Cishe isigamu sezinyoni eziseplanethi yethu sicula kamnandi. Zonke izinyoni zezingoma zimelela ukuhleleka kwabantu abadlulayo kanye ne-suborder yezinyoni zezingoma (amazwi angavumelani).
Izinyoni zicula kanjani futhi kungani
Noma iyiphi inyoni yenza imisindo, kepha kubahlabeleli kuphela, ihlanganiswe ngokuvumelanayo kuma-trill nasezikalini. Ukuqanjwa komsindo kuqukethe izingoma zokucula nezwi, ezihlukaniswa ngumongo, ubude, nokushintshashintsha kwemisindo. Izingcingo zezwi zingama-laconic, futhi ingoma yinde, iyazenzisa futhi imvamisa iyahambisana nokuziphatha kokukhwelana.
Wakha kanjani umsindo
Izinyoni (ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo) azinawo amaphiko ezwi. Izitho zezwi lezinyoni yi-syrinx, isakhiwo esikhethekile samathambo ku-trachea. Lapho umoya udlula kuyo, izindonga zayo kanye ne-tragus ziyadlidlizela ukwenza umsindo. Inyoni ilawula imvamisa / ivolumu ngokushintsha ukucinana kwezinambuzane nokukhulisa umsindo ngezikhwama zomoya.
Iqiniso. Lapho indiza, le ngoma imemeza kakhulu: ishaya amaphiko ayo, le nyoni iphusha umoya ngokusebenzisa uqhoqhoqho, ibronchi namaphaphu. Ingoma ye-whirligig isabalele amakhilomitha ama-3 esibhakabhakeni, kepha phansi izwakala ithule kakhulu.
Izinsimbi zokukhuluma zobulili bobubili zinesakhiwo esifanayo, kepha imisipha yomphimbo ophansi kwabesifazane ibuthakathaka kunabesilisa. Yingakho abesilisa becula kangcono ezinyonini.
Kungani izinyoni zicula
Ngokumangazayo, izinyoni ziyacula ngoba ... azikwazi ukuzibamba kodwa ziyacula. Impela, ama-roulades abukeka kakhulu futhi abukeka kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, achazwa ukuqhuma kwamahomoni, okudinga ukukhishwa okunamandla.
Kepha ... Kungani izinyoni ezikhululekile (abadala nabancane) ziqhubeka nokucula ekwindla, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ebusika? Kungani i-nightingale, i-robin, i-wren nezinye izinyoni ngokuzumayo ziqala ukucula, zithuswe ukuvela okungazelelwe kwesilwane esidlayo? Kungani izinyoni eziboshwe ezinkanjini zicula ngezwi eligcwele futhi ngaphandle kwenkathi (ngaphezu kwalokho, zicula ngokuqinile nangamandla kunezihlobo zazo ezikhululekile)?
Ngenhlanhla, ukubizelwa ukukhwelwa kukude nokucula kwangempela. Kuhlala kulula ngokuya ngomculo futhi buthakathaka ngomsindo.
Abaqaphi bezinyoni banesiqiniseko sokuthi kuyacula okunikeza ukukhululwa okunamandla kwamandla aqoqwe kule nyoni, ayanda ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kodwa anganyamalali ngemuva kokuqedwa kwayo.
Izinyoni Zengoma
Zihlukile kwezinye izinyoni ezakhiwe ngendlela eyindida yomphimbo ophansi. Cishe bonke abaculi bakhulise kahle ama-5-7 amapheya emisipha yezwi, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni aziculi nje kuphela ngokugqamile, kepha futhi ziyazi nokuhleka. Yiqiniso, i-onomatopoeia ayakhiwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo.
Ngokulandelana kwabantu abadlulayo, izinyoni zezingoma zenza i-suborder enezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezinkulu (cishe eziyizinkulungwane ezine). Ngaphezu kwabo, kunama-oda amancane ama-3 eqenjini:
- izikweletu ezibanzi (uphondo);
- ukuklabalasa (abashiqela);
- ukucula phakathi
Abaculi abafani komunye nomunye ngokwakhiwa komzimba nangosayizi waso, nasendleleni yempilo. Iningi labantu lihlala emahlathini futhi lifuduka, abanye bahlala phansi noma bayimizulane. Emhlabathini, zivame ukuhamba ngokugxuma.
Ngokucabangela insimbi yomlomo, i-suborder yabahlabeleli ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-4:
- ikhokhisiwe;
- ukukhokhiswa ngamazinyo;
- okubanzi;
- ukukhokhiswa okuncane.
Okubalulekile. Ukudideka okukhulu ekuziphatheni kwentela kuyabonakala ku-suborder yabahlabeleli. Ngokuya ngale ndlela, izazi ze-ornithologists zihlukanisa kusuka ku-761 kuye ku-1017 isigaba kuzo, zihlangene emindenini engama-44-56.
Ngokwesinye sezigaba, imindeni elandelayo ibonwa njengezinyoni zezingoma: ama-larks, abadla izibungu, amapheshana, ama-wangs, ama-dulids, ama-wren, ama-dunnocks, i-thymus, i-swallow, i-wagtails, i-bulbul (i-short-fingered thrushes), ama-shrike-fowls, i-sirloin, i-bluebird, encane corolidae, titmice, flycatchers, nuthatches, flower suckers, white-eyed, oatmeal, pikas, sunbirds, honey suckers, tanager, arboreal, swallow tanagra, flower girl, Hawaiian flower girls, weaver, finches, isidumbu amawundlu, amagugu amaphiko , starling, drong, magpie larks, izinyoni zomtshingo, amagwababa nezinyoni zepharadesi.
Izinyoni zezingoma zaseTropical zikhanya futhi zikhulu kakhulu kunalezo ezizalwe ezindaweni ezipholile, ngenxa yesidingo sokuvimba imisindo yezinambuzane futhi zizwakale ehlathini elicinene. Abaculi bengxenye yaseYurophu yeRussian Federation ababanzi: i-thrush enonya ibizwa ngokuthi enkulu kunazo zonke, encane kunazo zonke - inyoni emnyama ne-kinglet.
UNightingale
I-virtuoso yokucula wedwa, kugujwa ezinkondlweni naku-prose. Maphakathi neRussia, ubonakala ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ecula ngentshiseko hhayi ebusuku kuphela, kepha nasekukhanyeni kwelanga. I-nightingale ejwayelekile, eyilungu lomndeni wabadobi bezimpukane, ithanda umthunzi nomswakama, yingakho ihlala emahlathini amaningi agcwele izikhukhula.
Umculi wehlathi "unikezwa" izindawo zokuhlala, kuhambisana nemikhuba ebonakalayo kanye ne-trill. Uqala ingoma, usukuma ahlukane ngemilenze, aphakamise umsila wehlise amaphiko akhe. Le nyoni iguqa ngokungacabangi, ishwiba umsila wayo ikhiphe nokukhala okuthe cwaka (okufana ne- "trrr") noma impempe ende ende.
Engomeni ye-nightingale, amakhwela, ama-roulade amnene nokuchofoza kufakwa ngaphakathi, futhi into ngayinye, ebizwa ngedolo (okungenani idazini lakhona) iphindaphindwa kaningi. I-nightingale ibilokhu ifunda ukucula ivela kubafowabo abadala kuyo yonke impilo yayo: yingakho ama-nightrest aseKursk ecula ngokwehlukile kunalawo ase-Arkhangelsk, kanye nawaseMoscow angafani nawaseTula.
I-mockingbird enamazwi amaningi
Inyoni enesizotha, engama-25 cm ukuphakama, inezimpaphe ezimpunga ikakhulu ezikhanyayo nomsila omnyama omnyama onezimpaphe ezimhlophe (zangaphandle). UMockingbird waziwa ngethalente lakhe elingenakuqhathaniswa le-onomatopoeia kanye nomlando ocebile wezingoma ezingama-50-200.
Ububanzi bezinhlobo buqala eningizimu yeCanada, budlule e-United States kuye eMexico naseCaribbean, kepha iningi lezinyoni zihlala kule ndawo kusuka eFlorida kuye eTexas. I-mockingbird isizivumelanise nezindawo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ezitshaliwe, kanye namahlathi, izingwadule, amasimu nama-glades avulekile.
I-mockingbird yesilisa ivame ukucula ngezikhathi zasemini, ikhiqize ngobuchule amazwi ezinye izilwane (kufaka phakathi izinyoni) kanye nanoma yimiphi imisindo ezwayo, ngokwesibonelo, imisindo yezimboni nezimpondo zemoto. Ingoma ye-mockingbird ihlale inzima, inde futhi ikhala kakhulu.
Idla imbewu, izithelo kanye nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, ibheke phansi. I-mockingbird ayiyona inyoni enamahloni: uyama ngesibindi nangodlame ukuvikela isidleke sakhe, imvamisa ebiza omakhelwane bakhe ukuze baxoshe umhlaseli ndawonye.
I-Field lark
Enye inyoni, idunyiswa ngentshiseko yizimbongi amakhulu eminyaka. Inyoni ye-nondescript motley elingana nondlunkulu wasendlini - ingu-40 g kuphela wesisindo nge-18 cm yomzimba ominyene. Abesifazane banesizotha kakhulu kunabesilisa futhi abaze babambe iso: ngenkathi owesilisa ecula ngokuzidela, intombi yakhe ifuna ukudla noma imlinde ngezansi.
I-lark iqala iculo emoyeni, ikhuphukele phezulu futhi iyindilinga ize inyibilike esibhakabhakeni. Isifikile endaweni ephezulu (100-150 m ngenhla komhlaba), i-lark igijimela emuva, isivele ingenayo imibuthano, kodwa ingakhathali ishaya amaphiko ayo.
Lapho kwehla i-lark, ingoma yayo iyancipha, nemisindo eshaya amakhwela iqala ukubusa kuyo. Cishe ngamamitha ayishumi nambili ukusuka emhlabathini, i-lark iyayeka ukucula bese yehla ngokungazelelwe ngamaphiko ayo asakazekile.
Ingoma yelark, ekhala emasimini kusukela ekuseni kuze kuhlwe, naphezu kwesethi encane yamanothi, izwakala imnandi ngokwedlulele. Imfihlo ilele enhlanganisweni enekhono yemisindo edlala ngokukhala (ngokufana nezinsimbi) trill.
I-Wren
Inyoni encane (10 g ngo-10 cm ukuphakama), kodwa inyoni enombala onsundu onsundu ehlala e-Eurasia, eMelika naseNyakatho Afrika. Ngenxa yezimpaphe zayo ezixegayo, i-wren ibukeka njengebhola elinoboya elinomsila omfishane obuyisiwe.
I-Wren ihamba ngokungaphezi phakathi kwamagatsha ezihlahla, igxuma phakathi kwezinkuni ezifile noma igijimela ngotshani. Ibuyela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke kusenesikhathi, lapho kwakhiwa amabala ancibilikile ehlathini, neqhwa liyancibilika ezindaweni ezivulekile.
Esifundeni saseMoscow, ukuculwa kwama-wrens kungazwakala ngo-Ephreli. Ingoma ayigcini nje ngokuba ngomculo kuphela, kodwa futhi inomsindo omkhulu, yakhiwa nge-sonorous, kepha yehlukile komunye nomunye, ama-trill asheshayo. I-wren ikhotha ingoma yayo, igibela esiqwini, inqwaba yamabhulashi noma ihamba phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngemuva kokuphothula ukusebenza, owesilisa uyagxuma emsamo ukuze angene ngokushesha phakathi kwamahlathi.
Ingoma yezinyoni
Inesihloko esingashiwongo se- "nightingale yehlathi", njengoba ithanda ukuhlala emahlathini ahlukene futhi ime ngaphandle lapho ngezwi layo eliyinkimbinkimbi futhi elizwakalayo. I-thrush yengoma iyilungu lomndeni we-thrush futhi yaziwa kakhulu kubahlali base-Asia Minor, eYurophu naseSiberia.
Le yinyoni enombala onsundu onsundu kuze kufike kuma-70 g nobude bomzimba obungu-21.5-25 cm. Izinyoni zivela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke hhayi ngaphambi kwaphakathi kuka-Ephreli, ezihlala emakhoneni alungele ukuzalanisa.
Ama-thrushes okucula acula kuze kuhlwe, kepha ngokuzimisela okukhulu kusihlwa nasekuseni. Ukukhala, umculo ongafakwanga futhi ohlukile uhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele: ingoma ifaka amakhwela ahlukahlukene aphansi kanye ne-laconic trill. I-thrush iphinda idolo ngalinye lokucula izikhathi ezi-2-4.
Ukucula ama-thrushes kuyacula, kuhlezi phezulu kwesihlahla. Zivame ukulingisa ezinye izinyoni, kepha noma kunjalo, ingoma ye-thrush ibhekwa njengeyihle kunazo zonke.
Inkanyezi ejwayelekile
Izinyoni zokuqala ukufuduka, zifika maphakathi neRussia ngamachashazi okuqala ancibilikile, imvamisa ngoMashi. Ama-Starlings akhetha ukwakheka kwamasiko, kepha futhi ajwayelekile nasemathafeni, emahlathini, emahlathini avulekile nasezintabeni.
Ingoma ye-starling izwakala kakhulu futhi isentwasahlobo. Owesilisa uzinikela ngokuphelele ekuthambekeleni kokudala, kepha ngothando olunjalo lokuthi ngisho nama-creaks neminye imisindo engeyona imisindo efakwe kuyo ayimoshi i-aria yakhe.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, yizinkanyezi ezihlabelela phezulu nangobuciko ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinyoni ezizungezile, ikakhulukazi ezihlala phansi neziyimizulane, ikakhulukazi njengoba ezinye izinhlobo ezifudukayo zingakabuyeli emahlathini.
Ama-Starlings nawo ayizinyoni ezihlekisayo, ahlanganisa kalula imisindo ehlukene ye-polar ezingomeni zawo - ukukhala kwexoxo, ukukhonkotha kwezinja nokukhonkotha, ukukhala kwesondo lenqola, futhi, ukulingisa ezinye izinyoni.
Inkanyezi ifaka engomeni yayo hhayi izihlobo zayo kuphela, kepha nemisindo ezwakala ngesikhathi sasebusika / ezindizeni, ngaphandle kokukhubeka noma ukuma umzuzu. Izinkanyezi ezithunjiwe zesikhathi eside zilingisa izwi lomuntu kahle, ziphimisa amagama awodwa kanye nemisho emide.
Ibhungane elinamakhanda aphuzi
Inyoni yengoma encane, engadluli ku-10 cm, ejwayelekile endaweni yehlathi eYurophu nase-Asia. Ubuhlalu obunamakhanda aphuzi ubukeka njengebhola elincane, elinombala womnqumo elinamaphiko anemigqa, lapho kutshalwa khona ibhola elincane - leli ikhanda elinamehlo amnyama acwebezelayo kanye nomugqa ophuzi okhanyayo ohlobisa umqhele.
Abesilisa bebhungane elinamakhanda aphuzi bacula ngo-Ephreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi - lena yimisindo ezothile yomculo ezwakala egatsheni lama-spruce.
I-kinglet ihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini e-coniferous (kaningi ngesi-spruce), kepha futhi yenzeka ngokuxubana nangamakhaza, ihamba lapho ebusika, ngenkathi izula nangemva kokudlela. Izinyoni ezincane zizulazula kanye ne-titmice, ezinemikhuba esondelene kakhulu nazo.
Ngokubambisana, izinyoni zikhuphuka ngokushesha izinaliti, zibambelela ezithombeni zamagatsha amancane ngobuciko obumangalisayo futhi zithathe ukuma okuhle okumangazayo. Ehlobo bathola ukudla engxenyeni engenhla yomqhele, kwehla ebusika / ekwindla cishe phansi noma ukuqoqa ukudla okufanele eqhweni.
Guyi
Izinyoni zasehlathini (ezinobude obungu-23 kuya ku-40 cm), zitholakala kuphela eNew Zealand. Umndeni we-huya uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-3, ngayinye emele uhlobo lwe-monotypic. Zonke izinyoni zibonakala ngokuba khona kwama-catkins (ukukhula okukhanyayo) phansi komlomo. Izimpiko zazo ziyindilinga, izitho nomsila mide.
I-guia enezinhlawulo eziningi inezimpaphe ezimnyama, eziphikisana nokuphela komsila, ezipendwe ngombala omhlophe. Unamacici aphuzi nomlomo. Lesi sakamuva, ngasendleleni, sihluke ngokuphawulekayo kwabesifazane nabesilisa: kwabesifazane side futhi sigobile, kwabesilisa sifushane futhi siqondile.
Olunye uhlobo oluvela emndenini wamahuya, i-saddleback, luhlome ngomlomo omude futhi omncane, ogobile kancane. Umbala wayo ubuswa futhi ingemuva elimnyama, kepha selivele lihlanjululwe ngombala oshubile we-chestnut kuma-wing cover nangasemuva, lapho lakha khona "isihlalo".
IKokako (olunye uhlobo) inombala ompunga, onamathoni omnqumo emsileni / ezimpikweni, futhi anoqhwaku olufushane olujiyile olunengwegwe oqhwaku lwaphezulu. I-Kokako, njengezinsimbi ezihamba ngamakhanda, indiza ngokungabalulekile, njengomthetho, ipheqa ngokunganqikazi amamitha ambalwa, kepha itholakala emahlathini aminyene eningizimu ye-beech (notofagus).
Kuyathakazelisa. Abesilisa bezinhlobo ezimbili zokugcina banezwi elihle futhi eliqinile, elibizwa ngokuthi "umtshingo" izwi. Ngokwemvelo, kuvame ukuculwa kwe-antiphonic kanye ne-duet.
ICocako ne-saddleback nabo babelana ngesimo esifanayo ku-IUCN Red List - bobabili basengozini.
Umdanso ompompi ojwayelekile
Inyoni ehlangene engangesiskin, ekhula ingadluli ku-12-15 cm futhi inesisindo esisuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 g. Umdanso ompompi kulula ukuwubona ngombala wawo obonakalayo. Abesilisa banombala onsundu ngokunsomi ngokubomvu nangokubomvana ngokubomvu esiswini; umqhele kanye ne-uppertail nazo zigqanyiswa ngokubomvu. Izinsikazi nezinyoni ezisencane zithweswa kuphela umqhele obomvu, kepha imizimba yazo ipendwe mhlophe.
Umdanso ompompi ojwayelekile ukhetha ukuhlala ku-taiga, tundra nasehlathini-lasehlathini laseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. E-taiga ihlala ezindlekweni ezincane ezinamaxhaphozi noma ezihlahleni ze-birch encane, uma sikhuluma nge-shrub tundra.
Iqiniso. Bacula ukudansa okuncane kompompi, imvamisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Le ngoma ayiyona eyomculo kakhulu, njengoba iqukethe ama-trill owomile afana ne- "thrrrrrrrr" kanye nesethi yezikhuthazo ezingapheli "che-che-che".
Ezingxenyeni ze-alpine nezingaphansi komhlaba, umdanso wompompi wezintaba uvame kakhulu, nase-tundra / taiga yase-Eurasia - empompini womlotha. Bonke ubuhlalu bompompi benziwa izinqwaba zemihlambi futhi bakhala ngokuqhubekayo endizeni, okwenza imisindo efana ne- "che-che", "chen", "che-che-che", "chiv", "cheeii" noma "chuv".
I-wagtail ephuzi, noma i-pliska
Incane kancane kune-wagtail emhlophe, kepha incanyana efanayo, noma kunjalo, ibukeka iheha ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yombala okhangayo - izimpaphe eziluhlaza okotshani ngokuhlangene namaphiko ansundu nomnyama nomsila omnyama, izimpaphe zomsila (ipheya langaphandle) zipendwe mhlophe. I-dimorphism yezocansi iziveza ngombala ohlaza okotshani phezulu kwekhanda nokugobhoza esifubeni kwabesifazane. I-pliska yabantu abadala inesisindo cishe esingu-17 g futhi ingu-17-19 cm ubude.
Izidleke eziphuzi ze-wagtail entshonalanga ye-Alaska, e-Asia (ngaphandle kwezindawo zayo eziseningizimu, mpumalanga, nezindawo ezisenyakatho kakhulu), kanye nasenyakatho ye-Afrika (iNile delta, iTunisia, inyakatho ye-Algeria) kanye ne-Europe. Ama-wagtails aphuzi abuyela endaweni emaphakathi yezwe lethu kwenye indawo maphakathi no-Ephreli, ngokushesha esakazeka ezindaweni ezimanzi ezimanzi futhi ezinamaxhaphozi (lapho kugcinwa khona amahlathi angavamile) noma ngaphezulu kwamagundane e-hummocky peat.
Ama-triloks okuqala amafushane we-plisoks azwakala cishe masinyane ngemuva kokufika kwawo evela ebusika: owesilisa ukhwela esiqwini esiqinile futhi avule umlomo wakhe ngokubanzi, enze i-serenade yayo elula.
UPriska ufuna ukudla, angene phakathi kotshani noma abambe izinambuzane emoyeni, kepha akwenze endizeni, ngokungafani nenqola emhlophe, kangaki. Akumangazi ukuthi isidlo sasemini se-wagtail ephuzi kaningi siqukethe ama-invertebrate amancane ahlala phansi.
I-chromosome "eyengeziwe"
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, kwavela umbono wokuthi, ngenxa yale chromosome, izinyoni zezingoma zikwazile ukuhlala kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ukuba khona kwe-chromosome eyengeziwe kumaseli amagciwane ezinyoni zengoma kwaqinisekiswa ngososayensi bezinto eziphilayo abavela e-Institute of Cytology and Genetics yaseRussia Academy of Sciences, eNyuvesi yaseNovosibirsk naseSt.
Ososayensi baqhathanisa i-DNA yezinhlobo eziyi-16 zezinyoni zezingoma (eziqhamuka emindenini eyi-9, kufaka phakathi izinkunzi zezinkunzi, ama-siskins, ama-titmice kanye nezinkonjane) nezinhlobo eziyi-8 ezivela kwamanye ama-oda, ezibandakanya amapholi, izinkukhu, amahansi, amadada noheshe.
Iqiniso. Kwavela ukuthi izinhlobo ezingaculi, zindala kakhulu (ezinokuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlala eMhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-35), zine-chromosome eyodwa ngaphansi kwezinhlobo zokucula ezavela emhlabeni kamuva.
Ngendlela, i-chromosome yokuqala "eyeqile" yatholwa emuva ngo-1998 ku-zebra finch, kepha lokhu kwabangelwa yizimfanelo ezithile.Kamuva (2014), i-chromosome eyengeziwe yatholwa ku-finch yaseJapane, okwenza ama-ornithologists acabange ngakho.
Izazi zebhayoloji zaseRussia ziphakamise ukuthi i-chromosome eyengeziwe yakhiwa ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30 edlule, futhi ukuziphendukela kwayo kwakuhlukile kubo bonke abaculi. Yize indima yale chromosome ekwakhiweni kwezinyoni zezingoma ingacaci ngokuphelele, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi yandise amakhono angaguquki ezinyoni, yawavumela ukuba ahlale cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi.
