Inyathi owaziwa ngokufanele njengenkosi yehlathi. Yisilwane esinamandla amakhulu, esibabazekayo nesiqine ngendlela emangalisayo. Ingummeleli wezilwane ezincelisayo ezinganciphisi. Iyinyathi ebhekwa njengesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokwesayizi nangesisindo, zingezesibili kuphela ezenyathi zaseMelika.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokhokho babo, izinyathi zanamuhla zincane kakhulu. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, lezi zilwane zazisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Kuthathe abantu imizamo eminingi ukulondoloza lolu hlobo oluyingqayizivele nokwakha izimo zokukhula kwalo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyathi
Inyathi iyinkunzi yokugcina yasendle endaweni yaseYurophu. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yomlando, izilwane zivela kokhokho bazo basendulo - inyathi. Bamele umndeni wezinkomo zezinkomo futhi bangabesilwane esincelisayo esinemfuyo enezinselo.
Imininingwane engokomlando ikhombisa ukuthi inyathi yayivele ikhona ngesikhathi se-Ice Age futhi yayiyinto yokuzingela abantu bangaleso sikhathi. Lawa maqiniso aqinisekiswa yimidwebo yamatshe yaleso sikhathi etholwe abavubukuli. Futhi, ukubalulwa kwalesi silo esimangalisayo kwatholakala emlandweni wasendulo wabaseGibhithe nabaseRoma. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi eRoma lasendulo, izinyathi zazibamba iqhaza ezimpini zokulwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyathi yezilwane
Ukuvela kwesilwane kugqame ngobukhulu baso nangamandla. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba womuntu omdala singamamitha ama-3. Ukuphakama kwesilwane ekubuneni kungamamitha amabili, ibhande lentamo endaweni enamandla kakhulu lingamamitha angu-2.5-3. Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba inamandla amakhulu futhi inkulu kakhulu. Intamo ifushane futhi inkulu. Kanye nomhlane wangaphakathi, intamo yakha i-hump enamandla, enkulu. Izinyathi zihlukaniswa isifuba esibanzi nesisu esishubile, isisu esishubile.
Inhloko yama-artiodactyls isethi ephansi. Kungakho kuzwakala sengathi umsila utholakala ngaphezu kwekhanda. Ngaphandle, isigaxa senyathi sincane ngokuhlobene nomzimba. Ingxenye enkulu engaphambili iyaziwa. Ingxenye yeparietali inezimpondo ezinamandla, ezinkulu. Imikhawulo yezimpondo ivame ukudilizwa noma ikhonjwe. Izimpondo ziyashelela, ziyacwebezela, zimnyama. Izindlebe zincane, ziyindilinga, zimbozwe uboya obukhulu. Ekuhloleni okubonakalayo, azibonakali. Kuyisici ukuthi izilwane azifani nobunzima obubonakalayo, kepha zinomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuhogela nokuzwa.
Ividiyo: Inyathi
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uboya besilwane bungaba nemibala ehlukene ngokuya ngama-subspecies kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Inyathi ye-Bialowieza, umbala onsundu ngokumpunga ngombala onombala onsundu. Izinwele zekhanda zimnyama ngokuphawulekayo, zinsundu ngombala, zicishe zibe nentshebe emnyama. Ebusika, kuba mkhulu futhi kube mnyama.
Izici zesici sabamele lezi zinhlobo:
- Imihlathi inamazinyo angama-32;
- Isikhala somlomo, kufaka phakathi izindebe nolimi, sinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokunsomi;
- Ulimi limbozwe ngama-papillae amakhulu;
- Intamo emfushane, enkulu;
- Amehlo amakhulu amnyama, ayindilinga;
- Imilenze eminyene, eqinile, eqinile enezinselo ezinkulu;
- Ubude bomsila busuka kumasentimitha angama-60 kuye kwangama-85;
- Umsila uphela ngentshana efudumele;
- Esifundeni sesifuba sangaphakathi nendawo yomhlathi ongezansi, intshebe;
- Ikhanda nesifuba kumbozwe uboya obukhulu, obugobile;
- Ubukhona be-hump;
- Izimpondo eziyindilinga;
- Isisindo somuntu omdala sifinyelela kuma-800-900 kilograms;
- Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, izinyathi zingagxuma ngokushesha phezu kwezithiyo ezingamamitha ayi-1.5-2 ukuphakama.
Ngakho-ke sathola ukuthi inyathi ibukeka kanjani nokuthi inesisindo esingakanani. Manje ake sithole ukuthi inyathi ihlala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi inyathi?
Isithombe: i-Reserve bison
Inyathi yizihlobo zezinkunzi zasendle. Kuze kube umzuzu wokuqothulwa okukhulu, bahlanganisa insimu enkulu. Babehlala ngobuningi eCaucasus, endaweni yasentshonalanga, eningizimu-mpumalanga nasenkabeni yeYurophu, e-Iran, eScandinavia. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi zazingatholakali kuphela endaweni yamahlathi, kodwa nasezindaweni ezivulekile - ama-steppes, izigodi. Ngenqubo yokubhujiswa, abamele lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo baya ezindaweni eziyizithulu nezikude kakhulu.
Namuhla, izifunda ezihlala izinyathi zingamahlathi-amahlathi, amahlathi, atholakala eduze nemizimba yamanzi. Namuhla indawo yabo eyinhloko yinsimu yeBelovezhskaya Pushcha.
Sithole lapho kuhlala khona inyathi, manje ake sithole ukuthi idlani.
Idliwa yini inyathi?
Isithombe: Inyathi evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Inyathi Ingabe imifino. Isisekelo sokudla kwama-ungulates yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zohlaza. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi cishe izinhlobo ezingamakhulu amane zohlaza zingaba ngumthombo wokudla walowo omele ama-ungulates. Inyathi idla amagxolo esihlahla, amaqabunga, amahlumela amancane ezihlahla, ubulembu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukudla kulungiswa yisifunda sokuhlala, kanye nesimo sezulu kanye nesikhathi sonyaka. Ehlobo, izilwane zidla amajikijolo amaningi nemifino yemephu. Ekwindla, bangadla amakhowe, amajikijolo, ama-acorn, ama-hazelnuts.
Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu omdala oyedwa udinga ukudla okungama-45-55 kilograms ngosuku. Lapho igcinwa ezindaweni ezivikelekile, izinyathi zondliwa ngotshani. Okuphakelayo okunjalo kuhlelwe kuphela lolu hlobo lwezilwane. Izimangalo zezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zokudla zibanga ulaka nokuhlaselwa okuvela enyathi.
Into ebalulekile ngamanzi. Izilwane zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwayo nsuku zonke. Noma bengazifihla elangeni elikhipha umkhovu etsheni emahlathini, ekupheleni kosuku nakanjani bazophuma bayophuza.
Sithole ukuthi kudliwa yini inyathi, manje sizoqonda isimilo sayo nendlela yokuphila.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyathi eRussia
Ngokwemvelo yazo, inyathi ibhekwa njengezilwane ezinokuthula nezolile. Akujwayelekile ukuthi zibonise ubudlova. Umuntu akufanele esabe ukuhlangana naye. Isilwane singasondela kubantu. Ngeke balimaze noma babeke ingozi uma kungekho lutho olubasongelayo. Kodwa-ke, uma isilwane sizizwa sisongelwa yiso noma inzalo yaso, siba nolaka kakhulu futhi sibe yingozi enkulu. Ingenza imisindo efana nokuthimula.
Amaqiniso Okujabulisa: Ukunqekuzisa ikhanda nakho kukhombisa ukuthi isilwane sinovalo. Lapho ihlaselwa, inyathi iyashesha futhi ishaye ngezimpondo ezinkulu, eziqinile. Isazela sokuzilondoloza sithuthukiswa kakhulu ezilwaneni.
Uma kuthinteka isithiyo endleleni yesilwane esingabumbeki esiyingozi kuye, ukhetha ukudlula kuso. Izinyathi azibhekwa njengezilwane ezizodwa. Bakha umhlambi, ofaka abamele i-3-4 kuye ku-16-20 yezinhlobo. Ubuningi bomhlambi ngabesifazane nabancane. Ekhanda lomhlambi kunesifazane esinolwazi, esihlakaniphile nesikhulile. Abesilisa bahola indlela yokuphila ezimele. Bajwayele ukunamathela emhlambini ngesikhathi somshado. Ngenkathi ebandayo, isithwathwa esibi, imihlambi emincane iyahlangana.
Izinyathi ziyizilwane ezidla utshani. Baphuma baya emadlelweni ekuseni nakusihlwa. Emini, isikhathi esiningi ziyaphumula, zilale, zibhukude esihlabathini, zigcobe ilanga, zihlafuna ushingamu futhi zixubhe uboya bazo. Entwasahlobo, amaqembu ezilwane aphuma asondele emithonjeni yamanzi. Ehlobo, lapho kushisa kakhulu, kunalokho, bathatha umhlalaphansi baye emahlathini asehlathini. Uma kungekho zimila, ziyakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade zilifuna. Banemilenze eqinile, enamandla ebavumela ukuba bahambe amabanga amade ngaphandle kokukhathala. Inyathi iyakwazi ukubhukuda.
Izinyathi zivame ukuhlaselwa yizilwane ezizingelayo. Okwamanje, bathatha indawo yokuzivikela ngendlela yendandatho, phakathi kwayo okungamalungu eqembu abuthakathaka futhi asengozini enkulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-bison cub
Isikhathi somshado phakathi kwezinyathi siqala kusukela ekupheleni kukaJulayi futhi sihlala kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bayalwa bodwa belwela ilungelo lokukhwelana nabesifazane. Abesilisa abahola indlela yokuphila eyedwa abahlangana namaqembu, bakhiphe abantu abasha kuyo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuqomisana kwabesifazane kuqala. Uma kunabafakizicelo abaningana bokungena ebudlelwaneni bomshado nowesifazane oyedwa, abesilisa bayalwa. Ohluliwe ushiya umhlambi, ophumelele uyaqhubeka nokuqomisana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinyanga eziyi-9. Ngesikhathi ingane kufanele ivele, umama wayo ufuna indawo ecashile. Izinsana zizalwa zizodwa ngesikhathi, kuyaqabukela kubili. Isisindo somzimba osanda kuzalwa singama-23-26 kilograms.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa, insikazi ikhotha ngokucophelela izinyane layo. Ngemuva kwamahora angu-1.5-2 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, umntwana angakwazi ukuma ngezinyawo zakhe futhi alandele umama wakhe ngokukhululeka. Amantshontsho ajwayele ukufuna umama wawo ngephunga. Insikazi ibuyela emhlambini kanye nenzalo yayo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2-3 ukujwayelana nawo wonke amalungu ayo.
Isikhathi sokuqala lapho ingane izama ukutshala ukudla emavikini angama-3-4 izelwe. Kodwa-ke, ubisi lwebele luyaqhubeka ukondliwa ngokwesilinganiso kuze kube unyaka. Amathole akhona eduze kukanina ezimweni zomhlambi kuze kube yiminyaka engu-3-4. Izinsizwa ezisencane ezahlukana neqembu zihlangana ndawonye. Zikhona ngamaqembu amancane eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala. Ngemuva kokuthola ulwazi namandla, wonke umuntu uqala ukuhola indlela ezimele, ehlukanisiwe yokuphila.
Ukukhula kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yiminyaka emi-5-6, amazinyane avuthwa ngokocansi lapho efinyelela eminyakeni engu-3-5 ubudala. Owesifazane uyakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo minyaka yonke. Abesilisa ababandakanyeka ekuzaleni ikakhulukazi baphakathi kweminyaka engu-6 no-16. Abamele abancane nabadala bezocansi eziqinile abavunyelwe abesilisa abanamandla nabanamandla. Isikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila senyathi ezimweni zemvelo yiminyaka engama-30-35. Ezinqolobaneni zingaphila iminyaka emi-5-10 ubude.
Izitha zemvelo zenyathi
Isithombe: Umhlambi wezinyathi
Endaweni yemvelo, izitha eziyinhloko zezinyathi yizilwane ezidlayo.
Izitha zemvelo:
- Amabhele;
- I-Lynx;
- Izimpisi;
- Izingwe.
Abasengozini enkulu kulabo abadla abantu abasha, kanye nezinyathi ezigulayo, ezibuthakathaka nezindala. Abesifazane nabesilisa abadala bangalwa nanoma yisiphi isilwane esidla ezinye. Okuhlukile ukuhlaselwa kwabesilisa abanesizungu, abaye balwa nomhlambi wezinsikazi ngemihlambi yezilwane. Kulokhu, bayawina ngenxa yenzuzo yokulinganisa.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, abantu babhekwa njengesitha esiyingozi sezinyathi. Ososayensi bathi abazingeli kanye nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni abacishe babaqothula ngokuphelele laba bameleli babantu abangalondoloziwe ezimweni zemvelo. Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, ngawo-1920, lezi zinhlobo zanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba. Kungenzeka ukuyigcina kuphela ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe namapaki kazwelonke, futhi ngenxa yokuthi abantu abaningana basinda ezindaweni ezizimele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, abathengisi abaningi nezicukuthwane bakujabulela ukuzingela izilwane ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu. Izilwane ezincane zazithathwa njengezinenani elithile, njengoba zinezinyama ezithambile futhi ezinamanzi amaningi.
Kumele kuqashelwe futhi ukuthi ngaphezu kwabazingeli abazingeli kanye nezilwane ezidliwayo, inani lezilwane emvelweni lehliswe kakhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izifo zomzimba, izifo ze-helminthic, isifo sezinyawo nomlomo, i-anthrax, izifo zesisu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ithole lenyathi
Kuze kube manje, inyathi inikezwe ngokusemthethweni isikhundla sohlobo olusengozini yokuqothulwa. Ukukhula kwabantu kuholele ekwandisweni kwemingcele yezindawo ezakhiwe ngumuntu. Ihlathi lagawulwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu, izinhlobo eziningi zohlaza zacekelwa phansi.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane ezinamandla yayinkulu kakhulu. Bahlala kulo lonke elase-Eurasia. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho nokuqothula abantu abaningi kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lenyathi latholakala kuphela endaweni yaseBelovezhskaya Pushcha naseCaucasus. Ngalesi sikhathi, sekusele cishe ama-65 wabo emhlabeni.
Namuhla, ngenxa yemizamo yososayensi, kwenzeke hhayi kuphela ukulondolozwa, kepha futhi nokwandisa inani labantu bezinkunzi zasendle. Ngokusho kososayensi, kwakukhona abantu abangaphezudlwana nje kuka-3 000 emhlabeni ngo-2006. Ingxenye yabo kuphela ese-vivo.
- Ukuze kulondolozwe lolu hlobo, inyathi iwele nezihlobo eziseduze kakhulu - inyathi yaseMelika;
- Ukuze kugcinwe imininingwane yabamele izilwane ezincelisayo ezingabonakali, lezi zinhlobo zibalwa ku-IUCN Red Book njengezisengozini;
- Isilwane sibhalwe kuRed Book laseRussia ngokunikezwa kwesimo "sezinhlobo ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele."
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyathi
Isithombe: Inyathi ebusika
Ngo-1923, e-International Congress on Natural Conservation, kwaphakanyiswa umbuzo mayelana nesidingo sokulondolozwa kwezinyathi nokwandisa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ukuzizingela bekuvinjelwe ngokusemthethweni. Kuyona le ngqungquthela, kwahlelwa ikolishi ukuze kulondolozwe izinkunzi zasendle ezibabazekayo. Wenze ukubalwa nokubhaliswa kwabantu abasele endaweni yemvelo.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30, inani lezilwane lalingadluli kuma-50. Izazi zezilwane zaqala umsebenzi omkhulu wokubanjwa nokuzalaniswa kwezilwane ezimweni zokulondolozwa kwezilwane zasendle kanye namapaki ezwe.
Kuze kube manje, umsebenzi wokulondolozwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo wenziwa ngenkuthalo kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuvikelwa ekuzingelweni ngokungemthetho
- Ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kokuzingela;
- Isijeziso sobugebengu ngokwephula izidingo;
- Ukwenza ngcono izimo zokuphila;
- Ukwakhiwa kwamapaki kazwelonke, izindawo ezivikelekile;
- Ukudla kwezilwane.
I-Belovezhskaya Pushcha yipaki likazwelonke elikhulu kunawo wonke endaweni lapho iqembu lokuqala lezilwane ezazalelwa ekuthunjweni likhishwe endle. Cishe abantu abangamakhulu ayisikhombisa bahlala endaweni yayo kuphela. Ngawo-1940, kwaqaliswa uhlelo lokubuyisela izinyathi zaseCaucasus. Bazalelwa endaweni yeCaucasian Reserve.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, izazi zezilwane zenze ukubalwa kwabantu bezinyoni ngo-2016. Ngesikhathi somcimbi, kutholakale ukuthi inani lezilwane lenyuswa laba ngabantu abayizi-6,000. Iningi labo lihlala endaweni yeziqiwi zikazwelonke.
Inyathi Isilwane esihle kakhulu, esihlukile. Ubuntu abulona ize ukwenza umzamo omkhulu wokulungisa amaphutha abo nokusindisa lesi silo esimangazayo. Namuhla, inyathi ithathwa njengesiwukuphela kwesilwane emhlabeni okwathi, ngemuva kokubhujiswa ngokuphelele ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni, saphindaphindwa saphinde saphila ezimweni zemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.01.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 17.09.2019 ngo-12: 09
