Umvundla uhlobo olujwayelekile kakhulu lwezimboni kuyo yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yomhlaba. Isici sayo esiyinhloko, njengoba igama liphakamisa, amandla ayingqayizivele okushintsha umbala woboya bawo ube mhlophe ngokuqala kobusika. Naphezu kokuvela kwazo kwezinye izindawo, kwezinye izindawo lezi zilwane zabhujiswa zaze zafakwa naseRed Book lamanye amazwe, ngokwesibonelo, e-Ukraine.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Unogwaja omhlophe yisilwane esincelisayo sohlobo lwe-hares, ukuhleleka kwamaLagomorphs. Manje sekuvamile ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zamazwekazi amaningi. Unogwaja omhlophe ubhekwa ngokufanele njengenye yezinhlobo zasendulo zasendulo ezincelisayo ezweni elikhulu. Ososayensi bathole izinto ze-paleontological, ngosizo lwazo okwatholakala ukuthi indawo yokhokho balezi zilwane yayisendaweni esehlathini laseYurophu. Ngalezo zinsuku, amahlathi ayedluliselwa eningizimu. Lapho-ke lo nogwaja wayengatholakala endaweni yaseCrimea yanamuhla naseCaucasus.
Iziqhingi ezincane zendawo okuhlala kuyo onogwaja ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yePoland, eNgilandi naseMongolia zingubufakazi obuphilayo balokhu okutholwe yisayensi. Ukuphela kwesikhathi seqhwa, kanye naso ukuqala kokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngabantu kanye nokwehla kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, kuphoqe lolu hlobo ukuba luthuthele ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, lapho amahlathi asekhona futhi azange zisongelwe ngosongo lokunwetshwa.
Kufika kuma-subspecies afinyelela kwayishumi ala mahares ahlukaniswe endaweni yaseRussia kuphela. Wonke ama-subspecies ahlukile komunye nomunye endaweni yokuhlala, imikhuba yokudla, isisindo, usayizi nezinye izici. Kodwa-ke, yize kukhona umehluko, bakha uhlobo olulodwa - unogwaja omhlophe. Njengoba igama lisho, into ehlukile yalolu hlobo ukushintshwa kwengubo yazo ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kuya kumbala omhlophe omsulwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Unogwaja omhlophe ungummeleli weLagomorphs. Inoboya obukhulu, obuthambile obushintsha umbala kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, unogwaja uba ngumnikazi wejazi elimhlophe, yize izeluleko zezindlebe zihlala zimnyama. Phakathi nawo wonke unyaka, uboya bakhe bunemibala kusuka kwimpunga kuya kobunsundu.
Osayizi kanogwaja omhlophe:
- ubude bomzimba - kusuka ku-40 kuye ku-65 cm;
- isisindo somzimba - kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-4 kg;
- izindlebe - 7-10 cm;
- umsila - kufika ku-7 cm.
Ubukhulu bezilwane buyahluka ngokuya ngama-subspecies nendawo yokuhlala. Kuze kufike ezinhlotsheni eziyishumi zalezi zilwane ezihlukanisiwe endaweni yaseRussia kuphela. Abesifazane bacishe babe yingxenye yesithathu enkulu kunabesilisa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abelungu kungenzeka bangawushintshi umbala wabo ezindaweni lapho kuneqhwa elincane. Bangabuye bahlale bemhlophe unyaka wonke ezindaweni lapho iqhwa lilele khona njalo.
Izidladla zibanzi impela, okuzivumela ukuthi zihambe kalula eqhweni njengasezikhepheni. Ibhulashi elijiyile lezinyawo ezinyaweni. Imilenze yangemuva mide kakhulu, enquma indlela yokuhamba kukanogwaja - ukweqa okude. Ngenxa yomehluko wobude bezinhlamvu ezingemuva nangaphambili, unogwaja omhlophe ungabonakala ngamathrekhi awo wesici eqhweni.
Ebusika, unogwaja omhlophe osendaweni enkulu yokuhlala ushintsha umbala wawo ube mhlophe. Futhi kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho kungekho iqhwa eliningi khona engawushintshi umbala wawo. IMolting ithatha indawo ekhethekile empilweni kanogwaja, eyenzeka izikhathi ezimbili ngonyaka. Ukuqala kwayo kuhlobene ngqo nezinga lokushisa eliseduze nokushintsha kwamahora emini.
Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho ekuqaleni kobusika izilwane sezivele zishintshile umbala wazo, kepha iqhwa alikawi. Ngemuva kwalokho unogwaja ubonakala kakhulu ngasemuva omnyama womhlabathi, ungamboziwe yiqhwa. Izinsalela zinikezwe ukuzwa okujulile, kepha ukubona kwazo nomuzwa wokuhogela kubuthakathaka kakhulu.
Uhlala kuphi umvundla omhlophe?
Unogwaja omhlophe utholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamathafa, emahlathini nasezintabeni zehlathi engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwekazi laseYurophu engxenyeni esenyakatho yeMelika. Kubandakanya eziqhingini zaseScandinavia, ePoland, eMongolia, eKazakhstan, eJapane naseMexico.
Phambilini, babehlala kude kakhulu eningizimu futhi babemelwe ngisho naseCrimea naseCaucasus, kepha ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo nemisebenzi ebanzi yabantu, kwakudingeka bashintshe indawo yabo yokuhlala ejwayelekile ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho zeplanethi.
Unogwaja ohlala eMelika mncane kakhulu kunezakwabo. Imvamisa, ngenxa yoboya bayo obungajwayelekile, iba yisisulu sabazingeli kule ndawo. Babizwa ngokuthi izicupho. Unogwaja uncamela ukuhlala ezindaweni lapho ungathola khona ukudla kalula. Ukufuduka kwenzeka kuphela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, lapho unogwaja engakutholi ukudla. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ze-tundra phakathi nobusika beqhwa ikakhulukazi. Ama-birches we-dwarf nama-aspen ambozwe ngokuphelele yiqhwa.
Ngakho-ke, umvundla omhlophe uhlala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, izindawo ezingaphindi zibuyele emuva endaweni yazo. Lesi silwane sithanda ukuphila impilo yokuzihlalela, kepha izimo ezinzima zingasiphoqa ukuthi sifuduke.
Udlani umvundla omhlophe?
Ukuthembela ngqo endaweni yokuhlala nesikhathi sonyaka, ama-hares adla ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, izingulube zihlangana ngemihlambi emincane futhi ndawonye zidla utshani obusha emasimini nasotshani. Ngemuva kobusika, izilwane zishoda ngamavithamini nosawoti wamaminerali. Ngenxa yalokhu, zingadla inhlabathi, zigwinye amatshe amancane. Amahares ngokuzithandela adla amathambo ezilwane ezifile nezimpondo eziphonswe yi-moose.
Ehlobo, ukudla kwabo kunamakhambi aluhlaza. Kwezinye izindawo, unogwaja udla amakhowe namajikijolo. Ngokwenzayo, kwakukhona amacala lapho unogwaja emba ama-truffle futhi adle kamnandi. Njengoba kusondela ikwindla, utshani buqala ukoma. AmaHares kufanele abhekane nokudla okumbaxa, njengamagatsha esihlahla, amaqabunga omile namakhowe.
Ebusika, amagxolo ezihlahla nezihlahla ezahlukahlukene aba yisisekelo sokudla kukanogwaja. Izinhlobo ezithile zezinkuni zincike esifundeni sokuhlala. Ngokuvamile, ama-hares adla amagxolo e-aspen ne-willow. Idla i-birch ne-larch ngokuzithandela, kepha zitholakala kalula futhi zisakazekile. Uma kungenzeka, unogwaja ungamba utshani, amajikijolo kanye nezigaxa ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Lapho ifuna ukudla, unogwaja omhlophe ungagijima amakhilomitha angaphezu kweshumi nambili. Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi lokhu kusesha kuholele unogwaja endaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu. Lapho angondla izinsalela zotshani, okusanhlamvu nokunye ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Unogwaja omhlophe ikakhulukazi uyisilwane sasebusuku. Emini, unogwaja, njengomthetho, ucasha noma uphumule, kuthi lapho kuqala ubumnyama uphume uzodla. Kodwa-ke, uma kunesidingo, angahola impilo yasemini. Isidingo esinjalo sivela, ngokwesibonelo, ngokwanda kobude bamahora emini.
Ngesikhathi esisodwa sokukhuluphala, umvundla uvame ukuhamba cishe amakhilomitha ama-2. Kodwa-ke, uma ebefuna ukudla, khona-ke angakwazi ukugijima amashumi amakhilomitha amaningi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi sezulu esibi unogwaja kungenzeka angaphumi nhlobo. Ebusika, izingulube zimba imisele emide kakhulu eqhweni, efinyelela kumamitha ayi-8. Lesi ngesinye sezilwane zasehlathini ezimbalwa okuthi, ngezikhathi zengozi, zikhethe ukulala phansi emgodini wazo bese zilinda ngaphandle, kunokuba ziphume kuzo zibaleke.
Iya kokondla, unogwaja omhlophe uncamela ukudida amathrekhi futhi ungene ngokuxhuma okude kakhulu. Ukudida abangahle babaxoshe, unogwaja usebenzisa "ukuphindeka kabili", i.e. ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ubuya endleleni yakhe futhi "asheshe" - ukweqa okude eceleni kwendlela.
Ikhono lokuqaqa amathrekhi onogwaja libaluleke kakhulu emibuthanweni yokuzingela. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nezilwane ezihlasela amahlathi nezinja ezizingelayo zikwenza kanzima. Uma kutholakala unogwaja, kuzofanele athembele kuphela emandleni okugijima ngokushesha nasemilenzeni yakhe emide. I-Belyaks yizilwane ezizodwa. Okuhlukile yimibhangqwana ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kanye nabesifazane abanezinyane. Isilwane ngasinye sihlala endaweni engama-30,000-300,000 m2. Imvamisa izingulube azishintshi indawo yazo yokuhlala, ukuhamba kwazo akubalulekile.
Uma, ngenxa yesembozo seqhwa, kungenzeki ukuthola ukudla, ama-hares anquma ngokufuduka okude. Ubude bayo kwesinye isikhathi bufinyelela amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabantu abaningi, ama-hares amhlophe athutheleka emhlambini wabantu abayi-10-30, kepha kwesinye isikhathi inani lawo lingafinyelela emakhanda angama-70. Lapho zifika endaweni efanele, izingulube ziyaqhubeka nokuphila impilo yodwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Unogwaja wuhlobo lwesilwane olukhiqizayo. Abesifazane bane-2-3 estrus ngonyaka. Okokuqala kwenzeka ekupheleni kobusika. Owokugcina usekupheleni kwehlobo. Lezi hares zifinyelela ebusheni lapho zinezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye. Abesifazane bafinyelela ukuzala kwabo okuphezulu kuneminyaka yobudala emi-2 kuya kwengu-7.
Unogwaja ongumama akakhombisi ukukhathazeka ngenzalo yakhe. Ukuphela kwento eyenziwa yinsikazi ukondla onogwaja amahlandla amaningi. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi akufanelekile isidleke esikhethekile sokubeletha. Izala emgodini omncane, ongamboziwe noma phakathi kotshani, izihlahlana ezincane, noma ezimpandeni zesihlahla.
Kudoti owodwa, kuvamise ukuchanyuselwa amawundlu amahlanu kuya kwayisi-7, anesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-100, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuphuma ama-hares ayi-11-12. Izidleke ezincane zivele sezivele zinezinwele ezijiyile namehlo avulekile. Emahoreni ambalwa emva kokuzalwa, seziyakwazi ukuhamba, okubahlukanisa nezinye izilwane.
Phakathi nesonto lokuqala, amawundlu asabuthakathaka kakhulu futhi awashintshiwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, bangadla ubisi lwebele kuphela, olunamafutha amaningi acishe abe yi-15%. Ngemuva kwalokho bangashintshela ekudleni kokutshala. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, onogwaja bazimela ngokuphelele. Ngaphandle kokuthi kunezinsuku eziqinile zesikhathi sokukhwelana, emvelweni kukhona ukuphambuka okusobala kwesinye isikhathi.
Izitha zemvelo zikanogwaja omhlophe
Unogwaja omhlophe uyisilwane esingenabungozi futhi esingenakuzivikela. Unezitha eziningi zemvelo. Kokubili ukuthengwa kwezinsizwa nabadala kuyizisulu ezilula zezilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngokuya ngendawo yazo ethize, zingahlaselwa izimpungushe, izimpisi, ama-lynx, kokubili emini nobusuku izinyoni ezinkulu emini nasebusuku. Kodwa-ke, azibangeli umonakalo omkhulu kubantu bazo.
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa okukhulu kwezinhlamvu ezimhlophe yizifo ezahlukahlukene:
- Izifo zamaphaphu;
- Izifo ze-helminthic;
- ITularemia;
- ICoccidosis;
- Ukunamathisela.
Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yezifo ezinkulu, endaweni ethile, inani lalezi zilwane lehla lacishe libe iqanda. Futhi ukuze kubuyiselwe inani labantu kusayizi walo wangaphambilini futhi, kuthatha iminyaka eminingana. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho inani elikhulu lamahares ahlala endaweni enegciwane, isifo esiba khona siba kaningi kakhulu, futhi isifo sisakazeka ngokushesha. Ezindaweni lapho inani lezilwane lincane, imiphumela ayivezwanga kangako, futhi ama-epizootic awenzeki kaningi.
Futhi, ingozi enkulu yezimboni ivela ezimweni zesimo sezulu esingesihle. Ukuncibilika okuncibilikayo nesithwathwa, isithwathwa esinamandla nemvula ebandayo kubulala amahares ngobuningi nangayedwa. Lesi simo sezulu siyingozi kakhulu kumahares amancane kakhulu. Ngentwasahlobo, ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi, ama-hares abhajwe yizikhukhula eziphakeme nemifula egcwele. Ukugcwala kwamanzi kuyo yonke into ezungezile kwenza ama-hares aqoqane ngamakhulu eziqhingini ezincane-amagquma. Lapho bahlala belambile, bemanzi futhi bebanda, bengasekho emhlabeni. Bazoba nenhlanhla uma amanzi enyamalala ngokushesha, uma kungenjalo bazofa.
Ngaphandle kokuthi amahares yizilwane ezizala kakhulu, azikwazi ukugcwalisa zonke izindawo zokuhlala. Izingozi eziningi zibaqamekele, okunzima ukuthi isilwane sikwazi ukubhekana nazo. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda konyaka kwamahares akukukhulu futhi, njengomthetho, akudluli inani labantu bokuqala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Okwamanje, cishe izingidi ezimhlophe eziyi-9 ezirekhodiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinombolo zayo zikhuphuke kancane ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuvikela lesi silwane. Ngakho-ke yathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa komhlaba, futhi kwamanye amazwe yafakwa nakwiRed Book. Ubukhulu besibalo sabantu buya ngqo ngezimo zemvelo. Ngesifo esikhulu endaweni ethile, inani labantu lingafa ngokuphelele. Futhi lapho sasiningi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokutheleleka, lesi sifo sizosabalala ngokushesha.
Inani labantu ezindaweni ezihlukene liyahluka kakhulu. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, ubukhulu babantu bungahluka kakhulu. Isibalo esikhulu sabantu abamhlophe eRussia siseYakutia, yize kungu-30% kuphela wensimu yonke obonwa njengofanelwe ukuhlala kwamahares. Ukuzingelwa kwezentengiselwano ngalezi zilwane yinto yakudala. Endaweni yayo kwafika ukuzingela kwezemidlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingasetshenziswa ukugcina isibalo sabantu abamhlophe sibe semikhawulweni eyamukelekayo. Yize, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo msebenzi uphazamisa ukujikeleza kwemvelo kwabantu, ubhubhisa ngisho nangesibalo esincane sezilwane ezisindile.
Ukusebenza ngamandla kwabantu ukuguqula imvelo ngokusika izihlahla kubhubhisa indawo yemvelo yezilwane, kubaphoqe ukuthi bathuthele enyakatho. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nokuzingela okungekho okwezentengiselwano kuphazamisa ukubuyiswa kwemvelo kwenani elijwayelekile lezimvu ezimhlophe. Futhi okunye okwenziwa ngabantu okuphazamisa indawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile kukhulisa kuphela umphumela obhubhisayo.
Ngale ndlela, unogwaja omhlophe ivumelanisa kalula nezimo ezintsha zokuphila futhi ingahlala eduze kwabantu. Isibalo samahares sihlala sishintsha njalo ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezahlukahlukene. Naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima obubhekene nezidleke, amanani abo akhule ngokuphawulekayo kwezinye izindawo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-12: 40
