Omunye wabalingiswa abathandwa kakhulu ezinganekwaneni ezijwayelekile Umvundla... Uyigwala kancane, uyaziqhenya, kodwa uyashesha ngendlela emangalisayo futhi unobuhlakani. Abantu abazithathanga zonke lezi zimfanelo "ophahleni", kepha bahlola imvelo uqobo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, unogwaja uyisilwane esihlakaniphe ngokweqile futhi esinobuhlakani, okuthi, yize kuyinto enambithekayo ezilwaneni ezinkulu, ungabi nangozi njengoba kubonakala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Hare hare
I-oda lamaLagomorphs cishe lineminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65 ubudala, ngoba lavela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seMfundo ePhakeme. Ixhuma egatsheni lezilwane ezincelisayo. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi yavela kokhokho babantu abangaziwa namuhla. Unogwaja onsundu, kanye nesihlobo sakhe esiseduzane, unogwaja omhlophe, bake bamelela uhlobo olulodwa loqobo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wahlukana waba yizinhlobo ezimbili ngaphansi kwethonya lezimo ezihlukile zokuhlala.
Unogwaja onsundu ungummeleli womndeni wakwaZaitsev (Leporidae), ovela ohlotsheni lukaZaitsev. Inama-subspecies amaningana anezici ezithile zangaphandle:
- Unogwaja WaseRussia Ephakathi (L. e. Hybridus);
- I-Steppe hare (L. e. Tesquorum);
- Unogwaja waseYurophu (L. europaeus).
URusak ungummeli omkhulu wamahares. Isisindo sayo silinganiselwa ku-4-6 kg, kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela ku-7 kg. Enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga, abantu abakhulu bavame kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-58-68. Umzimba wonogwaja unciphile, uzacile, ucindezelwe ngandlela thize ezinhlangothini.
Imilenze yangaphambili yomvundla imfishane kunaleyo yangemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezinzwane kubo lihlukile: ngemuva kwabo kukhona 4, ngaphambili - 5. Ezinyaweni zezidladla unogwaja unebhulashi eliwugqinsi loboya. Umsila mfushane - kusuka ku-7 kuye ku-12 cm ubude, ukhombe ekugcineni. Ubude besilinganiso sezindlebe bungu-11-14 cm, badlula kakhulu ubukhulu bekhanda, ezansi kwezindlebe bakha ithubhu.
Ividiyo: Hare hare
Amehlo kanogwaja anombala onsundu ngokubomvu, aqotho futhi abheke ezinhlangothini, okuthuthukisa umbono wakhe. Intamo ibuthakathaka, kepha iyaguquguquka, ngenxa yokuthi unogwaja angajika ikhanda lakhe kahle ngezindlela ezihlukile. Amazinyo alesi silwane angama-28. Izinto ezihlafunwayo zikanogwaja zifana ncamashi namagundane.
Hares yizilwane ezithule, imvamisa azenzi imisindo. Bakhala kuphela ngobuhlungu lapho belinyazwa, noma ngenxa yokuphelelwa yithemba uma bebanjwa. Ngosizo lwe-screeching ethule, insikazi ingabiza ama-hares ayo. Bethukile, benza imisindo yokuchofoza ngamazinyo abo.
Izimbaba ziyaxhumana ngokuthinta izidladla zazo. Le misindo icishe ifane nemiqulu yezigubhu. AmaHares angabagijimi abahle kakhulu - emugqeni oqondile angafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-60 km / h. Lezi zidalwa ezinobuqili ziyakwazi ukudida amathrekhi. Futhi benza ukugxuma okude nokubhukuda kahle.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Unogwaja wezilwane
Umbala kanogwaja waseYurophu wehluke kakhulu ehlobo nasebusika, kunjalo, hhayi ngokuqatha njengalowo kanogwaja, kodwa nokho ubalulekile. Uboya bukanogwaja bukhulu kakhulu futhi buba bukhali kancane. Ngezikhathi ezifudumele, imibala yangemuva isukela kokumpunga ngokubomvu kuye kokucishe kube nsundu.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zombala onsundu nonsundu zixutshwe nemichilo emnyama, eyakhiwa ngenxa yemikhawulo ehlukene yezinwele ezingubeni ngaphansi. Kulokhu, izinwele zokuqapha emaphethelweni zinama-ocher shades. Uboya bonke bukanogwaja buyacwebezela, busilika, ingubo yangaphansi mncane, inezinwele ezisontekile. Izinhlangothi zikanogwaja zilula, isisu sicishe sibe mhlophe nhlobo, cishe ngokungenakufakwa.
Izindlebe zihlala zimnyama ekugcineni. Umsila ulula ngezansi, futhi onsundu noma mnyama ngaphezulu ngenhla. Uboya bakha amasongo amhlophe eduze kwamehlo. Ebusika, uboya buba bukhulu kakhulu, umbala ushintsha ube umbala okhanyayo, noma kunjalo, unogwaja awukaze ube mhlophe ngokuphelele, ngokungafani nonogwaja omhlophe. Hhayi kuphela izeluleko zezindlebe ezihlala zimnyama ngokungaguquguquki, kepha futhi nekhanda lonke nengaphambili langemuva. Abesifazane nabesilisa abahlukile ngombala.
Kepha kuma-subspecies ahlukahlukene, umbala nokuthungwa kwejazi kungahluka:
- Unogwaja WaseRussia Ephakathi ubonakala ngoboya obugobile endaweni engemuva. Ehlobo linombala obomvu ngobumba onemigqa emnyama ensundu, kuthi ebusika umhlane nezinhlangothi kube mpunga;
- Uboya bukanogwaja waseYurophu cishe abukhanyi ebusika;
- Unogwaja wesimame akanaboya obuminyene obumenyezelwe ngemuva.
I-hares molt kabili ngonyaka. Ngentwasahlobo, le nqubo iwela engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi futhi ihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-80. Uboya buqala ukuphuma ngamandla kakhulu ngo-Ephreli, buwela ngokoqobo, futhi maphakathi noMeyi buvuselelwa ngokuphelele. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-molt inesiqondiso. Intwasahlobo isuka ekhanda iye emsileni, kanti ebusika - okuphambene nalokho.
Izinwele zasekwindla-ehlobo ziqala ukuphuma emathangeni, inqubo iya emgodini, emilenzeni yangaphambili futhi iye ngasekhanda. Uboya obucoboshayo basebusika bukhula kamuva eduze kwamehlo. I-Autumn molt iqala ngoSepthemba ize iphele ngoNovemba, kepha ingadonsa kuze kube nguDisemba uma isimo sezulu sifudumele.
Uhlala kuphi unogwaja onsundu?
Isithombe: Unogwaja waseYurophu ehlobo
URusak uyayithanda i-steppe, ingatholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Ngisho naphakathi nesikhathi se-Quaternary, yahlala enyakatho. Ngakho-ke, namuhla kuhlala emaqeleni nasemathafeni asemaqeleni, ama-tundra kanye namahlathi ahlukanisayo aseYurophu.
Izindawo zayo eziyinhloko:
- IYurophu;
- Ngaphambili nase-Asia Minor;
- ENyakatho Afrika.
Enyakatho, unogwaja onsundu wazinza waya eFinland uqobo, wabamba iSweden, i-Ireland neScotland. Futhi eningizimu, indawo yayo yokuhlala yayingena eTurkey, e-Iran, enyakatho ne-Afrika naseKazakhstan. Izinsalela zomvundla zisatholakala enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea nase-Azerbaijan, ezindaweni zePleistocene deposits.
ENyakatho Melika, unogwaja wawuhlalwa ngokuqanjwa. Walethwa lapho ngo-1893, kwathi kamuva, ngo-1912, lapho unogwaja walethwa eCanada.
Kodwa-ke, namuhla isinde lapho kuphela esifundeni se-Great Lakes. Unogwaja wavela ngendlela efanayo eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. E-Australia, unogwaja waphenduka waba yisinambuzane nhlobo, ngakho-ke wajwayela lapho.
ERussia, unogwaja uhlala engxenyeni yezwe laseYurophu, kuze kufike eLake Onega naseNyakatho Dvina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu lisakazeka ePerm nase-Urals, bese esifundeni sasePavlodar eKazakhstan. Eningizimu, unogwaja uhlala eTranscaucasia, isifunda seCaspian, zonke izindawo kuze kufike eKaraganda. Ukuphela kwendawo lapho unogwaja waseYurophu ungazange ugxile khona yiBuryatia.
Ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia, unogwaja wabuye wakhiqizwa ngokungeyena:
- Izifunda zeFoothill ze-Altai;
- Isalairi;
- Kuznetsk Alatau;
- Isifunda se-Altai;
- Isifunda saseKrasnoyarsk;
- Isifunda saseNovosibirsk;
- Isifunda se-Irkutsk;
- Isifunda seChita;
- Isifunda saseKhabarovsk;
- UPrimorsky Krai.
Udlani unogwaja onsundu?
Isithombe: Hare hare
Unogwaja unezinhlobonhlobo zokudla okunomona. Lolu hlu olubanzi lubandakanya cishe izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-50. Ngenkathi efudumele, isilwane sisebenzisa ngenkuthalo okusanhlamvu: u-timothy, i-oats, amabele, i-wheatgrass. Ubuye athande imidumba: i-alfalfa, i-seradella, uphizi, i-clover, i-lupine. Izitshalo ezi-dainty zezinsalela nazo ziyi-euphorbia, ukhova, ama-dandelions, i-quinoa ne-buckwheat.
Ngokuqala kuka-Agasti, unogwaja uqala ukudla imbewu yezinhlamvu ikakhulukazi imidumba. Kulokhu, ama-hares, njengezinyoni, abamba iqhaza ekusakazekeni kwezitshalo, ngoba akuzona zonke izimbewu ezigaywayo bese zingena kabusha emvelweni.
Ezindaweni eziningi zezolimo, amahare abhekwa njengezilokazane nenhlekelele yangempela. Njengoba ngenkathi yasekwindla-ebusika badla amagxolo namahlumela ezihlahla: i-apula, ipheya, umnyezane, i-poplar ne-hazel. Abamele lolu hlobo bangonakalisa kakhulu ingadi ubusuku bonke.
Ngaphezu kwegxolo, unogwaja uyaqhubeka nokudla imbewu, izinsalela zotshani obufile ngisho nezitshalo zasengadini, abazimba ngaphansi kweqhwa. Imvamisa lezi zindawo ezibiwe zivakashelwa yiziqebengwana ezimpunga, zona ngokwazo ezingakwazi ukumba iqhwa ukuzitika ngezicucu.
Ukudla okumuncu kwamaHares kugaywe kahle, ngakho-ke bavame ukuzidlela indle yabo. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukuthola kangcono izakhamzimba. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuthile, ama-hares ancishwa leli thuba, umphumela kwaba ukwehla okukhulu kwesisindo, ukugula ngisho nokufa kwabantu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Unogwaja wezilwane
Unogwaja onsundu unamathela ezindaweni ezivulekile, noma ekhetha indawo yehlathi, ufuna ukuhlala endaweni evulekile noma endaweni yokugawula kabanzi. Ingatholakala ngokungajwayelekile emahlathini e-coniferous; ithanda amahlathi ahlabayo. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, izingulube zithanda umhlaba wezolimo wabantu, lapho kunemihosha emincane, amaphoyisa noma izihlahlana zezihlahla.
Imvubu ihlangana kaningi emathafeni ezikhukhula zemifula nasezindaweni zezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Uma i-steppe-steppe, lapho kuhlala khona unogwaja, isezintabeni, ehlobo ingakhuphukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-2000. Futhi ebusika yehla isuka lapho, isondele ezindaweni zokuhlala. Izinsalela ezihlala ezintabeni zehlela emathafeni ebusika, kuthi entwasahlobo ziphokophele emuva ezinkangala.
Njengomthetho, hares zihlala zihlala phansi. Uma kunokudla okwanele endaweni, bangahlala ngaphakathi kwamahektha angama-40-50 iminyaka eminingi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-hares ahamba amashumi amakhilomitha nsuku zonke ukusuka endaweni elele ukuya endaweni yokondla nasemuva. Ukufuduka kukanogwaja kuncike nasenkathini, isibonelo, ezifundeni eziseningizimu zihamba nesiqalo sokuhlwanyela.
Izinsalela zithanda ukuba sebusuku, emini zisebenza kuphela ngesikhathi se-rut. Uma izimo zingahambi kahle, unogwaja kungenzeka angashiyi indawo yakhe yokuhlala - elele. Esikhathini esiningi lokhu kungumgodi ojwayelekile ombiwe phansi, endaweni ethile ngaphansi kwesihlahla noma ofihlwe ngemuva kwesihlahla esiwile.
Kepha kaningi kakhulukazi unogwaja uhlala nje ezihlahleni, ucashe emngceleni noma emseleni ojulile. Singasebenzisa ngokuphephile imingxuma engenalutho yezinye izilwane: izimpungushe noma izimbila. Kepha ama-hares awavamile ukumba izimbobo zawo, okwesikhashana kuphela, uma kukhona ukushisa okunamandla. Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuqamba amanga ngqo kuya ngesizini. Ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izilwane zikhetha izindawo ezifudumele kakhulu.
Esimweni sezulu esimanzi, ama-hares abheka amagquma, futhi esimweni sezulu esomile, kunalokho, izindawo eziphansi. Ebusika, zazilala eqhweni, endaweni evikelekile emoyeni. Uma iqhwa lijule kakhulu, bamba izimbobo kulo kuze kufike ku-2 m ubude. Izindawo eziyizintandokazi zokubekwa konogwaja yizitishi zotshani ezingaphandle kwedolobhana.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Unogwaja waseYurophu emaqeleni
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabesifazane nabesilisa kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, imvamisa entwasahlobo. Lolu hlobo luyanda ngokushesha. Ukuqala kwesikhathi se-rutting kanye nenani lama-broods ngonyaka kuya ngezimo zezulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isikhathi sokumatanisa siqala ngoJanuwari.
Amathrekhi okushayela abonakala kakhulu eqhweni. Le yimikhondo yomchamo owolintshi wabesifazane neqhwa eliqhumile elinyathelwa ngabesilisa abathukuthele empikiswaneni yobulili besifazane. Amadoda ama-2-3 alandela owesifazane ngamunye. Bahlela izimpi ezinzima kakhulu, ezihambisana nokumemeza kwabo.
Impi iphela ngesikhathi lapho owesifazane ethatha isikhundla sokukhwelana. Indoda enamandla kunayo yonke iyamboza, kuyilapho abanye ngalesi sikhathi begxumela phezu kwalezi zithandani, bezama ukuwisa owesilisa phansi ngezidladla zabo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kuphela abanekhono futhi abanamandla kunabo bonke abakwaziyo ukulandela umkhaya womvundla. Umkhuba olandelayo uqala ngo-Ephreli, ulandelwe owesithathu maphakathi noJulayi.
Onogwaja bokuqala bazovela ngo-Ephreli, ezinsukwini ezingama-45-48 ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Ngokuvamile kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-9 kuzalwa izingane. Zizalwa sezibona, zinezindlebe futhi zimbozwe ngoboya. Unogwaja ngamunye unesisindo esingaba ngu-100 g. Ubuningi nekhwalithi kadoti uhlobene ngqo nezimo zezulu. Uma unyaka ufudumele futhi wanelisa ngokwengeziwe, amanani amakhulu ayanda futhi amanani abo ayanda.
Emavikini amabili okuqala, izingane zondla ubisi kuphela, kepha lapho isisindo sazo sikhula amahlandla ama-4, unogwaja uqala ukubadonsela utshani. Insikazi ayisuki kude nenzalo, ilungele uma kwenzeka ingozi ivikela umndeni wayo. Umndeni uhlala ndawonye kuze kube onogwaja banezinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Umama ube esebashiya ukuze banakekele amaphuphu alandelayo.
Kungaba namazinyane ama-3 noma ama-4 esewonke ngonyaka. Lapho indawo eseningizimu iba ningi kakhulu, aba maningi amathuba okuba izala lesine. Unogwaja unokuzala okuzondekayo. Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke izingane, 1-2 zisinda ngonyaka. Ukufa kwabo ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi, izifo, imisebenzi yabantu kanye nezilwane ezidla kakhulu kuphakeme kakhulu.
Ngokwesilinganiso, izimbila ezinsundu aziphili iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-8, ezimweni ezingavamile zingaphila iminyaka eyi-10-12. Zinezitha eziningi ezingaba khona. Njengomthetho, bangabantu abanesizungu futhi balwela ukuba nenkampani kuphela phakathi nenkathi.
Izitha zemvelo zikanogwaja
Isithombe: Unogwaja omkhulu
Izitha zemvelo zikanogwaja zinomthelela omkhulu kubantu bayo. Isikhathi esingangonyaka, izilwane ezidla ezinye ziyakwazi ukubhubhisa kuze kufike ku-12% wenani eliphelele le-hares. Lesi sibalo sincike ngqo enanini lezilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlala endaweni ethile, kanye nasekutholakaleni kokunye ukudla kanye nenani lamahares ngokwawo.
Izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu zezingulube:
- Izimpungushe;
- izimpisi;
- i-lynx;
- izinja;
- amakati;
- Izilwane ezinamaphiko: izinkozi, izikhova zokhozi, oklebe.
Konke okusele kuma-hares ukufihla, ukugijima okusheshayo nokuthwebula. Umbala onsundu ngokumpunga usiza unogwaja ukuthi angafihli nje kuphela phakathi kwamagatsha nezihlahla eziwile, kodwa futhi naphakathi kwamathafa aneqhwa. Indoda enobuqili ingazenza isiqu somuthi noma isigaxa esimbozwe yiqhwa. Kokubili isivinini kanye nokukwazi ukubhukuda konga hares - emzabalazweni wokuphila, unogwaja uyakwazi ukubhukuda uwele umfula.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Unogwaja wezilwane
Isibalo sikanogwaja eminyakeni ejwayelekile singabantu abayizigidi eziningana. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezahlukahlukene, kungashintsha, isibonelo, lapho kungekho khona ukudla. Kodwa-ke, hhayi kakhulu njengezinye izinhlobo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kushintshashintsha ezindaweni eziseningizimu kubukhali kunakwasenyakatho.
Unogwaja onsundu uyinto ethandwayo yokuzingela, njengoba kuyisilwane somdlalo obalulekile. Kumbezelwa inyama edliwayo nezikhumba ezithambile, ezi-fluffy, ezisetshenziselwa amajazi oboya nezigqoko. Ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo yoboya, intambo nokuzizwa kwenziwa ngoboya bukanogwaja.
Emazweni amaningi unogwaja ubhekwa njengesinambuzane. Umuntu oyedwa ngobusuku ngabunye angadla amagxolo ezihlahleni eziyi-10-12. Futhi sithwala izifo, noma, ngokungafani nonogwaja omhlophe, awutheleleki kangako ngezikelemu nemikhuhlane. Kodwa-ke, unogwaja uphethe i-toxoplasmosis nezinye izifo: i-brucellosis, i-pasteurellosis ne-tularemia.
Ngaphandle kokulahleka okukhulu kwamahares angaphansi kweminyaka engu-5 yezilwane ezidliwayo, izifo kanye nesithwathwa esibi, inani lamahares likhulu ngendlela emangalisayo. Zimila kalula ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Izinhlobo azithathwa njengezisengozini noma ezisengozini.
Unogwaja udlala indima ebalulekile emhlabeni nasemasikweni aseRussia. Isithombe sakhe ezinganekwaneni sihlotshaniswa nokufa, bese kuba nokuzala nenhlalakahle yomndeni. Unogwaja uvezwa njengoyigwala futhi obuthakathaka. Futhi empilweni angalimaza amanxeba acwilile ngisho nakumhlaseli omkhulu! Kwamanye amazwe, kuye kwakhiwa izikhumbuzo zalesi silwane, futhi eBelarus uphiko lwemali luthiwa ngaye. Ukuze Umvundla - isilo siyindida ngokusobala, kepha sithandwa ngokungaqondakali ngabantu abaningi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 16.02.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/16/2019 ngo-0: 30
