I-Reindeer inezici ezihlukile phakathi kohlobo lwayo. Lezi yizinhlobo zezinyamazane "ezincane kunazo zonke" futhi ziqinile kakhulu, njengoba kwakudingeka ziphile ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwemvelo yasendle, ungathola futhi nabantu abafuyiwe. Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zezilwane ezincelisayo, zihlala kuphi, zihlala kanjani?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Reindeer
I-Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) yehluke kakhulu kozakwabo ngisho nangokubukeka. Into yokuqala eheha ukunaka ukuma okukhethekile kophondo, okungabesilisa nabesifazane. Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi i-reindeer ekuqaleni yayivela eNyakatho Melika, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubufakazi bokuhlala kwabo ekuqaleni batholakala enyakatho yeYurophu.
I-Reindeer evela emndenini wezinyamazane ingeyesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nokuhleleka kwama-artiodactyls. Iningi labantu litholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Isisindo somzimba sesilwane sihluka kusuka ku-70 kuye ku-200 kg ngobukhulu obusuka ku-165 kuye ku-210 cm. Ezeduna zale nhlobo zikhulu kakhulu kunezesifazane. Abantu basekhaya bahlala ngokwesilinganiso kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15, endle, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zokuphila, leli nani liphakeme.
Ukusondelana kwesilwane kumuntu kushiya umbhalo hhayi kuphela ku-phenotype, kodwa futhi nasemikhubeni nasekuziphatheni kwezinyamazane. Esinye sezibonelo ezigqamayo indlela yengozi, ngokwemvelo, izilwane ziyahlakazeka, futhi ezifuywayo, kunalokho, ziphambukela emhlambini.
Umzimba we-reindeer ubonakala ngomusa okhethekile. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kudonswa kusayizi omncane wekhanda kanye nokuma kancane kwesifonyo, lapho amehlo amahle egqame khona. Izimpondo zinejika eliyingqayizivele lomusa. Izilwane zibekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi kahle ngenxa yensimbi eminyene, engavumeli ukuthi umoya obandayo udlule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal reindeer
I-reindeer ibonwa ngomzimba ohlangene osayizi ophakathi. Intamo iyindilinga futhi ngokubukeka kwayo ibonakala inkulu kakhulu futhi ijiyile ngenxa yesembozo sezinwele esijiyile, ubude baso obufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-6. Imilenze ubude bayo obuphakathi, kepha ngokubukeka kubonakala kufushane. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, isigaxa somlomo sesilwane sehliselwa phansi, okwenza ukubukeka kwalo kubukeke kuzacile kancane kunezinye izinhlobo zezinyamazane, futhi ukunyakaza akunamusa kangako.
Inhloko yenyamazane ivulekile, kodwa ngobukhulu obufanele, ibheke ekhaleni, nayo embozwe ngoboya obukhulu obukhulu futhi ibukeka bukhulu. Izindlebe ziyindilinga futhi zincane, zingabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-18. Amehlo amise okwama-alimondi. Ubude bomsila bufinyelela ku-21 cm. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu abafuywayo bancane futhi balula ukwedlula ozakwabo basendle.
Lolu hlobo lwehlukile ngokuthi, kanye nabesilisa, abesifazane banezimpondo. Zinkulu ngosayizi, zine-arched bend. Ububanzi bazo bufinyelela ku-120 cm kwabesilisa.Izimpondo zihlala zibushelelezi, zinombala omhlophe, futhi onsundu ngokukhanyayo nawo ayatholakala. I-reindeer, ngokungafani nezinye, inezimpondo ezinkulu, kepha isisindo sayo esikhulu ngu-12 kg.
Izinhlobo zasekhaya zizishaya izimpondo ngosayizi omangalisa ngokwengeziwe. Isimo sezimpondo asiphindiwe, azikho izinyamazane ezimbili ezinezimpondo ezifanayo, ziyehluka ngenani lezinqubo, ukugoba, ukujiya nosayizi, ngisho nenyamazane eyodwa ayinakho ukulingana okuphelele ezimpondweni ezimbili. Abesifazane banezimpondo ezilula kunezeduna.
Kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuDisemba, izinyamazane ezindala zichitha izimpondo zazo, kanti kuzona ezincane le nqubo yenzeka kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi. Abesifazane bachitha izimpondo zabo kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni, ngemuva kokuphela kokuzala, ezintsha ziqala ukukhula ngokushesha, kanti emadodeni kuphela ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine.
Uboya bezinwele obude futhi obuminyene bugcina amakhaza ngaphandle futhi buvumela inyamazane ukuba ibukhuthazelele kalula ubusika. Izinwele ezisemzimbeni, yize ziminyene, zigcwele umoya, ziqhekekile impela. Emilenzeni, kunalokho, ziyehluka ngokukhuthazela nobude obufushane. Ngenxa yokuthi izinwele ezinde ezibiyela izinselo, indawo yokuxhasa isilwane iyanda, ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukushelela.
Ehlobo, indawo yezinwele ithathelwa indawo ethambile futhi emfushane. Izinwele zigcwala umoya kancane kanti umhlwenga awubukeki ukhazimula kangako. Umbala wehlobo unombala onsundu onombala onombala onombala omnyama, onombala we-ashy, greyish noma ikhofi. Akukho mehluko okhethekile ngombala phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa. Izinwele ziguqulwa kanye ngonyaka, isb. molting kwenzeka.
Le nqubo ihlala isikhathi eside impela, iqala ngo-Ephreli futhi iphele ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Izinwele zengubo endala yangaphansi ziyachitheka kuqala, bese kuba i-awn. Okokuqala, ikhanda liyancibilika, kancane kancane i-molt idlulela emuva bese iphelela esiswini.
Ihlala kuphi i-reindeer?
Isithombe: Reindeer ku-tundra
Ama-reindeer akhethe izindawo ezinkulu. Namuhla bahlala eNorway, endaweni yaseKola Peninsula, ehlathini elisuka eKarelia kuya ogwini lwase-Okhotsk. Cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-700 bahlala endle endaweni ye-tundra.
Ukuhlushwa okukhulu kwezinyamazane kutholakala enhlonhlweni yaseTaimyr - cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-450. Izinyamazane ziqala ukuzulazula lapha ekupheleni kwehlobo, zibhukuda ziye ehlathini-i-tundra, kuthi ekuqaleni kwehlobo ziphinde zibuyele e-tundra futhi. I-Reindeer nayo iyatholakala eTransbaikalia nase-Altai.
Ngokuyinhloko, ama-reindeer akhetha isimo sezulu salezi zifunda ezilandelayo:
- ESiberia;
- I-America esenyakatho;
- ENyakatho Yurophu.
Ehlobo bahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini lwe-Arctic. Kulapha lapho beqa khona ekushiseni nasezinsungwini ezicasulayo, ezisebenza kakhulu ehlobo. Ngokusondela kobusika nesimo sezulu esibandayo, izinyamazane zihambela emahlathini. Bakhetha izindawo lapho kungekho iqhwa eliningi khona kanye nezikhubekiso eziphakeme zeqhwa eziphazamisa ukukhishwa kokudla.
Ukufeza izimo ezidingekayo, izilwane zivame ukuhamba amabanga amade okudlula ama-500 km; kufanele zinqobe zonke izinhlobo zezithiyo. Lapho isimo sezulu esibandayo ekugcineni sihlehla, cishe ngoMeyi, ama-reindeer athuthela e-tundra futhi. Ukubuyela, basebenzisa indlela abafike ngayo.
Esikhathini esiningi, izinyamazane zihlala emhlambini, noma kunjalo, kunabantu abazodwa abazihlukanisa nabanye. Inani labantu emhlambini lilokhu lishintsha njalo. Imvamisa umhlambi uba nomholi oyedwa wesilisa nabesifazane abanamantshontsho. Owesilisa unesibopho sokuvikela umhlambi wakhe nensimu yakhe.
Yini edla i-reindeer?
Isithombe: I-Reindeer e-tundra ebusika
Ukuze bazitholele ukudla, izinyamazane kufanele zizame kanzima. Banikezwe indawo abahlala kuyo, kufanele babheke ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa cishe unyaka wonke. Ekufuneni ukudla, izinyamazane zimba izingqimba ezijiyile zeqhwa ezifika ku-150 cm, noma kunjalo, ezimweni ezinzima, izilwane azikwazi njalo ukumba ama-30 cm uma iqhwa limbozwe yiqhwa. Iningi leqhwa limbiwa ngabesilisa, futhi abesifazane badla kusuka emigodini.
Imithombo yokudla eyinhloko yezinyamazane yilena:
- ubulembu. Ukudla kucace bha. UYagel uphucwa amaprotheni, futhi iphesenti lamaprotheni akhona kunzima ukuthi inyamazane igaye. Banokuqukethwe okusawoti okuncane, futhi usawoti we-silicon awazifanele izinyamazane. Futhi aqukethe cishe awekho amavithamini. Zisebenza njengokudla okusheshayo - azisizi, kepha zinikeza umuzwa osheshayo wokusutha. Ukugcwalisa ukunikezwa okudingekayo kwamavithamini, izilwane zidinga ukudla okuhlukahlukene;
- imidumba. Izinyamazane zikhetha lokhu kudla ngesikhathi sasehlobo;
- izinkundla. Isebenza njengokuphakelwa kwezinyamazane. Ehlobo, ama-forbs ahlala ku-20% wokudla kwezinyamazane. Lapho inkathi idlula futhi utshani bubunile, izinyamazane zilahlekelwa intshisekelo kulolu hlobo lokudla;
- okusanhlamvu. Kwakha isisekelo sokudla ngesikhathi sehlobo;
- amakhowe. Izinyamazane zidla amakhowe ngenjabulo, lolu uhlobo lwesibiliboco kuzo. Kusukela ngo-Agasti kuze kube yiqhwa lokuqala, izinyamazane zifuna ngenkuthalo amakhowe futhi zingahamba amabanga amade zifuna;
- izihlahlana. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezinyamazana ehlobo;
- kwehlukile. Ukuthola izinto ezidingekayo, ikakhulukazi usawoti, izinyamazane zidla amaqanda ezinyoni, ungadeleli inhlabathi enosawoti noma izinhlanzi zasolwandle.
Ukucima ukoma kwabo ebusika, izinyamazane zidla iqhwa. Amaqhwa amakhulu angenalo iqhwa ayingozi ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni, khona-ke abantu abanandawo lapho bengathatha khona uketshezi, futhi izinqolobane zamafutha ezinyamazane zincibilika ngokushesha ziphele emzimbeni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Reindeer ebusika
Isici esiyinhloko se-reindeer ukuhlala komhlambi. Babuthana emihlambini yezinombolo ezahlukahlukene kusuka emashumini ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni. AmaLoner ayivelakancane, kepha lokhu okwehlukile kunokulawula. Ngeshwa, kunzima kakhulu ukuthi amayunithi anjalo aphile ezimweni ezinzima.
Ukuphila komhlambi kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba ama-reindeer afuduke ayofuna ukudla. Umhlambi kulula kakhulu ukuvikela noma ukulwa nezitha. Umholi wesilisa ubhekele ukuvikela indawo kanye nabantu emhlambini. Inyamazane eyodwa ezimweni ezinjalo inethuba elincane kakhulu lomphumela ojabulisayo.
Lezi yizilwane eziyimizulane. Abahlali endaweni eyodwa unyaka wonke. Ehlobo, bathuthela ezindaweni ezipholile, futhi lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, lapho kulula khona ukuthola ukudla. Lapho ukuphela kwekwindla, ama-reindeer asuka emathafeni aye eningizimu, ngoba kulula kakhulu ukuthola ukudla lapho, isimo sezulu esibi kakhudlwana.
Ekufuneni indawo nokudla, imihlambi inqoba izithiyo ezinkulu namabanga amakhulu. Zibhukuda ziwele imifula, zikhuphuke ziye phezulu. Ngokuphela kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, baphinde bathuthele e-tundra ngendlela efanayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-reindeer yasendle
Kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngezinyamazane, esihlala kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba. Isikhathi sokumatanisa sibonakala ngezinga elikhulile lokuhlukumezeka kwabesilisa; izimpi zingavela phakathi kwabaqhudelana, lapho kunqunywa okuqine kakhulu. Ngumnqobi othola ithuba lokukhwelana nabesifazane abangaphezu kweshumi phakathi naso sonke isikhathi se-rutting.
Kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ukuba inyamazane yezinsikazi izale ngokuphelele, ngokulandelana, amathole asanda kuzalwa avela ngokuqala kwehlobo. Ngenkonyane eyodwa, insikazi iletha ithole elilodwa, kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi kuvele izinzalo ezimbili.
Masinyane ngemuva kokuzalwa, inyamazane ibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi incane, ayinesisindo esingeqile ku-6 kg. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa nje, izimpondo zokuqala ezincane ziyaqala ukuvela. Ngokushesha okukhulu, ingane ithola amandla futhi iyakhula. Unesikhathi esincane nje sokuqina, ngoba emva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa inyamazane iqala inqubo yokufuduka, okusho ukuthi inyamazane encane kuzodingeka inqobe amabanga amade nezithiyo. Abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi baqapha umhlambi ngenkuthalo futhi ngazo zonke izindlela bangavikela ezingozini.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili izelwe, imvukazi ifinyelela ebusheni, kuze kube yileso sikhathi ihlala isondele kunina. Endle, ama-reindeer aphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyamazane
Isithombe: I-reindeer yesifazane
Ingozi enkulu yezinyamazane emvelweni imelwe yizilwane ezizingelayo. Ngokuya ngendawo kanye nenani lomhlambi wezinyamazane, ingozi nomonakalo odalwe yizilwane ziyahlukahluka futhi kuba nomphumela ohlukile kubantu. Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta izinga lomonakalo ukungabi khona kokunye ukudla, izici zemvelo, inani lezinyamazane nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Ingozi enkulu yezinyamazane impisi. Ku-tundra nasehlathini-ehlathini, izinyamazane eziningi ziyafa ngokuhlaselwa kwezimpisi. E-taiga, izimpisi aziyibeki ingozi enjalo ngenxa yobuncane bezilwane ezizingelayo kulezo zingxenye. Uma zingekho izimpisi eziningi, azibangeli monakalo omkhulu emhlambini wezinyamazane, kodwa kunalokho zenza umsebenzi wokukhetha - kufa abantu abagulayo nababuthakathaka kuphela. Abantu abaphilile futhi abanamandla bayizisulu ezinzima zempisi ebusika. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuqoqwa kwezimpisi kukhulu, izinyamazane zilahlekelwa kakhulu, ngisho neziphilile futhi ezinamandla ziyafa.
Ibhere elinsundu nalo liyingozi. Ngaphandle kokuthi akajwayele ukuzingela inyamazane, uma enethuba lokuthola inyamazane, ngeke ayiphuthe eyakhe. Isisulu esilula sebhere inyamazane ogwini lwedamu. Ibhere lizingela kakhulu abantu abadala. Imvamisa amabhere ahlasela izinyamazane ezifuywayo futhi akhetha izinyamazane ezincane.
Abantu futhi badala ukulinyazwa okukhulu kwezinyamazane. Yize iqiniso lokuthi izinyamazane zokuzingela zenqatshelwe futhi kwezinye izindawo lezi zilwane ziyavikelwa, abazingeli abazingeli abemiswa ngokuvinjelwa. Izinyamazane zibalulekile kubantu ngezimpondo zazo, izikhumba, nenyama. Ngaphezu kokuzingela, ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi kanye nezinguquko endaweni engokwemvelo yezilwane nakho kuthinta kabi.
Esikhathini esidlule, i-reindeer yayihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kepha namuhla isinda kuphela ezindaweni lapho kungelula ukufinyelela khona.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Reindeer
Inani reindeer lehla njalo ngonyaka. Yini ethinta inani labantu? Lokhu kungukufa endaweni yemvelo njengomphumela wokuhlaselwa yisidlakela nezenzo zabantu: imisebenzi yezomnotho, ukuzingela nokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Namuhla isimo sezinhlobo silungiswe ezingeni elizinzile, inani lezinyamazane lingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 zabantu. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo, izinhlobo ezithile zama-reindeer zivikelwe ngezinqolobane kanye neRed Book.
Kulezo zifunda lapho kungenzeka khona ukuqothulwa kohlobo, izinyamazane zigcinwa zisesimweni esihle sezinqolobane. Imicimbi enjalo inomphumela omuhle ebantwini. Namuhla, yize inyamazane yezinambuzane ingekho emaphethelweni okuqothulwa, inani lezi zilwane lincipha ngokushesha.
Kunobungozi bokuthi ngezimo ezifanayo nangezenzo zabantu, lolu hlobo kuzofanele lufakwe eNcwadini Ebomvu futhi lubuyiselwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, inani lezinyamazane eCanada naseRussia lehle ngo-40%. Yizenzo zabantu ezithinta kakhulu indle.
I-Reindeer isilwane esiyingqayizivele. Ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuya ngokuya kube nzima ngabo ukujwayela futhi baphile, kepha bayakwazi ukubekezela futhi bazokwazi ukunqoba lezi zithiyo. Kodwa-ke, umuntu, ngezenzo zakhe, unomthelela omubi ezilwaneni zasendle, ukuze kulondolozwe laba bantu abayimizulane nokuvimba ukwehla kwenani labo, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 29.01.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/16/2019 ngo-22: 20
