Imvubu - izilwane ezincelisayo isilwane esiku-oda lamagundane avela emndenini wesikwele. Abamele lezi zinhlobo banesisindo esingamakhilogremu ambalwa futhi bahlala endaweni evulekile. Ama-herbivores akhethekile omphakathi, asongwe ngoboya obufudumele futhi acashe emigodini kusuka emaqeleni ashubile kuya ezintabeni ezibandayo. Kunezigaba eziningi zalezi zilwane ezinhle, okuzoxoxwa ngazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Ukunquma umsuka wezimbila kwakungumsebenzi onzima kososayensi, kepha bakwazile ukuxazulula le mpicabadala ngokuhlaziya imininingwane ngezilwane zasendulo kanye nemishini yanamuhla.
Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo zezimbila ezivamile ezilandelayo:
- Iqembu le-bobak: grey, iMongolia, elihlala emathafeni nasehlathini;
- Izinwele ezimhlophe;
- Okumnyama okumnyama;
- Amabhande aphuzi;
- IsiTibetan;
- Ama-subspecies e-Alpine: abhekene nobubanzi futhi aqokiwe;
- ITalas (imbila kaMenzbir);
- I-Woodchuck - inezinhlayiyana eziyi-9;
- Olimpiki (Olimpiki).
Lezi zinhlobo zingezokuhleleka kwamagundane, okungaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili, ezihlanganisa yonke insimu yomhlaba, ngaphandle kweziqhingi ezithile kanye ne-Antarctica. Izinduku kukholakala ukuthi zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60-70 edlule, kepha abanye bathi zivela eCretaceous.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule, ukhokho wasendulo wezimbila wazalwa ekuqaleni kwe-Oligocene, ngemuva kokuvela kokuvela nokuvela kwemindeni emisha. AmaMarmot kucatshangwa ukuthi ayizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu zezingwejeje, izinja zasemathafeni, nezingwejezi ezahlukahlukene ezindizayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, babenesakhiwo sokuqala samazinyo nezitho, kepha ukuphelela kokwakhiwa kwendlebe ephakathi kukhuluma ngokubaluleka kokuzwa, okusasinda kuze kube namuhla.
Ukubukeka nezici
I-steppe marmot noma i-bobak eqenjini le-bobak cishe yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini we-squirrel, ngoba ubude bayo bungamasentimitha angama-55-75, futhi isisindo sabesilisa sifinyelela ku-10 kg. Inekhanda elikhulu entanyeni emfushane, umzimba omkhulu. Izidladla ziqine ngendlela emangalisayo, lapho kunzima khona ukungaziboni izipho ezinkulu. Isici esikhethekile umsila omfishane kakhulu nombala ophuzi onesihlabathi, okhula ube nsundu ngombala ngemuva nasemsileni.
Ummeleli olandelayo weqembu le- "baibach" yi-grey marmot, yona, ngokungafani ne-steppe marmot, inesiqu esiphansi nomsila omfushane, yize kunzima ukuhlukanisa nayo. Kepha kusenokwenzeka, ngoba impunga inezinwele ezithambile nezinde, futhi ikhanda limnyama.
Ilungu lesithathu laleli qembu yimbila yaseMongolia noma yaseSiberia. Ihlukile ezihlotsheni zayo ngobude obufushane kakhulu bomzimba, okuyisilinganiselo samasentimitha angama-56 nohhafu. Ijazi langemuva limnyama ngezindilinga ezinombala onsundu onsundu. Isisu simnyama noma nsundu ngokumnyama, njengasemuva.
Ummeleli wokugcina weqembu le-bobak yi-marmot ye-step-steppe. Ichazwa njengegundane elikhulu impela elingamasentimitha angamashumi ayisithupha ubude nomsila ongamasentimitha ayi-12-13.Umhlane uphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi unokungcola okumnyama. Kunoboya obuningi eduze kwamehlo nezihlathi, okuvikela amehlo othulini nezinhlayiya ezincane ezithwalwa umoya.
Imvukuzane enezimpunga ayibizwa nhlobo ngenxa yokuthambekela kokulahlekelwa umbala wejazi lapho seliseduze nokuguga, kodwa ngenxa yombala ompunga ongemuva elingaphezulu. Yinde impela, ngoba ifinyelela ku-80 cm ngomsila omkhulu ka-18-24 cm. Isisindo sihlala sishintsha: kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-10 kg, ngenxa yokulala isikhathi eside. Abesifazane nabesilisa bayafana kakhulu ngokubukeka, kepha bayahluka ngosayizi.
I-woodchuck evela eNyakatho Melika incane impela, ngoba ubude bayo busuka kumasentimitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-60-odd, futhi inesisindo esingu-3-5 kg. Abesilisa, kanye naphakathi kwezimbila ezimhlophe ezimpunga, ziyefana nezinsikazi, kepha zikhulu ngosayizi. Izidladla zifana nezimbila zithutha: zifushane, ziqinile, zenzelwe ukumba. Umsila uyacwebezela futhi uyisicaba, u-11-15 cm.Uboya buqundile, bunengubo yangaphansi yokufudumala enombala obomvu.
Zihlalaphi izimbila?
I-steppe marmot, noma i-bobak, yayihlala endulo emaqeleni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isemahlathini, ukusuka eHungary kuya e-Irtysh, ngenkathi idlula eCrimea naseCiscaucasia. Kepha ngenxa yokulima komhlaba wezintombi, indawo yokuhlala yehle kakhulu. Abantu abaningi basindile ezifundeni zaseLugansk, eKharkov, eZaporozhye naseSumy e-Ukraine, esifundeni sase-Middle Volga, e-Urals, esigodini saseDon nakwezinye izindawo eKazakhstan.
Imbila empunga, ngokungafani nesihlobo sayo esiseduze, ikhetha izindawo ezinamadwala amaningi, eduze kwezimfunda nezigodi zemifula. Ngemuva kwalokho, wazinza eKyrgyzstan, eChina, eRussia, eMongolia naseKazakhstan. Imbila yaseMongolia iphila ngokuvumelana negama layo futhi ihlanganisa cishe yonke indawo yaseMongolia. Futhi, indawo yokuhlala ifinyelela eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuba khona kwayo engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yezwe leLanga. Ensimini yaseRussia itholakala eTuva, Sayan naseTransbaikalia.
Imvukuzane e-hoary ihlala ezwenikazi elingumakhelwane laseNyakatho Melika, imvamisa iCanada neNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States. Uthanda izintaba, kepha eNyakatho ye-Alaska yehlela eduze nolwandle. Ihlala emadlelweni asezintabeni, ikakhulukazi engamboziwe ngehlathi, kepha enezindawo ezinamadwala.
I-woodchuck isizinze kancane entshonalanga, kepha ithanda amathafa namaphethelo ehlathi. Imbila evame kakhulu e-United States: izifundazwe ezisenyakatho, empumalanga nasenkabeni zingaphansi kwegunya lazo. Futhi, abanye abameleli bezinhlobo bakhuphukele enkabeni ye-Alaska kanye naseNingizimu ye-Hudson Bay. Ezinye izilwane sezizinze enhlonhlweni yaseLabrador.
Izimbila zithutha umhlaba ongaphansi kakhulu kunezinye. Basinde esifundeni i-Altai Territory, Novosibirsk naseKemerovo. Bathanda ukumba imigodi abahlala kuyo, eduze nemithambeka emikhulu, imifudlana, futhi kwesinye isikhathi imifula emikhulu. Kuheha izindawo ezitshalwe ngama-birches nama-aspen, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zotshani.
Zidlani izimbila?
Ama-Baibaks, njengazo zonke izimbila, adla izitshalo. Phakathi kwabo, bakhetha ama-oats, atholakala emathafeni, hhayi emikhakheni yabantu, engazenzi izinambuzane. Ezinye izitshalo nazo azivamile ukuthintwa. Kwesinye isikhathi bazitika nge-clover noma nge-bindweed. Konke kuncike kwisizini. Entwasahlobo, lapho ukudla kuyindlala, badla izimpande zezitshalo noma ama-bulb. Ekuthunjweni, badla inyama, ngisho nezihlobo.
Izimbila ezimnyama nazo ziyizitshalo, kepha ekuthunjweni azidlanga nyama yezilwane, ikakhulukazi abameleli bohlobo olufanayo. Kusukela ekudleni kwezitshalo, amahlumela amancane akhethwa. Kwesinye isikhathi awawanaki amahlamvu, ngisho nezihlahla. Ezinye izinhlobo zothando zithanda izimbali ezingalethwa kwabobulili obuhlukile, njengabantu, kepha njengokudla.
Ukudla kwezinkuni kuhluka kakhulu, ngoba bakhuphuka ezihlahleni futhi babhukuda bewela imifula befuna ukudla. Ngokuyinhloko, badla amaqabunga we-plantain nama-dandelion. Kwesinye isikhathi bazingela iminenke, amabhungane nezintethe. Ngentwasahlobo, lapho kunokudla okuncane, bagibela ezihlahleni zama-apula, amapentshisi, ama-mulberry bese bedla amahlumela amancane namagxolo. Ezingadini zemifino, uphizi noma ubhontshisi kungabanjwa. Amanzi atholakala ezitshalweni noma ngokuqoqa amazolo asekuseni. Ababeki lutho ebusika.
Ngezindlela eziningi, ukudliwa kwezimbila kuyafana, okunye ukudla okutholakala ezifundeni ezithile kuhlukile. Abanye bangahlasela izingadi zabantu zemifino, kanti abanye badla inyama evela emihlanganweni yokuzalwa. Kepha okubahlanganisayo ukuthi isisekelo sokudla izitshalo, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga, izimpande, nezimbali.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Baibaks, ngemuva kokuphuma ebusika, akhuluphale bese eqala ukulungisa imingxunya yawo. Umsebenzi uqala ngokushesha ekuphumeni kwelanga futhi uphela kuphela ekushoneni kwelanga. Izilwane zinobudlelwano nabantu: zibeka onogada ngenkathi ezinye zondla. Uma kunengozi, bazisa abanye ngosongo oluzayo, bese wonke umuntu ecasha. Izidalwa ezinokuthula impela ezingavamile ukulwa.
Izimbila ezingama-grizzly nazo ziyizidalwa zansuku zonke ezondla, njengoba wazi, ezitshalweni. Amakholoni abo makhulu kakhulu futhi imvamisa adlula abantu abangama-30. Ngakho-ke, wonke lo mhlambi uhlala emahektheleni omhlaba ayi-13 kuya kuma-14 futhi unomholi: i-marmot yesilisa esekhulile, abesifazane abangama-2-3 nenani elikhulu lezimbila ezincane ezineminyaka emibili. Ama-Burrows alula kunalawo ama-bobaks futhi aqukethe imbobo eyodwa 1-2 wamamitha ukujula. Kodwa inani labo lidlula ikhulu.
Ama-Woodchucks aqaphele kakhulu futhi awavamile ukusuka kude nemigodi yawo. Izindawo zokuhlala zasehlobo zihlelwe ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe kahle. Imigodi yasebusika ifihliwe emahlathini emagqumeni. Ngokungafani nezimbila ezimpunga, amahlathi akha isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi semigodi, kwesinye isikhathi enezimbobo ezingaphezu kweziyishumi no-300 kg womhlabathi olahliwe. Hola ngokuhlala phansi, ungafuni ukuhlala nabantu.
Indlela yokuphila incike kakhulu endaweni lapho izimbila zihlala khona kunokudla ezikudlayo. Abanye bahlala nabesifazane ngokuhlukana, futhi abanye baphambukela emabuthweni wonke abantu abangama-35. Abanye bamba imigoqo engeyona inkimbinkimbi, kanti abanye bahlela izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, banake izindawo zokuphuma eziphuthumayo nezindlu zangasese.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngamabobaks. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa singaphezu kwenyanga nje. Kuzalwa amawundlu angama-3-6. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zincane kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukuzivikela, ngakho abazali bazo bazinakekela ngokukhathazeka kakhulu ezigabeni zokuqala zokuphila. Abesifazane baqhuba abesilisa baye kweminye imigodi ngesikhathi sokudla. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, izimbungulu ezincane ziqala ukudla utshani.
Izinsikazi zezimbila ezinekhanda elimpunga zizala amawundlu amane kuye kwayisi-5 kamuva kune-bobak - lo mcimbi uwela ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ukukhulelwa nakho kuthatha cishe inyanga. Izingane zezimbila ezinombala ompunga zisekuqaleni futhi ngesonto lesithathu sezivele ziphumele ngaphandle, zinoboya futhi ziqala ukuzikhulula ekunceliseni ubisi.
Uma izinsikazi zezimbila ezinwele ezimpunga zivumela abesilisa ukuba babasize ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kuthi abesifazane bama-bobak baqhubele abesilisa kweminye imingcele, khona-ke izingodo ezikhulelwe zinolaka olukhulu futhi ngisho nabamele imihlambi yabo kufanele babaleke. Akumangalisi ukuthi abesilisa bavele bahambe ngemuva kokukhulelwa, noma kunalokho, baxoshwe.
Izimbila zasemahlathini zithembeke kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi zilala, zivumela ngisho nomakhelwane bazo emigodini yazo. Kwesinye isikhathi aziphazamisi izihlaseli ngendlela yama-badger noma ezinye izilwane. Izinsikazi zalezi zilwane ezinobungani zizala amawundlu angama-4-5, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziyi-9!
Izitha zemvelo zezimbila
Ama-marmot ngokwawo awayona ingozi kunoma ngubani, ezimweni ezingavamile izinambuzane noma iminenke kungenzeka ingabi nenhlanhla. Ngakho-ke, zizingelwa yizo zonke izidumbu ezingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo. Isimo esingenakulinganiswa sezimbila sicasulwa iqiniso lokuthi azinazo izici zomzimba: ijubane, amandla, ukuqhutshwa kwamandla, ubuthi, njll. Kepha imvamisa basindiswa ubuhlakani beqembu nokunakekelana.
Ama-Baibaks angafa emlonyeni wempisi noma impungushe, ekwazi ukugibela emgodini. Phezulu, ngesikhathi sokudla, noma ukufudumala elangeni, izinyoni ezidla ezinye zingahlasela: ukhozi, uklebe, ikhayithi. Futhi, izimbila ezisemaqeleni zivame ukuba yizisulu zama-corsacs, ama-badger nama-ferrets, okuyizigidi zeminyaka eyedlule ezaqala ngezimbila zokhokho oyedwa. Ama-Woodchuck nawo athinteka kuhlu lonke lwezilwane eziyingozi.
Abanye bangezwa kuwo wonke amagama aqanjiwe:
- amasofa;
- i-lynx;
- ama-martens;
- amaBhele;
- izinyoni;
- izinyoka ezinkulu.
Izilwane ezincane ezidla ezinye zingahlasela amawundlu emigodini. Yize ezindaweni eziningi zezolimo, zisongelwa kancane, ngoba abantu bayabhubhisa noma baxoshe izitha zabo. Kodwa-ke izinja eziphambukayo zengezwa esigabeni sezinsongo. Ngakho-ke, amathemba wezimbila zithutha. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yabantu yokuphahlaza, izilwane eziningi zizingela izilwane ezingenabungozi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo eziningi, njengezimbila ezinamahlathi asemahlathini, zingancipha kakhulu, futhi kungumsebenzi womuntu ukukuvimbela lokhu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
AmaMarmot ayizinhlobo eziningi ezisabalale kakhulu emhlabeni. Bahlala ezimeni ezahlukahlukene futhi bathuthukise amakhono ahlukene wokuxhumana nabantu, ukukhulisa inzalo, ukuthola ukudla futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvikeleka ezilwaneni eziyingozi ezilangazelela ukuzithumela ezweni elilandelayo. Konke lokhu kwaba nomthelela endaweni yokuhlala yabamele izinhlobo nezinombolo zazo.
Ama-Baibaks awazona izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, yize inani lawo kuma-40-50s wekhulu elidlule lehle kakhulu. Ngenxa yezenzo ezihlangene, kungenzeka ukumisa ukunyamalala kwalezi zilwane. Yize kwezinye izindawo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Uphawu lwesifunda saseLuhansk lufakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu yesifunda saseKharkiv e-Ukraine nasendaweni yase-Ulyanovsk eRussia ngo-2013.
Izimbila zaseMongolia nazo zimbalwa ngenani futhi zibhalwe kuRed Book laseRussia. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi sekusele cishe izigidi eziyishumi kuphela, okuyisibalo esincane kakhulu leso. Umsebenzi wokuvikela nokubuyisela esimweni maqondana nalezi zinhlobo unzima ngokuthi zingabathwali benhlupho.
Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho Melika: Izimbila ezimhlophe nezimpunga zandisa inani lazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bafunde ukuzivumelanisa nabantu kangcono kunezinye izimbila. Ukulima inhlabathi, okwaholela ekwehliseni ama-bobaks, kumane kwandise izinqolobane zefolishi. Futhi, ngezikhathi zendlala, zondla izitshalo ezikhulele ezingadini, ezingadini zemifino kanye nasemasimini.
Ezinye izimbila zidinga ukuvikelwa ngokucophelela ukuze zingazivumeli zinyamalale, ezinye zimane zingaphazamisi, futhi zizolulama ngokwazo, ezinye zifunde ukuzivumelanisa nokulimala kwabantu, ezinye zize zizuze kukho. Ngakho-ke, umehluko onamandla kangaka wezinhlobo zemvelo uncike kuzimpawu zokuqala kanye namandla okwakha kabusha ezimeni ezintsha.
Izimbila ngabantu abadla imifino kuphela abondla amaqabunga, izimpande nezimbali zezitshalo, yize abanye bedla inyama lapho bethunjiwe. Abanye babo bahlala emihlambini emikhulu, kanti abanye bathanda ukuba bodwa. Bahlala emazweni amaningi omhlaba ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezinhlobo. Ekuboneni kokuqala, ziyafana, kepha ekutadisheni okuningiliziwe, zihluke kakhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-9: 25
