladla zangaphambili, bese bemboza amagatsha ngaphezulu. Bashiya ikhaya labo kuphela sekuhlwile, basebenze kuze kuse. Amazinyo abo abukhali kangangokuba i-beaver ingakwazi ukusidonsa ngokuphelele esiqwini se-aspen, ububanzi bayo obufinyelela ku-15 cm, ngesigamu nje sehora.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: River beaver
Emini, i-beaver isekhaya layo. Indawo yokungena kuyo kufanele ifihlwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Impilo ethakazelisa kakhulu yomndeni walezi zilwane.
Izici eziningana zingaphawulwa lapha:
- i-beaver ingaziphilela yodwa, noma njengomndeni wonke;
- uma sikhuluma ngomndeni, khona-ke ukubusa kwamatriarchy lapha;
- lapho owesilisa nowesifazane bexhunyiwe, bahlala ndawonye kuze kube sekupheleni;
- uma omunye walo mbhangqwana efa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, owesibili akaqali umndeni omusha;
- la magundane ahlangana kuphela ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari.
Iphuzu lokugcina lithi ukukhwelana kuvame ukwenzeka ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-3.5, amawundlu avela, futhi kungaba nezicucu ezi-2 kuye kwezi-6. Emndenini owodwa, amawundlu aphila iminyaka emibili, bese kuphela ahambe. Lonke ihlobo ngemuva kokuzalwa, zondla ngobisi lukanina. Bese kufika ubusika, babuye bakhuluphale kuphela, bedla amagxolo namahlumela ezitshalo asevele evuniwe ngabazali babo.
Uma ichibi lincane, umndeni owodwa kuphela ozinza lapho. Futhi uma kuvele ukuthi kukhulu noma sikhuluma ngomfula, ungahlangana nemindeni eminingana lapha. Kepha phakathi kokuhlala kwabo, kufanele kubhekwe ibanga okungenani lamamitha angama-300. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi, uma kungekho ukudla okwanele, kungafika ku-3 km. AmaBeaver azama ukushiya ugu angadluli ku-200 m.
Izitha zemvelo zama-beaver
Isithombe: Common beaver river
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ama-beaver ayaxhumana. Ngale ndlela, badlulisa imininingwane, futhi okokuqala sikhuluma ngokuvela kwengozi.
Ukuxhumana kwenzeka kanjena:
- kukhethwa ukuma okuthile;
- umsila ushaya amanzi kwenzeka;
- kusetshenziswa ukumemeza, okucishe kufane nempempe.
Lapho kuvela umhlaseli noma umuntu, i-beaver eseduze kwamanzi isebenzisa inketho yesibili. Ingozi yama-beaver akuyona nje kuphela ezinye izilwane ezidlayo, kodwa futhi izimbangi nezifo. Imvamisa, bayagula ngokudla izimbaza. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho igundane lidla izitshalo zasemanzini. Zombili izikhukhula zasebusika nezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo ziyinkinga enkulu. Lapho-ke imfuyo engafika kuma-50% ingafa.
Phakathi kwabancintisana nabo, kufanelekile ukugqamisa hhayi kuphela unogwaja, kodwa futhi nenyamazane ebomvu ne-elk. Lezi zilwane ziphinde zidle kuwo womabili amagxolo ezihlahla kanye namahlumela amancane ezitshalo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kulezo zihlahla eziwe yi-beaver. Kepha unezitha zemvelo ngaphezu kosincintisana nabo. Sikhuluma ngezimpisi, izimpungushe nebhere elinsundu. Futhi uma i-wolverine ne-lynx zihlala ehlathini, khona-ke nazo zihlasela i-beaver. Izinja ezilahlekile nazo ziletha izinkinga eziningi. Kepha abantu abasha bangadliwa yikho kokubili isikhova nokhozi. Kepha isitha esiyisisekelo kakhulu ngumuntu obesezingela le nduku ngenxa yesikhumba sayo isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Kepha muva nje, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kulethe izinkinga eziningi kuye, futhi nomuntu kufanele asolwe ngalokhu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-beaver yomfula iWest Siberian
Ama-Beaver angalimaza abantu. Isibonelo, amadamu abawakhayo aholela ekukhukhulekeni komhlaba wezolimo. Futhi kube nezimo lapho kungeyona imigwaqo kuphela, kepha nojantshi bakhukhulekile. Kulokhu, kwathathwa izinqumo zokucekela phansi izakhiwo ezazakhiwe ngama-beavers. Kepha noma kunjalo ayenzi okuncane, ngoba amadamu avela futhi ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ukuzingelwa kwama-beavers kwenzeke (futhi kusekhona abazingeli abangekho emthethweni) ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:
- uboya busezingeni eliphakeme;
- inyama iyadliwa, ingadliwa;
- I- "Beaver jet" yinhle ngokwenza izinhlobo ezithile zamakha.
Futhi i- "beaver jet" isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Ngenxa yalokhu, eminyakeni eyi-100 eyedlule, umndeni we-beaver wacishe wanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ungakhohlwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zinomthelela omuhle emvelweni wesifunda lapho zivela khona. Amadamu abawakha enza okuhle kakhulu kunokulimaza. Ngenxa yalokhu, amanzi ayahlanzwa, i-turbidity yayo iyanyamalala.
Unogada weBeverver
Isithombe: Book Red River
Ngenxa yokuzingelwa kwama-beaver, amanani abo anciphe kakhulu. Kunemininingwane ethembekile yokuthi ngo-1918 bekungekho ngaphezu kwabantu abayi-1000 balezi zinhlobo zamagundane. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho bafakwa khona "encwadini ebomvu". Uhulumeni waseSoviet wanquma ukuqala ukubasindisa. Kakade ngo-1920, kulezo zindawo lapho ama-beaver ayesalondolozwe khona, kwaqala ukuvela izindawo lapho kwakungavunyelwe ukuzingela khona.
Lapho lezi zilwane zanda ngamandla eziqiwini, abanye babantu baqala ukuhanjiswa bayiswa kwezinye izifunda zezwe. Ngawo-1930, base bevele bavele ezifundeni ezingama-48. Konke bekuhloselwe ukubuyisa inani lama-beaver.
Ngokuwa kwe-USSR, le nqubo ayimanga, futhi namuhla eRussia sebevele bahlala ezifundeni ezingama-63. Ngokuqondene nensimu yase-Ukraine, naseKievan Rus, kwasetshenziswa imithetho yokulondoloza lolu hlobo lwezilwane. Kusukela ku-XI, iqoqo lezinkambiso zomthetho ligcinwe, elikhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezingavunyelwe ukuzingela. Futhi phakathi kwalolu hlu, ama-beavers nawo ashiwo.
Namuhla, inani lama-beaver seliqale ukwehla futhi. Futhi isizathu salokhu asikho kuphela ekuzingeleni okungekho emthethweni, kepha nokuthi iqiniso lokuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka ngamanani amakhulu. Kuliqiniso, abazingeli abazingeli abakafiki ePolesie nasendaweni yaseChernobyl. Imizamo iyaqhubeka emhlabeni jikelele yokuthi i-beaver yomfula yakhe kabusha abantu bayo, ngethemba ukuthi imizamo izothela izithelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 15.09.2019 ngo-19: 56
