Chipmunk - igundane elincane elihle, isihlobo esisondelene nesikwele. Izinhlobo ze-Asiatic zachazwa nguLaxman ngo-1769 njengeTamias sibiricus futhi ingeyehlobo lwe-Eutamias. Umfowabo wayo waseMelika uTamias striatus wachazwa nguLinnaeus ngo-1758.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Chipmunk
I-chipmunk yase-Asiya yehlukile kuningi lezakhamizi zezwekazi laseMelika ngephethini engacaci kangako yemivimbo ekhanda kanye nezinye izici zokuziphatha kogebhezi. Izinsalela ezaziwayo zisukela ekuqaleni kweHolocene. Izinhlobo zezinsalela zesikhashana ezinjengeMiospermophilus Black zitholakale ezindaweni ezinomsila zase-Upper Miocene eMelika, emgodini wase-Irtysh.
Ngezingwejeje, lesi silwane sinobudlelwano obusondelene futhi siyisimo sesikhashana esivela kulabo abahlala ezihlahleni kuye kwabazigajayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezingwejeje zaseNyakatho Melika zihlobene kakhulu nama-chipmunks. EYurophu, kungumhlobo weSciurotamias Miller, owayehlala emahlathini asezintabeni e-Asia eningizimu-mpumalanga futhi ehlala entshonalanga yeYurophu ePliocene; i-anthropogen yasendulo nayo imelwe empumalanga yeYurophu (e-Ukraine).
Ividiyo: Chipmunk
Izinsalela zemfundo ephakeme eNtshonalanga Yurophu zitholakala ngaphandle kwezindawo zokuhlala zesimanje. EPleistocene, izinsalela zitholakala ngaphakathi kobubanzi besimanje. Lesi sizwe sinezinkomba zokuthuthuka ezimbili, zimelwe yi-Tamias chipmunks - izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emahlathini e-coniferous and coniferous-deciduous, kanye namaSciurotamias - izinhlobo zezihlahla zaseShayina ezihlala ezintabeni ezihlala ziluhlaza amahlathi alukhuni ama-subtropics e-Southeast Asia. Bahlala ezinhlakeni zezikwele lapho.
Abantu baseMelika bamelwe yizinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu, namuhla kunezinhlobo eziyi-16 ezaziwayo. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-20 zale gundane zihlelwe zaba izigaba ezimbili ezingaphansi: Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho Melika zamahlathi ahlabayo nezilwane ze-taiga zase-Eurasia. Olunye uhlobo luhlala eRussian Federation.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal chipmunk
Ama-Chipmunks abonakala kalula ngokushintshana kwemivimbo emhlophe nokumnyama ekhanda nasemhlane. Kunemivimbo emihlanu emnyama ngemuva, enombala okhanyayo ogqamile. Imigqa ekhanyayo inamathoni aphuzi aphuzi noma abomvu ngokubomvu, isisu esimhlophe. Umsila umpunga ngaphezulu. Uboya obufushane basehlobo nobusika abushintshi ngombala futhi bune-awn ebuthaka.
Kusuka ezansi, izinwele ze-ponytail zisakazeka ngapha nangapha phakathi. Imilenze yangaphambili imifushane, inezinzwane ezinde (3-4) ezilinganayo, Emilenzeni yangemuva kunowesine omude kunayo yonke. Izindlebe zincane nge-sparse phansi. Izinhlobo zase-Asia ezihlala eRussia zinobude bomzimba obungu-27 cm, umsila u-18 cm.
Umehluko omkhulu kusuka kuma-subspecies aseNyakatho Melika:
- umsila mude;
- izindlebe zifushane futhi ziyindilinga kancane;
- imivimbo egqamile yomugqa okhanyayo omnyama okhanyayo kanye nezingxenye zangaphambili zepheya lokuqala le-lateral;
- ukhanyise umngcele omnyama womugqa wokukhanya esiqungeni kusuka esweni kuya ekugcineni kwekhala;
- umugqa omnyama esihlathini ubanzi futhi uvame ukuhlangana nemivimbo emnyama engemuva yangemuva.
Umbala wama-chipmunks uba mnyama kusuka enyakatho uye eningizimu. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu zalolu hlu, izithunzi ezibomvu ziyanda zisuka entshonalanga ziye empumalanga, phezulu kwekhanda, izihlathi ezimnyama, isigaxa nesisekelo somsila kunemibala egqamile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: EMelika, ama-chipmunks athanda ukuzitika ngezinhlamvu ze-beech futhi angangena izingcezu ezingafika ku-32 ezihlathini zabo ngasikhathi sinye, kepha abakwazi ukugibela isiqu esibushelelezi salesi sihlahla. Lapho isivuno sincane, izilwane zisebenzisa imephu njenge "ileli", njengoba zibone inqwaba yamantongomane, ziyancinza bese ziyehla ziyokha.
Uhlala kuphi chipmunk?
Isithombe: chipmunk yaseSiberia
ERussia, umngcele webanga ugijima enyakatho yeSiberia ngasemngceleni wokukhula kwe-larch, enyakatho-mpumalanga nomngcele wamahlathi ama-fir. Enyakatho, inyukela ku-68 ° N. sh. isakazeka phezu komcengezi, ifinyelela emlonyeni weYenisei, Indigirka.
Entshonalanga naseningizimu, iyanweba iye eVologda, eVetluga, yehle ngebhange langakwesobunxele leVolga, ithathe ibhange langakwesokudla leKama, iBelaya, ishibilika i-Ural ifinyelela eTara, iLake Chany, ijikela ngaseningizimu, ithathe i-Altai, ihamba ngomngcele oseningizimu wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itholakala yonke indawo emazweni asempumalanga kakhulu, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi, kepha ayitholakali eKamchatka. Ngaphandle kweRussia, ihlala eMongolia, China, Korea, Japan.
Ububanzi beNyakatho Melika buhlanganisa iningi lasempumalanga ukusuka eningizimu yeCanada kuya eGulf of Mexico, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziningi eziseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ezintabeni ze-Adirondack, kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-1220. Lapho ikhetha amahlathi ahlabayo futhi axubekile futhi ivame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezivuthiwe (ezindala) zokukhula kwe-maple ne-beech.
Isilwane sithanda amahlathi ngokukhula okuningi, ukugawulwa kanye nezivunguvungu zomoya, amahlathi amajikijolo. E-Asia, ezintabeni, kukhuphukela emngceleni wehlathi le-larch-cedar kanye ne-elfin. Emahlathini ahlanzekile, ukhetha izindawo ezinotshani obukhulu. Kwezinye izindawo ihlala ezindaweni ezingamahlathi-emahlathini, ihlala ezindaweni ezinezihlahlana nasemigodini. Imigodi yenziwa yigundane ezindaweni eziphakeme, ezindaweni ezomile, ezindaweni zokubeka ezinamadwala.
Idla ngani i-chipmunk?
Isithombe: I-chipmunk yaseRussia
Entwasahlobo, amagundane ahlola inhlabathi ngenkuthalo, efuna izimbewu ezisele kusukela ekwindla. Njengoba zimbalwa zazo ngalesi sikhathi, amahlumela ezihlahla nezihlahla, amahlumela, amaqabunga angena kokuphakelayo kuze kuvele izithelo ezintsha nembewu. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo, ehlobo, ekwindla, imenyu igcwaliswa yizinambuzane, imisundu, izintuthwane, nama-molluscs. Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane zidla amaqanda abantu abadlulayo, izidumbu, namacala angavamile ayephawulwa lapho ezizingela izinyoni ezincane nezilwane ezincelisayo. Bathanda ukuzitika ngezimbali namajikijolo: ama-lingonberries, ama-cherry, ama-raspberry, i-bird cherry, i-ash ash, i-viburnum.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalezi zilwane kuyimbewu yezihlahla ze-coniferous ne-decidous. Bathanda ikakhulukazi amantongomane ephayini. Imenyu ifaka imbewu: i-clefthoof, i-millet yasendle, i-buckwheat ekhuphukayo, i-buttercup, i-knotweed, i-pea yegundane, i-rose rose, isambulela, ama-cereal asendle, ama-sedges nezitshalo zensimu. Zondla nge-sporangia ye-polytrichous mosses, amakhowe. Iningi lokudla liqukethe izithelo ze-maple, elm, linden, elm, euonymus, hazel yaseManchurian.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, igundane liqala ukugcwalisa amakhekhe alo, liqoqa izithelo nembewu yezitshalo. Uzithwala ngaphezu kwebanga lekhilomitha. Sekukonke, isisindo salezi zikhala singafika ku-3-4 kg. ESiberia nasemazweni aseMpumalanga Ekude, uma kukhona ukwehluleka kwezitshalo zikaphayini, izilwane zenza ukunyakaza okukhulu emasimini ezitshalo zokusanhlamvu, uphizi, ubhekilanga, noma zigxile ezinkambeni zamajikijolo: ama-lingonberries, ama-blueberries, ama-blueberries, njll.
Uhlu lwezitshalo eziyinhloko zesisekelo sokuphakelwa kwezilwane lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-48, okukhona kuzo:
- 5 - izinhlobo zezihlahla (oki, larch, aspen, birch omnyama nomhlophe);
- 5 - shrubby (Lespidetsa - 2 izinhlobo, rose zasendle, hazel, willow);
- 2 - ama-semi-shrub (i-lingonberry, i-blueberry);
- 24 - herbaceous (kusuka kulinyiwe - ukolweni, rye, uphizi, amabele, ibhali, ubhekilanga, ummbila, njll.).
Iningi lokudla kwesilwane saseMelika liqukethe amantongomane, ama-acorn, imbewu, amakhowe, izithelo, amajikijolo nommbila. Futhi badla izinambuzane, amaqanda ezinyoni, iminenke, nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane njengamagundane amancane. Kuma-pantry, amagundane agcina izitoko zembewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene (98%), amaqabunga, izinaliti zesikhumba kanye namahlumela wokugcina. Ngesinye isikhathi, igundane lingaletha ngaphezu kwamagremu ayisishiyagalombili ezikhwameni zezihlathi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Eminyakeni yama-30s yekhulu elidlule, kutholakala i-pantry ePrimorsky Territory, lapho i-chipmunk yaqoqa i-1000 g ye-rye, i-500 g ye-buckwheat, i-500 g yommbila, kanye nembewu ye-sunflower. Izinhlamvu zikakolweni zika-1400 g no-980 g zitholwe ngasikhathi sinye kweminye iminki emibili.
Lapho idla ukudla, igundane ligcina izithelo nembewu ezingxenyeni zalo zangaphambili ezinobungcweti. Ngosizo lwama-incisors amade aqondiswe phambili, ukhipha izinhlamvu egobolondweni noma akhiphe imbewu kwi-capsule. Ngemuva kwalokho, usebenzisa ulimi lwakhe ukubashelelezisela emuva futhi abashelele phakathi kwamazinyo akhe nesikhumba esinwebekayo ezihlathini zakhe. Lapho zigcinwa lapho isilwane simatasa siqoqa ukudla.
Umthamo wezihlathi uyanda ngeminyaka. Lapho izikhwama zezihlathi zigcwele, isilwane siyisa imbewu esidlekeni sayo noma siyigqibe emigodini engajulile, esiyimba emhlabathini, bese siyifihla ngomhlabathi, amaqabunga nokunye ukungcola.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Chipmunk
Lesi silwane sichitha usuku laso lonke siqoqa imbewu, okuwumthombo waso wokudla obaluleke kakhulu. Yize iningi lezinhlobo zemvelo kungenzeka ukuthi lidla phansi, zonke zikhuphuka kalula ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni ukuqoqa amantongomane nezithelo. Isilwane siyasebenza emini. Lapho kuqala ubusika, amagundane alala ubusuku bonke nasezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia. Ezwenikazi laseMelika, izilwane azifihli ubusika bonke, kepha azishiyi imigodi yazo, zilala amasonto ambalwa, zivuka ngezikhathi ezithile zizodla, abanye abantu futhi baziphatha engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga eMongolia.
Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussian Federation, kunabantu ababili abahlala esidlekeni esisodwa. Ezifundeni ezine-permafrost, kunekamelo elilodwa kuphela emgodini; kulezi zimo, i-pantry itholakala ngaphansi kwesidleke. Igundane lizenzela imigudu futhi lakha amakhamera ngaphansi komhlaba. Wenza ukungena kubo ezindaweni ezingabonakali phakathi kwezihlahla noma ngamatshe, ngaphansi kwamatshe. Ezinye izinhlobo zingahlala emigodini yezihlahla futhi zichithe isikhathi esiningi ezihlahleni.
Imigodi eminingi iqukethe umnyango owodwa, oholela emhubheni othambekele ongaba ngamasentimitha angama-70. Ekupheleni kwawo kukhona ikamelo lokudlela, eliwu-15 cm kuye ku-35 cm ububanzi, limbozwe ngotshani obomile, phansi kusuka emakhanda embewu, namaqabunga agayiwe. Ufihla imbewu yezitshalo, amantongomane ngaphansi kwesidleke noma egumbini elihlukile, azinikeze ukudla kokushisa kwamakhaza. Kunemihubhe efinyelela kumamitha amane ubude, enezimfoloko nezidleke eziseceleni. Ezindlini zezilwane, ayikho imikhondo yendle; wenza izindlu zangasese emigqeni eseceleni.
Entwasahlobo, lapho nje sekuqala ukufudumala neqhwa liqala ukuncibilika, igundane liyavuka. Ehlobo, amagundane enza izindlu zokukhosela emigodini, ngeziqu zezihlahla eziwile neziqu. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-chipmunks anyamalala ngaphansi komhlaba. Okwamanje akwaziwa kahle ukuthi kwenzakalani lapho lezi zilwane zithatha umhlalaphansi wazo zigobhoza ebusika. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngokushesha bangena esimweni sokuhlupheka. Kulesi simo, izinga lokushisa komzimba, izinga lokuphefumula kanye nokushaya kwenhliziyo kwehlela emazingeni aphansi kakhulu, anciphisa inani lamandla adingekayo ukusekela impilo. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ezifudumele zentwasahlobo, izilwane ziqala ukuvela, kwesinye isikhathi zidabula ubukhulu beqhwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Animal chipmunk
Lezi zilwane zingamasizungu. Wonke umuntu unomgodi wakhe futhi akabanaki abafo, ngaphandle kwalapho kuvela izingxabano, nangesikhathi sokukhwelana, noma lapho abesifazane benakekela izingane zabo. Isilwane ngasinye sinendawo yaso (0.04-1.26 ha), kwesinye isikhathi lezi zindawo ziyagqagqana. Abesilisa abadala banensimu enkulu kunabesifazane nabantu abasha. Imingcele iguquka njalo futhi incike emithonjeni yokudla etholakala ngesizini. Iningi lezilwane ligcina cishe uhla olufanayo kusuka enkathini kuya kwenkathi.
Izilwane zichitha iningi lesikhathi sazo eduze komgodi. Kule ndawo azikho izindawo zokudlulela nensimu yabanye abantu futhi umnikazi ubusa lapha. Izelelesi zisuka ngokushesha endaweni, zigwema ukushayisana okuqondile. Le mingcele yokubusa izinzile kakhulu kunezindawo zebanga. I-chipmunk yenza imisindo ehlukile lapho yesaba nalapho kutholakala ingozi: impempe noma i-trill ebukhali, efana ne-creak. Kwesinye isikhathi ubonakala ekikiza, kubukeka njenge- "zvirk-zvirk" noma "chirk-chirk" ngesikhawu semizuzwana embalwa. Lo msindo uvame ukuzwakala lapho isilwane sibuka umuntu ukude.
Umjaho wezilwane ezincelisayo uqala ngo-Ephreli. Abesifazane bakhwelana kaninginingi nowesilisa oyedwa noma ngaphezulu phakathi nesikhathi sokufa, esihlala amahora angu-6-7. Kusukela ekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili kaJuni, baletha amawundlu angama-3-5 kudoti. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo esingaba ngama-gramu amathathu futhi aziboni futhi zinqunu. Izinwele ziqala ukuvela ngosuku lweshumi, inyama yokuzwa ivuleka kusuka kuma-28, amehlo avela ezinsukwini ezingama-31. Izingane zifika ebusweni zinamasonto ayisithupha bese ziqala ukuzizamela. Ekuqaleni abanamahloni kakhulu, kodwa njengoba bekhula, bayaqaphela kakhudlwana.
Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka sezivele zifinyelela usayizi wesilwane esidala. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili, kepha hhayi bonke abaqala ukuzala kulesi sikhathi. Kwezinye izindawo ezihlala abantu besifazane nazo zingaletha udoti wesibili: eNyakatho. Melika, Primorye, Kuriles. Isilinganiso sokulindelwa kwempilo yiminyaka engu-3-4.
Izitha zemvelo zama-chipmunks
Isithombe: Animal chipmunk
Izilwane eziningi ezizingela izilwane:
- uthando;
- ukuqeda;
- ama-martens;
- izimpungushe;
- ama-coyotes;
- izimpisi;
- i-lynx;
- solongoi;
- ama-ferrets amnyama;
- izinja ze-raccoon;
- izimbila.
Lesi yisilwane esinelukuluku kakhulu, sivame ukungena emadolobhaneni, izindlu zokuhlala zasehlobo, izingadi zemifino, lapho iba yisisulu sezinja namakati. Kwezinye izindawo, ama-hamsters awadli nje kuphela izimpahla zomnikazi we-pantry enemigqa, kodwa ngisho naye uqobo. EVost. ISiberia ithwala, imisele yokumba, amagumbi angenalutho futhi idle amagundane. Izinyoka nazo zisohlwini lwezitha zesilwane. Kulezi zinyoni, zizingelwa ngundlunkulu, igoshawk, isibhakela, ibhungane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isikhova, kodwa akuvamile, ngoba lezi zinyoni zihamba ebusuku, namagundane asebenza emini.
Izinduku zivame ukulimala kabi ngesikhathi sezimpi ezenzeka ngenkathi yesizini. Abesilisa balwela abesifazane. Izinsikazi zingavikela indawo yazo, zivikele isidleke kwabanye abantu abasha. Bangakwazi ukuhlaselwa futhi balinyazwe ngamanye amagundane amakhulu, njengama-squirrels. Inani lama-chipmunks angathinteka ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo: imililo, evame ukwenzeka ehlathini laseSiberia, iminyaka emincane. Izimuncagazi ezifana nezikelemu, amakhaza, imikhaza kungadala ukukhathala, okungajwayelekile ukufa kwezilwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Animal chipmunk
Lezi zinhlobo zamagundane zimelwe ngabantu abaningi futhi zisabalele. Azikho izinsongo zangempela zokunciphisa inani. Ububanzi obuningi balezi zinhlobo buse-Asia, imingcele yaseYurophu inweba iye entshonalanga yeYurophu. Kutholakala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho neYurophu nezaseSiberia eRussia kuye eSakhalin, kuthathwa iziqhingi zase-Iturup, neKunashir, kusuka empumalanga eseqile yeKazakhstan kuya enyakatho yeMongolia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenkabeni yeChina, kudlulela enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, eKorea naseJapan kusuka eHokkaido URishiri, uRebuna.
EJapan, i-chipmunk yethulwa eHonshu eKaruizawa. Iphinde imelwe eBelgium, eJalimane, eNetherlands, eSwitzerland nase-Italy. EMongolia, ihlala ezindaweni ezingamahlathi, kufaka phakathi izintaba zaseKhangai, Khovsgel, Khentiy nase-Altai. Konke ku. EMelika, olunye uhlobo, iTamias striatus, lusakazeke kulo lonke elasempumalanga ye-United States naseCanada eseduze, kusuka eningizimu-mpumalanga yeSaskatchewan kuya eNova Scotia, ukusuka eningizimu kuya entshonalanga ye-Oklahoma nasempumalanga yeLouisana (entshonalanga) nasogwini lwaseVirginia (empumalanga).
Ama-Chipmunks awekho engozini, afakiwe kuhlu njengodala ukukhathazeka okuncane. Le igundane lisiza ekusakazeni uhlaza ezindaweni ezinkulu. Imali yakhe ayigcinayo uyigcina emigodini. Izitoko zembewu ezingadliwanga yisilwane maningi amathuba okuthi zimile ngaphansi komhlaba kunaphezulu.
Izinduku zilimaza, kwesinye isikhathi kakhulu, amasimu ezolimo, ziyiswa ezinqolobaneni nasezinqolobaneni. Bonakalisa ukhukhamba, amakhabe kanye nemithambo ngokudla imbewu yabo. I-Chipmunk, isebenzisa imbewu yezitshalo, inciphisa isitoko sezinhlobo zezinto ezibalulekile (i-oki, umsedari, i-larch), ngakolunye uhlangothi, incintisana nezilwane nezinyoni, ezingabancintisana ekudleni.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa: Ngo-1926 (esifundeni saseBirobidzhan), izilwane zacekela phansi konke ukuvuna okusanhlamvu.
Uma kunezilwane eziningi, zingaphazamisa ukuvuselelwa kwehlathi okuvamile kwezinye izihlahla, ikakhulukazi amaphayini, ngokudla imbewu yazo. Kepha ukuzizingela, ikakhulukazi ukubanjwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, akuyona into eyamukelekayo ukulawula ngenxa yemiphumela eyingozi kwezinye izilwane zasendle, kubandakanya nezinyoni zasendle. Chipmunk - isilwane esihle, esinelukuluku lokwazi kaningi sibamba amehlo abantu, sinikeze injabulo enkulu kubavakashi nabahambi.Amahlathi ethu abengaba mpofu kakhulu ukube le nduku encane enemigqa ibingahlali kuyo. Iyathanjiswa kalula futhi igcinwe emakhejini ekhaya.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02/14/2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 16.09.2019 ngo-11: 53
