UDzeren (I-Procapra gutturosa) isilwane esincane se-artiodactyl oda esihlala emhlangeni. I-antelope enomusa kepha eminyene kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngembuzi (goiter) yensephe. Incazelo yokuqala yanikezwa ngusosayensi wemvelo uPeter Simon Pallas ngo-1777 ngokususelwa kumuntu obanjwe eTransbaikalia, ezindaweni eziphezulu zoMfula iMangut.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Dzeren
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emndenini wezinkomo, i-gazelle:
- U-Przhevalsky;
- IsiTibetan;
- IsiMongolia.
Ahluke kancane ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila. E-Asia Ephakathi, izinhlobo zezinsikazi ezinezici ezifanayo kulezi zilwane zisaphila. Izinsalela zezinhlobo zesikhashana ze-artiodactyl zitholakale ezingxenyeni ze-Upper Pliocene eChina.
Ama-Dzerens ahlukana nolayini ovamile wezinhlwathi ezizungeze i-Upper Pleistocene, ngaphambi kokuba kuvele uhlobo lohlobo lweGazella, okusho ukuthi imvelaphi yabo yakuqala. Izici eziningana zofuzo zamangqamuzana ziphakamisa ukuthi uhlobo lweProcapra lusondelene nezinhlobo zezinhlwathi zohlobo lweMadoqua.
Lawa ma-artiodactyls asabalele kakhulu kusukela esikhathini sama-mammoths, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule. Bahlala emahlanzeni aseNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia, ngesimo sezulu esishisayo, kancane kancane bathuthela ezifundeni zase-Asia. Ama-Dzerens aqinile ngokwedlulele. Bangakwazi ukuhamba izindawo ezinkulu befuna ukudla noma amanzi.
Indawo yalezi zinhlobo zingama-steppes omile ane-sod ephansi. Ehlobo, zihamba kalula, zihamba ngaphakathi kobubanzi bazo. Ebusika, izilwane zingangena emahlathini nasehlane eliwugwadule. Zingena ezindaweni ezingamahlathi ebusika obuneqhwa, lapho kunzima ukuthola ukudla emathafeni.
Ividiyo: Dzeren
Lezi zilwane ezihambayo azijwayele ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezimbili, futhi lapho zihamba, zingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kuma-80 km ngehora. Banqoba ngokukhululekile amakhilomitha ayishumi ngejubane lamakhilomitha angama-60 ngehora, bedlula ama-ungulates amaningi ekukhuthazeleni okugijimayo, futhi akukho sidlova esingaqhathaniswa nabo kulokhu. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, amankonyane anamandla afinyelela kuma-200 km ngosuku.
Isikhathi sokuphila sabesifazane sineminyaka eyishumi, kanti leso sabesilisa sineminyaka emine sifushane. Abesilisa basebenzisa amandla amaningi ngesikhathi se-rut, esenzeka ngoDisemba, isikhathi esibanda kakhulu sonyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho, kunzima kubo ukusinda ebusika obunzima; entwasahlobo, abesilisa ababuthakathaka bavame ukufa kunabesifazane. Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eminyakeni engu-2-3, ngemuva kwalokho badlula isikhathi sokukhwelana cishe kathathu bese befa emazinyweni ezilwane noma ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zobusika obuneqhwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Insephe yezilwane
Usayizi wensikazi iyafana nenyamazane yaseSiberia, kodwa ngomzimba omkhulu ngokwengeziwe, imilenze emifushane nengxenye engemuva eyehlisiwe. Isilwane sinemilenze emincanyana enezinselo ezincane nenhloko enkulu impela. Isifonyo siphezulu futhi sibuthuntu ngezindlebe ezincane - 8-13 cm.Ubude bomsila bungu-10-15 cm.Lama-artiodactyls anombono omuhle kakhulu futhi abona ingozi ukude, nawo anomoya othuthukile wokunuka. Ukuzwa emaqeleni, lapho kuhlala kunesimo sezulu esinamandla, akubalulekile kangako.
Ubukhulu obuyisisekelo
Eyesilisa ifinyelela ku-80 cm lapho ibuna, bese kuthi kulesinqe kufike ku-83 cm.Abesifazane bancane, izinkomba zabo zingaphansi kuka-3-4 cm. Ubude bomzimba emadodeni ukusuka kwisifonyo kuya esihlokweni somsila ngu-105-150 cm, kwabesifazane - 100-120 cm.Owesilisa anesisindo esingaba ngu-30-35 kg, afinyelela kuma-47 kg ekwindla. Kwabesifazane, isisindo sisuka ku-23 kuye ku-27 kg, sifinyelela kuma-35 kg ngesikhathi sekwindla.
Izimpondo
Lapho zinezinyanga ezinhlanu, abesilisa banamaqhubu emabunzini abo, kanti ngoJanuwari ikhanda labo selivele lihlotshiswe ngezimpondo ezifika ku-7 cm ubude, ezikhula kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, zifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20 kuya ku-30. Ukubukeka kwazo kufana nehabhu, phakathi nendawo eligobile, futhi kuya phezulu - ngaphakathi. Izimpondo ezivela phezulu zibushelelezi, zikhanya ngokumpunga nge-tinge ephuzi. Eduze kwesisekelo, ziba mnyama futhi zibe nokujiya ngendlela yama-roller kusuka ezingcezwini ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-25. Abesifazane abanazimpondo.
Goiter
Abesilisa bempi yaseMongolia banenye umehluko ophawulekayo - intamo ewugqinsi enomphimbo omkhulu. Ngenxa yokudlulela phambili kwayo ngesimo se-hump, inyamazane yathola igama layo eliphakathi - i-goiter. Le ndawo emadodeni ngesikhathi se-rut iba mpunga omnyama ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Uboya
Ehlobo, i-artiodactyl inombala onsundu okhanyayo, onesihlabathi ngemuva nasezinhlangothini. Ingxenye engezansi yentamo, isisu, i-croup, imilenze ngokwengxenye imhlophe. Lo mbala uhamba ngaphezu komsila uye emuva. Ebusika, ijazi liyakhanya ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umthunzi walo onesihlabathi, futhi lapho kubanda isikhathi sezulu iba yinde futhi ibe bumanzi, yingakho ukubukeka kwenyamazane yaseMongolia kuyashintsha. Isilwane siba sikhulu ngokubonakala, siba mkhulu. Umugqa wezinwele omude uvela ebunzini, umqhele nezihlathi. Ngaphezulu kwendebe engenhla nasezinhlangothini zezinwele, imikhawulo igobile ngaphakathi, inikeze umbono wamadevu nokuvuvukala.
Ijazi lithambile uma lithinta, akukho ukwehlukaniswa okucacile kwe-awn nengubo yangaphansi. Imikhawulo yezinwele ibrittle. Izilwane molt kabili ngonyaka - entwasahlobo nasekwindla. NgoMeyi-Juni, ubusika obude (obufinyelela ku-5 cm) kanye noboya obuqatha buwela phakathi, ngaphansi kwaso kuvela ijazi elisha lasehlobo (1.5-2.5 cm). NgoSepthemba, i-ungulate iphinde iqale ukukhula ngesembozo esijiyile nesifudumele.
Uhlala kuphi unsephe?
Isithombe: Dzeren antelope
Izinyamazane zaseMongolia zihlala emaqeleni aseChina, eMongolia. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, bangena emaqeleni ase-Altai - isigodi saseChuy, insimu yaseTyva nengxenye eseningizimu ye-Eastern Transbaikalia. ERussia, kuze kube manje kunendawo eyodwa kuphela yalawa ma-artiodactyls - insimu yeDaursky Reserve. IDzeren Tibetan incane ngesiqu sayo kunesihlobo sayo saseMongolia, kepha inezimpondo ezinde nezincane. IHabitat eChina - iQinghai neTibet, eNdiya - iJamma neKashmir. Lezi zinhlobo azihlanganisi emihlambini, zikhetha amathafa asezintabeni namathafa anamatshe ukuze ziphile.
UDzeren Przewalski uhlala ezimweni zemvelo empumalanga yoGwadule lwaseChina, kepha iningi labantu lisesiqiwini esisogwini lwechibi likasawoti i-Kukunor eChina. Ekhulwini le-18. Izimpisi zaseMongolia zazihlala eTransbaikalia kuyo yonke indawo esemahlathini. Ebusika, izilwane zazifudukela enyakatho ziye eNerchinsk, zingena ehlathini ngesikhathi seqhwa elinzima, zinqamula izintaba ezimbozwe yihlathi. Ubusika babo obujwayelekile kulezi zindawo bungahlulelwa ngamagama asekhona anamagama ezilwane (iZeren, Zerentui, eBuryat dzeren - zeren).
Ekhulwini le-XIX. izindawo zokuhlala kanye nenani lezinhlwathi eTransbaikalia zehle kakhulu. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi ngesikhathi sokuzingela nokufa kwabo ebusika obuneqhwa. Ukufuduka kusuka eChina naseMongolia kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngesikhathi sempi, emashumini amane, inyama yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo yayivunwa ngezidingo zebutho. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili eyalandela, ukuthengiswa kwamahhala kwezikhali zokuzingela kanye nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kwayiqeda nya imfuyo eTransbaikalia, Altai naseTyva.
Idla yini insephe?
Isithombe: Dzerens eTransbaikalia
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-antelope yembuzi utshani bama-steppes, ezindaweni zokuhlala ezivamile. Ukudla kwabo kwehluka kancane ekubunjweni kusuka ezikhathini zonyaka ezishintshayo.
Ehlobo, lezi yizitshalo zokusanhlamvu:
- onemilenze emincanyana;
- umpristi;
- utshani bezimpaphe;
- utshani bezimpaphe;
- inyoka.
Ama-Forbs, i-cinquefoil, u-anyanisi omkhulu, i-tansy, i-hodgepodge, umhlonyane, imidumba ehlukahlukene idliwa yibo kalula. Ingxenye yokudla iqukethe amahlumela e-caragan ne-prutnyak shrub. Ebusika, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, isabelo esiyinhloko kwimenyu yezinhlwathi zaseMongolia siwela kumafoloko, utshani bezimpaphe noma umhlonyane. Umhlonyane uyathandwa, uhlala unomsoco kakhulu kunezinye izitshalo ezitholakalayo ngesikhathi sasebusika, futhi uqukethe amaprotheni amaningi.
Naphezu kokuminyana okukhulu kwezilwane, akukho ukuphazamiseka kotshani obusezintabeni, ngoba umhlambi awuhlali endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside. Ehlobo, ingabuyela endaweni yayo yangaphambili ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2-3, nangezikhathi ezibandayo - ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa noma ngisho neminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, ikhava yotshani inesikhathi sokululama. Ama-Antelopes aluma kuphela iziqongo zotshani, abudalele ezitshalweni nasezimileni zesibili.
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ziphuza okuncane, okuqukethwe umswakama otshanini. Ngisho nabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala abayi emanzini isonto elilodwa noma amabili. Ukudla kwamanzi nsuku zonke kulawa ma-artiodactyl kuyadingeka esikhathini sentwasahlobo-ekwindla, lapho kungekho iqhwa, kanti izitshalo ze-steppe zisomile. Ebusika, umthombo womswakama yiqhwa noma iqhwa; ngenkathi efudumele, le yimifudlana, imifula ngisho namachibi anosawoti.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inhlwathi yaseSiberia
Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu walezi zilwane emini wenzeka kusihlwa, ekuseni kakhulu nengxenye yokuqala yosuku. Balala ntambama, kanye nasengxenyeni yesibili yobusuku. Kunzima ngezinhlwathi ukunqoba izindawo ezineqhwa, ukuhamba koqweqwe lweqhwa. Eqhweni, imilenze yabo iyahlukana, lapho behamba khona ngamaqoqo aminyene, basekelane. Ama-Dzerens awakutholi ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa; uma ikhava ingaphezulu kuka-10 cm ubukhulu, bathuthela kwezinye izindawo.
Ekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, izingane ezinesisindo esingu-3.5 - 4 kg ziyavela emhlambini. Zivuka zime ngezinyawo ngehora ngemuva kokuzalwa, kepha ezinsukwini ezintathu zokuqala zilala kakhulu emthunzini wotshani obude. Abesifazane badla buqama ngalesi sikhathi ukuze bangahehi izilwane ezidla ezinye, kepha bahlala bekulungele ukuqeda ukuhlaselwa yimpungushe noma ukhozi. Izingane zivuka kuphela ngesikhathi sokudla. Uma ngomzuzwana onje ukuhlasela kwenzeka, amawundlu aqala abaleke kumzingeli nonina, abese ewa angcwatshwe otshanini.
Yize amathole ethola ubisi lukanina kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezi-3 - 5, azama utshani ngemuva kwesonto lokuqala. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 - 12, izilwane zishiya indawo yokuzala kanye nezingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Ehlobo, imihlambi emikhulu enezizukulwane ezikhulayo ihamba endaweni encane. Ukuhamba okunjalo kuvimbela ukuncipha kwamadlelo. Ngesikhathi sobusika, ingxenye yezingane isivele ihlukaniswe nomama, kepha abanye bayaqhubeka nokuba seduze kwabo kuze kufike isikhathi sokuzala esilandelayo. Futhi isikhashana kuphela, amaduna amadala awavumeli asondele eduze kwezinduna zawo.
Ngekwindla, ukufuduka sekuya ngomfutho, ezinye zezilwane zihlala ezindaweni zokudla emadlelweni ehlobo, bese kuthi ezinye ziqhubekele phambili ziqhubekele phambili, zithathe indawo enkulu. Ukufuduka kukaMashi kuhamba kancane, imihlambi ihlangana ezindaweni ezifanayo zokuzala njalo ngonyaka.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Insephe yaseMongolia
Ama-Dzerens agcina imihlambi emikhulu efinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezintathu zabantu, leli nani lihlala amasonto ambalwa. Ngaphambi kokuzala kanye nangesikhathi sokufuduka, imihlambi eminingana iqoqwe yaba ngamaqoqo amakhulu afinyelela kumayunithi ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane. Ngezikhathi ezithile bahlukana ngamaqembu amancane. Isibonelo, ebusika, ngesikhathi sesikhunta, nasentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuzala, kodwa umhlambi ngokwawo ubuthana ngemuva kobusika eduze nendawo enjalo.
Imihlambi ixubene ngokobulili nangobudala, kepha ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwasekwindla, amaqembu aqukethe abesilisa kuphela. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, imihlambi emincane yabesifazane enezinsana nemihlambi yabesilisa nayo iyavela. Ngezikhathi zokuganga, umphakathi wehlukaniswa waba yizinduna, enhloko yayo eyeduna, kukhona abafaka izicelo abangashadile nomhlambi ohlukile ongabambi iqhaza emidlalweni yokukhwelana.
Ukwalusa ezindaweni ezinkulu ezivulekile kunezici ezinhle:
- ekusetshenzisweni kwamadlelo;
- ngesikhathi sokufuduka;
- lapho ubalekela izitha;
- ukuphepha kokondla nokuphumula;
- lapho sidlula eqhweni elijulile naseqhweni.
Abaholi be-gazelle bangabantu besifazane abadala, kungenzeka babe baningi babo. Uma kunengozi, umhlambi uyahlukana, umholi ngamunye athathe ingxenye yezihlobo zakhe ahambe nazo. Abesifazane baqala ukukhwelana unyaka nohhafu, kuthi abesilisa bavuthwe ngeminyaka emibili nohhafu. Abesilisa asebekhulile abavumeli njalo abantu abasha ukuthi babambe iqhaza emidlalweni yokukhwelana. Ukuya ocansini kwabesilisa kuqala ukuzibonakalisa engxenyeni yesibili kaDisemba futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kufike ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari.
Ama-Dzerens anesithembu, abesilisa bahlangana nabantu abaningana. Abamele abanamandla kakhulu bangagcina abesifazane abangafika ku-20-30 endaweni yabo. Emini, inani labo lingashintsha, abanye bayashaywa, abanye bahambe noma beze ngentando yabo.
Izinhlwathi zezimbuzi zibonakala ngokubuyela endaweni efanayo yokuzala amankonyane. Isikhathi sokuqala abesifazane baletha inzalo eneminyaka emibili ubudala. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-190. Isikhathi sokuzala emhlambini sihlala isikhathi esingaphansi kwenyanga, ukuphakama kwayo, lapho kufika kuma-80% abesifazane beletha inzalo, kuthatha cishe isonto.
Izitha zemvelo zensikazi
Isithombe: Dzeren Red Book
Ikati likaPallas, ama-ferrets, izimpungushe, izinkozi ziyingozi kumathole amancane. Ebusika, izinkozi zegolide zingazingela abantu abadala, kepha isitha sabo esikhulu impisi. Ehlobo, izimpisi azivamile ukuhlasela inhlwathi yezimbuzi, ngoba lezi zilwane zingakha ijubane elingaphezu kwamandla ezidliwayo ezimpunga. Ngenkathi efudumele, umhlambi omkhulu wezinsephe wehlukaniswa kabili, uvumela umhlaseli ukuba adlule. Ehlobo, imodeli yokugula noma eyalimala ingaba yimpango.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izimpisi nazo zinakekela inzalo yazo futhi azihambi kude nomhume, oseduze nomthombo wamanzi, kuyilapho izinhlwathi zinganiseli izinsuku ezimbalwa. Izinsana zingaba yizisulu zezimpisi uma indawo yazo yokuhlala iseduze kwendawo lapho umhlambi uzala khona. Kulokhu, umndeni owodwa uyakwazi ukudla amankonyane afinyelela kwabahlanu ngosuku.
Ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, izidlakela ezimpunga ziqamekela emigodini yokuchelela, okumbalwa kakhulu emaqeleni angenalo iqhwa. Abesilisa bangabanjwa emazinyweni empisi ngesikhathi se-rut, ngoDisemba, kanye nabantu ababuthakathaka - ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngoMashi. Izilwane ezidlayo nazo zisebenzisa ukuzingela ngendlela yokuqoqa, lapho izilwane ezimbili ziqhuba umhlambi ziye ekuqamekeleni, lapho lonke iphakethe lempisi lilinde inyamazane.
Isici esithandekayo salolu hlobo lwe-artiodactyls: lapho ubona ingozi, benza imisindo ethile ngamakhala abo, bashaye kakhulu umoya ngayo. Futhi, izinsephe zigxumela phezulu ukwethusa isitha nokugxiviza izinyawo zazo, bese ziphendukela endizeni kuphela lapho kunosongo lwangempela empilweni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Insephe kaZabaikalsky
Cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi ziyimfuyo yezinhlobo zaseTibetan zalezi zinhlwathi. UDzeren Przewalski uyivelakancane - cishe abantu abayinkulungwane. Izimpunga zaseMongolia zingabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-500, ngokusho kweminye imithombo - kufika esigidini. ETransbaikalia, ngemuva kokunyamalala okuphelele kwalolu hlobo lwama-artiodactyls eminyakeni engama-70 yekhulu elidlule, ukubuyiselwa kwabantu kwaqala.
E-Daursky Reserve, baqala ukuzala lezi zilwane ezincelisayo kusukela ngo-1992. Ngo-1994, kwakhiwa indawo evikelekile "iDauria", enendawo engaphezu kwamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1.7. Maphakathi namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, kube nokwanda okukhulu kwezinhlwathi ze-goiter eCentral naseNtshonalanga yeMongolia. Baqala ukubuyela ezindaweni zabo ezindala futhi banweba indawo yabo yokufudukela eTransbaikalia. Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane etholwe ekuqaphelisweni kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo empumalanga yeMongolia kukhombisile ukuthi inani labantu lapho lehle kakhulu eminyakeni engama-25 edlule.
Izizathu zalesi simo zazi:
- ukukhishwa okusebenzayo kwemithombo engaphansi komhlaba;
- ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ezindaweni zokufuduka kwama-artiodactyls;
- imisebenzi yabantu yezolimo;
- ukuqhamuka kwezifo ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lezitha zemvelo.
Isimo sezulu esinzima ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000 kwaholela ekuthuthekeni okukhulu kwezinhlwathi zaseMongolia zaya eRussia. Abanye babo basala behlala emaqeleni aseTrans-Baikal, esifundeni seTorey Lakes. Manje indawo yokuhlala yamaqembu ahlala kulezi zindawo ingaphezu kwama-5.5 000 m2. Inani labo cishe liyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi ngesikhathi sokufuduka eMongolia sifinyelela ku-70,000.
Dzeren unogada
Isithombe: Dzeren
Ngokwezinkomba ezilinganisiwe zohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, isimo sokongiwa kwensikazi yaseMongolia endaweni yaseRussia sifakiwe esigabeni sokuqala seRed Book njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Futhi, lesi silwane sifakiwe kuRed Data Books yaseTyva, iBuryatia, i-Altai neTransbaikalia. I-antelope iphakanyisiwe ukuthi ifakwe kuhlelo olusha lweRed Book yaseRussia. EMongolia, lesi silwane sihlala endaweni enkulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke, sinesimo sezinhlobo kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN olungabangeli ukukhathazeka okuncane.
Ukuvinjelwa kokuzingela le artiodactyl ezweni lethu kwamukelwa emuva eminyakeni yama-30 yekhulu elidlule, kepha ukungagcini kwaholela ekunyamalaleni okuphelele kohlobo. Ukubuyiselwa kwenqwaba yempala eTransbaikalia kwaqala ngokuqiniswa kokuvikelwa kanye nomsebenzi omningi wokufundisa phakathi kwabantu. Ngenxa yalezi zinyathelo, kungenzeka ukuguqula isimo sabahlali bendawo maqondana ne-antelope, bayeka ukuthathwa njengomuntu wangaphandle ongene okwesikhashana evela kwezinye izindawo.
Isimo sezinsephe eRussia sidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile nokuqapha okungaguquguquki, okuzovumela ukuhlonza okufika ngesikhathi kwabantu. Ngalokhu, izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuqapha nokulawulwa kwezilwane sezivele zenziwe futhi zaqaliswa.
I-antelope yembuzi ingenye yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zama-artiodactyls; ayisongelwa ngokuqothulwa komhlaba wonke okwamanje. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlobo emhlabeni akubangeli ukukhathazeka, kodwa insephe kungaphansi kwemihlangano nezivumelwano ezithile zomhlaba wonke. Imisebenzi eqhubekayo yokufundisa izosiza ukubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane ezindaweni zakuhlala kwazo endaweni yaseRussia.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-12: 43
