ESiberia, le nhlanzi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i- pike ebomvu, ngoba ngaphambi kokuzala, i- taimen endala ishintsha umbala wayo ojwayelekile ompunga ube bomvu wethusi.
Incazelo ye-taimen
I-Hucho taimen - taimen, noma i-taimen ejwayelekile (ebizwa nangokuthi yiSiberia) ingeyehlobo lohlobo lwe-taimen oluvela emndenini we-salmon futhi lubhekwa njengommeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke bakamuva. Abantu baseSiberia ngenhlonipho babhekisa kuma-taimen njenge-tiger yomfula, i-krasul ne-tsar fish.
Ukubukeka
Ama-taimen aseSiberia anomzimba omncane, onesigaxa, omile, njengezinhlanzi eziningi ezidla ezinye, futhi embozwe ngezikali ezincane zesiliva. Izindawo ezincane ezimnyama ziyabonakala ngaphezulu kwekhanda, ezinhlangothini - azilingani, ziyindilinga noma zimise okwe-X. Ikhanda licwecwe kancane phezulu / ezinhlangothini zombili ngakho-ke lifana nepiki. Umlomo obanzi we-taimen uhlala uhhafu wekhanda, uvulekele uvuleke ucishe ufike kuma-gill slits. Imihlathi ihlome ngamazinyo abukhali ngokweqile, agobile, akhula emigqeni eminingi.
Ngenxa yobubanzi obubanzi bomgogodla, amaphiko okhalweni nophiko lwendunu, osuswe wasondela eduze komsila, ama-taimen ayabhukuda futhi ahambe ngokushesha okukhulu.
Amaphiko we-pectoral kanye ne-dorsal anombala ompunga, ingquza yangemuva nomsila zihlala zibomvu. Intsha inemivimbo eguqukayo, futhi ngokuvamile, umbala we-taimen uncike endaweni ehlala kuyo. Ukukhanya, isisu esicishe sibe mhlophe nokuhamba kwesici ezinhlangothini / emuva kuhlala kungashintshi, kuyilapho ithoni yomzimba isiyonke, ehambelana nesimo sendawo, iyahlukahluka kusuka kokuluhlaza okotshani kuye kobomvu ngisho nangombala onsundu. Phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, ama-taimen aphenduka abe bomvu ngethusi, abuyele kumbala wawo ojwayelekile ngemuva kokuzala.
Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi
Ngeminyaka engu-6-7 yeminyaka (iminyaka evundile), i-taimen ejwayelekile inesisindo esisuka ku-2 kuye ku-4 kg ngobude obungu-62-71 cm.Dala i-taimen, ubukhulu bayo buyamangaza kakhulu. Abadobi bavame ukubamba izinhlanzi ezingamamitha amabili, ezinwebekayo ngama-60-80 kg: eMfuleni iLena (Yakutia) ngandlela thile babamba i-taimen engu-2.08 m ubude.
Kepha lona akuwona umkhawulo, kusho uKonstantin Andreevich Gipp, owasebenza iminyaka eminingana enyakatho ekude ngemuva kwempi futhi ephethe ezandleni zakhe usimende ongu-2.5-2.7 m m.
“Ngithathe isithombe naye ngisesikebheni esiboshelwe ogwini, umnsalo waso uphakanyiswe cishe ngemitha ngaphezulu komhlaba. Ngangibambe i-taimen ngaphansi kwezigilo, ikhanda layo lafinyelela esilevini, umsila wagoqana phansi, ”kubhala uGipp.
Ubuye wezwa kaningi kusuka kubahlali bendawo ngosimende ongaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ubude, futhi lapho yena uqobo ebonile (ngenkathi ehamba ngesikebhe esedlule ogwini) ama-taimen ambalwa elele eduze kwemigodi yaseYakut. I-taimen ngayinye yayinde ukudlula umgodi, kusho uGipp, okusho ukuthi ibingaba ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-taimen ejwayelekile yizinhlobo ezihlala njalo ezihlala emzimbeni ofanayo wamanzi (umfula osheshayo noma ichibi). Le yinhlanzi yomfula ekhetha amanzi ahlanzekile, anomoya opholile, abhukuda ngemifudlana emincane ehlobo, ishiye ubusika emibhedeni yemifula emikhulu namachibi. Ngokungafani nezinhlobo ze-anadromous, ama-taimen aseSiberia ahlala emigodini ejulile ngasogwini.
Emini, lesi silwane sihlala emthunzini wezihlahla ezigobeke phezu kwamanzi, sishiya ebusuku emithonjeni ejulile nomsinga osheshayo. Njengoba ilanga liphuma, ama-taimen aqala ukudlala emifantwini - ukufafaza, ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane. Ama-taimen alala kakhulu emanzini ajulile, emi ngaphansi kweqhwa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile adonsela phezulu ukuze "agwinye" umoya-mpilo.
Njengoba ofakazi bokuzibonela beqinisekisa, ama-taimen aseSiberia akwazi ukuduma kakhulu, futhi lo msindo uqhutshwa amamitha amaningana.
Umsebenzi we-taimen ehlobo-ekwindla ungaphansi kokushintshashintsha futhi usezingeni eliphezulu ekugcineni kokuzala (ekuqaleni kwehlobo). Ngokufika kokushisa nokushisa kwamanzi, ama-taimen aba yingozi kakhulu, okuchazwa nokuguquka okubuhlungu kwamazinyo. Imvuselelo ibonwa ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, futhi vele ngo-Septhemba, i-zhor yasekwindla iqala, ehlala kuze kube yiqhwa.
Izazi ze-Ichthyologists zikhala ngokuthi ukukhokhelwa kwama-taimen emifuleni akukaze kufundwe ngokwanele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bashiya izindawo zokuzalela ukuze bagweme ukuncintisana kokudla nezinsizwa ezibonisa indawo. Ngesikhathi sokuthomba (kusuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kwengu-7), ama-taimen aseSiberia awaseyona indawo kangako futhi ayalahleka emihlambini yedlanzana, esuka kude ne-taimen enkulu. Ngemuva kokuthola imisebenzi yokuzala, ama-taimen "khumbula" mayelana nendawo futhi ekugcineni abe nesakhiwo lapho ahlala khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yabo.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-taimen
Kukholakala ukuthi i-taimen ejwayelekile iphila isikhathi eside kunawo wonke ama-salmonid futhi iyakwazi ukugubha iminyaka engu-50 yasungulwa. Kuyacaca ukuthi amarekhodi okuphila isikhathi eside kungenzeka kuphela ngokudla okunomsoco kanye nezinye izimo ezithandekayo.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ngo-1944 e-Yenisei (eduze naseKrasnoyarsk) i-taimen endala yagaywa, iminyaka yakhe ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-55.
Kukhona futhi amacala achazayo wokubamba ama-taimen, iminyaka yawo cishe yayineminyaka engama-30. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-taimen aseSiberia, ngokusho kwezibalo ze-ichthyologists, yiminyaka engama-20.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-taimen ajwayelekile atholakala kuyo yonke imifula yaseSiberia - iYenisei, i-Ob, iPyasina, i-Anabar, iKhatanga, i-Olenek, i-Omolon, i-Lena, iKhroma ne-Yana. Ukuphila emifuleni i-Uda neTugur egelezela oLwandle i-Okhotsk, e-Amur basin (eningizimu nasenyakatho yemifula), e-Ussuri naseSungari basins, ezindaweni eziphezulu zemifula (kufaka i-Onon, Argun, Shilka, izindawo ezingezansi ze-Ingoda neNerchu), kanye nemifula, ugelezela echwebeni lase-Amur. AmaTaimen ahlala emachibini:
- UZaysan;
- IBaikal;
- Teletskoe.
AmaTaimen abonakala emfuleni. Sob (umfudlana we-Ob), emifuleni iKhadytayakha neSeyakha (Yamal). Kwake kwahlala umcengezi we-Upper Urals kanye nemingenela ye-Middle Volga, futhi ngaphambi kokuvela kwamadamu yangena eVolga isuka eKama, yehlela eStavropol.
Umngcele osentshonalanga wendawo ufinyelela emigodini ye-Kama, Pechora neVyatka. Manje emgodini wasePechora cishe awutholakali, kepha utholakala emithanjeni yawo yezintaba (iShchugor, Ilych ne-Usa).
EMongolia, ama-taimen avamile ahlala emifuleni emikhulu yebheseni laseSelenga (ngaphezulu e-Orkhon naseTula), emachibini esifunda saseKhubsugul nase-Darkhat basin, nasemifuleni esempumalanga iKerulen, i-Onon, i-Khalkhin-Gol neLake Buir-Nur. Ensimini yaseChina, ama-taimen ahlala emithanjeni ye-Amur (iSungari ne-Ussuri).
Ukudla kwe-taimen ejwayelekile
I-Taimen idla unyaka wonke, ngisho nasebusika, ilamba njengezinhlanzi eziningi ngesikhathi sokuzala. I-zhor yangemva kokuzala i-June zhor ingena esikhundleni sokulinganisela ehlobo bese idla ekwindla, lapho i-taimen igcwele amafutha. Ungqimba lwamafutha luqinisekisa ukusinda kwezinhlanzi ebusika, lapho ukudla kutholakala kuyindlala.
Ngokuya ngomzimba wamanzi, i-whitefish, i-carp noma i-grayling fish iba yisisekelo sokudla. Ama-taimen amancane adla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, kufaka phakathi izibungu ze-caddis. Ama-Underyearlings azama ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane, eshintsha ngokuphelele kwimenyu yezinhlanzi kusukela ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila.
Ukudla kwe-taimen ejwayelekile kuqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- i-gudgeon ne-chebak;
- okumunyu neminnow;
- i-roach ne-dace;
- i-whitefish ne-perch;
- impunga kanye ne-burbot;
- lenok ne-sculpin.
AmaTaimenes ona ngokudla abantu, edla izingane zawo ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma ama-taimen elambile, angahlasela ixoxo, iphuphu, igundane, iskwiza (esibhukuda siwele umfula) ngisho nezinyoni zamanzi ezindala ezinjengamahansi namadada. Amalulwane atholakala nasesiswini se-taimen.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Entwasahlobo, ama-taimen akhuphula imifula, angene ezindaweni zawo eziphezulu nemifudlana emincane esheshayo ukuzala lapho. Izinhlanzi ze-Tsar zivame ukuzala ngababili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ukubonwa okuncane (2-3) kwabesilisa kuyaphawulwa. Insikazi imba isidleke esinobubanzi obungu-1.5 kuya ku-10 m enhlabathini eyigugu, izalela lapho lapho owesilisa esondela. Ukuzala kuzala cishe imizuzwana engama-20, ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa ukhipha ubisi ukuze kuvundiswe amaqanda.
Kuyathakazelisa. Insikazi ingcwaba ngokucophelela amaqanda ngomsila wayo bese iqhwa eduze kwesidleke imizuzu emithathu, ngemuva kwalokho ukuphindaphindwa nokukhulelwa kuyaphindwa.
Ama-taimen ajwayelekile, njengama-salmonid amaningi, ahlala endaweni yokuzala cishe amasonto amabili, evikela isidleke sayo kanye nenzalo yesikhathi esizayo. I-Taimen izala njalo entwasahlobo, ngaphandle kwabantu basenyakatho, abazala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. I-caviar ejwayelekile yetaimen inkulu, ejwayelekile kuma-salmon amaningi, futhi ifinyelela ku-0.6 cm ububanzi. Ukuchamuselwa emaqandeni kuncike ekushiseni kwamanzi, kepha, njengomthetho, kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-28-38 ngemuva kokuzala. Kwamanye amasonto ambalwa, izibungu zisemhlabathini, ngemuva kwalokho ziqala ukuhlala kukholamu lamanzi.
Abasakhulayo abakhulayo bahlala eduze nezindawo zokuzalela isikhathi eside futhi abathambekele ekuhambeni okude. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi (kanye nokuzala) kwe-taimen ejwayelekile akunqunywa kangako ngobudala bayo kunangesisindo sayo, esithinteka enanini lokuphakelayo. Amakhono wokuzala avela lapho inhlanzi ikhula iye kuma-55-60 cm, ithola i-1 kg (abesilisa) noma ama-2 kg (abesifazane). Amanye ama-taimen afinyelela ubukhulu obunjalo ngeminyaka emi-2, amanye hhayi ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-5-7.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-taimen amancane azingelwa izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidlayo, kufaka phakathi abamele izinhlobo zazo. Lapho inhlanzi ye-tsar izala, iwela kalula ezihlangwini zamabhere, ezingathathwa njengezitha zayo zemvelo kuphela. Kuyiqiniso, akumelwe sikhohlwe ngomuntu ozingeli wakhe obangela ukulimala okungenakulungiseka kubantu base-taimen abavamile.
Inani lokuhweba
Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi i-taimen ejwayelekile yaqanjwa ngokuthi inhlanzi ye-tsar, ingagcizeleli ubukhulu bayo kuphela, kepha futhi nokunambitheka okuhloniphekile kwethenda yomzimba kanye nokubukeka kwasebukhosini kwe-caviar. Akumangalisi ukuthi naphezu kokuvinjelwa cishe konke kwendawo kokudoba ama-taimen ngenhloso yokuhweba, ukudotshwa kwawo okungalawulwa ngokuhweba nokuzijabulisa kuyaqhubeka eRussia nakwamanye amazwe (Kazakhstan, China naseMongolia).
Ukunakwa. Ngaphansi kwelayisense noma ezindaweni ezikhethwe ngokukhethekile, ungabamba ama-taimen okungenani angama-70-75 cm ubude.
Ngokwemithetho, umdobi owayedoba i-taimen kufanele amkhulule, kepha angathatha isithombe ngendebe yakhe. Kuvunyelwe ukuhamba nayo ngesimo esisodwa kuphela - inhlanzi ilimale kanzima ngenkathi ibamba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ibheka i-Hucho taimen njengezilwane ezisengozini, eyehla ngaphezu kobubanzi bayo. Ama-taimen aseSiberia nawo afakiwe kwiRed Book yaseRussia futhi avikelwe ikakhulukazi ezifundeni eziningana zeRussia Federation. Ngokusho kwe-IUCN, abantu abaningi bama-taimen abavamile baqothulwe noma bancishiswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezingama-39 kwezingama-57 zemifula: bambalwa kuphela abantu abahlala ehlane ababhekwa njengezinzile.
Okubalulekile. Ezingxenyeni ezingaphezu kwesigamu semigodi yemifula yeRussian Federation, ama-taimen angabantu abanobungozi obulinganiselayo, kepha ngenhla ephezulu - kuyo yonke imifula yaseRussia etholakala entshonalanga yezintaba zase-Ural.
Ngaphandle kokushoda kwezibalo eziqondile ngenani lama-taimen, kuyaziwa ukuthi icishe yanyamalala emigodini yasePechora naseKama, ngaphandle kwaseKolva, Vishera, Belaya naseChusovaya. I-Tsar-fish isiyivelakancane emifuleni yemithambeka esempumalanga ye-Urals Ephakathi nesePolar, kepha iyatholakala naseNyakatho Sosva.
Izinsongo eziyinhloko ezinhlotsheni ziyabonakala:
- ukudoba ezemidlalo (okusemthethweni nokungekho emthethweni);
- ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini;
- ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nemigwaqo;
- izimayini;
- ukugeza umanyolo emasimini kungene emifuleni;
- izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwamanzi ngenxa yomlilo nokushisa komhlaba.
I-IUCN incoma ukuthi ukongiwa kwalezi zinhlobo, ukugcinwa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuzala kabusha kwemfuyo, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe zamanzi angenasawoti, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokudoba eziphephile (izingwegwe ezilodwa, izingibe zokuzenzela kanye nokugcinwa kwezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe emanzini).
