Ingwe ye-Amur iyizinhlayiya ezisenyakatho nezikhulu kunazo zonke zehlosi elihlala eMhlabeni. Uyindlala kangangoba eMbusweni Wezulu ababulali bakhe bagwetshwa intambo.
Incazelo yengwe yama-Amur
Babr (ovela ku-Yakut "baabyr") - yile ndlela ihlosi laseSiberia labizwa ngayo eRussia, manje eyaziwa njenge-Far Eastern, Ussuri noma i-Amur tiger. I-Panthera tigris altaica (igama lesiLatini lama-subspecies) yaziwa njengenye yezinto eziheha kakhulu emndenini wekati, edlula ngisho nengonyama ngosayizi. Namuhla, ihlosi lase-Amur likhonjiswe efulethini / ijazi lezingalo zikaPrimorsky Krai nasejazini lezingalo zaseKhabarovsk.
UBabr wahlobisa amajazi ezikhali zaseYakutsk (kusukela ngo-1642) nase-Irkutsk, waze waphenduka waba "yi-beaver" ngaphansi kuka-Emperor Alexander II, ngephutha lomvikeli owedlulele wesipelingi, owayesebenza emnyangweni wezokwazisa. Leli phutha lilungiswe kamuva, kepha ezingutsheni ze-Irkutsk nesifunda, isilwane esimnyama esimangazayo esinomsila omkhulu nezidladla ezinama-webbed sisakhanya, siphethe imbenge ngamazinyo aso.
Ukubukeka
Ingwe i-Amur iyikati elihle lasendle elinombala onemishwe onemizimba yomzimba oguqukayo ogcwele ikhanda eliyindilinga elinezindlebe ezilinganayo. IBabr, njengawo wonke amafene, ihlome ngamazinyo abukhali angama-30 nezinzipho eziqinile ezisiza ukudwengula izidumbu nokukhuphuka kwezihlahla.
Isizinda sombala esivelele (esibomvu) sithathelwa indawo esimhlophe esifubeni, esiswini kanye nase "sideburns". Imivimbo emnyama eguqukayo iwela umzimba nomsila, iphenduke amamaki amnyama ahambisanayo ekhanda nasembusweni.
Ibalekela ubusika obushubile, ihlosi le-Amur liphoqeleka ukuba ligcwale uboya obukhulu bese liqoqa ungqimba oluqinile (5 cm) lwamafutha angaphansi, avikela umhlaseli engqeleni.
Ingwe enkulu ingahamba ngaphandle komsindo ongadingekile, okuchazwa yikhono elimunca ukushaqeka lezidladla ezibanzi ezinamapayipi athambile. Yingakho i-babr ihamba buthule futhi igijime ehlathini lase-Ussuri lasehlobo, ngaphandle kokuwela ezintabeni eziphakeme zeqhwa ebusika.
Usayizi wengwe yama-Amur
Ingwe yase-Amur, engomunye wabamele abakhulu bomndeni we-feline, muva nje ibilokhu iphansi ngosayizi wehlosi laseBengal elihlala emapaki kazwelonke e-India. Lapho lawa ma-subspecies ahlobene ayeqhathaniswa ngosayizi, kepha i-Ussuri tiger yaqala ukuncipha ngenxa yokusondela kwayo kubantu, ngokunembile, ngenxa yomsebenzi wezomnotho wakamuva.
Iqiniso. Ingwe eyi-Amur ejwayelekile inwebela ku-2.7-3.8 m ubude, inesisindo esingama-200-250 kg futhi ikhula lapho ibuna kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-1.15 m.
Izazi ze-Zoologists ziphakamisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye angathola ama-300 kg noma ngaphezulu, yize irekhodi elingahlaba umxhwele libhaliswe ngokusemthethweni - 212 kg. Ngeyesilisa efakwe ukhololo womsakazo entanyeni yakhe.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ngokungafani nebhubesi, ihlosi lama-Amur, njengezinsikazi eziningi, alihlanganyeli nokuziqhenya, kepha lithanda ukuhlala lodwa. Okuhlukile kwenziwa kuphela kwabesifazane, okungahlanganiswa nomntwana bangahlala endaweni yabesilisa, evame ukufika kuma-600-800 km². Indawo yowesifazane ihlale incane, cishe ngama-300-500 km².
Owesilisa uqaphe ngokungaphuli imingcele, amake uketshezi oluyimfihlo futhi ashiye izibazi ezijulile emithini. Ingwe yama-Amur, naphezu kobukhulu bayo, igibela kalula ezihlokweni zezihlahla ezindala ze-oki ize iye eziqongweni zezihlahla ezinde zemisayipuresi.
Isilwane asidluli ngale kwendawo yaso uma kunamadlambi amaningi asidla kuso, kepha uma kunesidingo, singahamba ngezinyawo ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-41 km. I-tigress ihlanganisa ibanga elifushane ngosuku, kusuka ku-7 kuye kuma-22 km. Ingwe i-Amur ingadonsa isidumbu sehhashi isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sekhilomitha ngaphandle kokukhathala okubonakalayo, futhi ingasheshisa ize ifike ku-80 km / h kancane naseqhweni, ilandela i-cheetah ngokushesha kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa. Umzingeli uhlukanisa imibala kahle, futhi ebumnyameni amehlo akhe acijile ka-5 kunawomuntu, okungenzeka ukuthi yingakho ethanda ukuzingela kusihlwa nasebusuku.
Ingwe yase-Ussuri ithule ngokwedlulele: okungenani yilokhu izazi zemvelo ezikhuluma ngakho, ezibuke lesi silwane emvelweni iminyaka eminingi futhi ezingakaze zizwe ukubhonga kwaso. Ukubhonga kwengwe kusakazeka kuphela ngesikhathi semvunge - abesifazane bayashiseka ikakhulukazi. I-babr enganelisekanga ibhonga ngokuhhahhamezayo futhi ngokuthula, iphendukela "ekukhwehleleni" okuyisici ngentukuthelo. Ingwe eqinisiwe iyahlanza njengekati elifuywayo.
Lapho ibingelela iqabane, ihlosi lisebenzisa imisindo ekhethekile eyenziwe wumoya obukhali ngamakhala nangomlomo. Ukungezwani kwezinhlangothi nokuxhumana nezifinyila kusitshela ngemizwa enokuthula yezilwane ezizingelayo.
Ingwe yama-Amur ikude nokudla umuntu (ngokungafani neBengal eyodwa), yingakho izama ukugwema abantu nokudlula emakhaya abo ngazo zonke izindlela. Uma uhlangana nengwe ngephutha, kungcono ume ngaphandle kokuzama ukugijima, bese wenza indlela ngaphandle kokufulathela. Ungakhuluma naye, kepha kuphela ngezwi elipholile nelizethembayo: ukumemeza okuphenduka isikhwili sengulube kuzofudumeza intshisekelo yenyathi kumuntu wakho.
Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule kuze kube manje, awekho amacala angaphezu kwayishumi okuhlaselwa kwamahlosi e-Amur kubantu okurekhodwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindawo zasePrimorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories. Ngisho nasendaweni yakhona yendabuko, i-Ussuri taiga, ihlosi kuyaqabukela lishaye kubazingeli abalilandelayo.
Ihlala kanjani ihlosi le-Amur
Isikhathi sokuphila se-babr emvelweni sineminyaka eyi-10, kuyavama ukuthi kube yiminyaka eyi-15. Ezimweni ezifanele zamapaki ezilwane, amahlosi ama-Amur ajwayele ukugubha iminyaka engu-20 agubha.
Iqiniso. Elinye lamahlosi amadala kunawo wonke ama-Amur libhekwa njengoLyuty, osehlale iminyaka engama-21 e-Khabarovsk Utyos Wildlife Rehabilitation Center.
Abanolaka babanjwa kule hlathi, ngokungaqondakali balimaza yomibili imihlathi, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho ihlosi laqala ukuba ne-osteomyelitis, eyamiswa ngokuhlinzwa ngo-1999. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uFierce wadlalisa i-canine entsha eyenziwe nge-alloy-palladium alloy efakwe igolide, ngenxa yokusebenza okuyingqayizivele okwenziwa yiRussia neMelika odokotela.
Umhlathi ohlukumezekile awuzange uvumele uLyuty abuyele ehlathini, futhi akazange abe yisilwane esivakashelwa kakhulu esikhungweni sokuvuselela, kodwa futhi waba yiqhawe lemibiko eminingi enomdlandla.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kobulili ubonakaliswa, okokuqala, ngesisindo: uma ingwe yensikazi i-Amur inesisindo esingu-100-167 kg, khona-ke abesilisa bacishe baphindwe kabili - kusuka ku-180 kuye ku-306 kg. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngo-2005 olwenziwa ngabezilwane baseRussia, eNdiya kanye nase-United States lwabonisa ukuthi ngokwesisindo, amahlosi anamuhla aseMpumalanga Ekude aphansi kunokhokho bawo.
Iqiniso. Ngokomlando, ihlosi lesilisa elijwayelekile i-Amur lalinesisindo esingama-215.5 kg, kanti insikazi - cishe i-137.5 kg. Namuhla isisindo esilinganisiwe sabesifazane singu-117.9 kg, kanti abesilisa - 176.4 kg.
I-dimorphism yezocansi iyabonakala futhi esikhathini sempilo ye-Amur tiger: abesifazane baphila ngaphansi kwabesilisa. Lezi zokugcina zisuswa ekukhuliseni nasekuqeqesheni inzalo, zabeka yonke imisebenzi yobuzali kunina, efushanisa impilo yakhe yasemhlabeni ngokuphawulekayo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ingwe ye-Amur itholakala emkhakheni olinganiselwe, iningi lawo okuyindawo evikelekile - lena yiChina naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia, okungamabhange e-Amur / Ussuri ezindaweni zasePrimorsky naseKhabarovsk.
Kusukela ngo-2003, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwezilwane ezidliwayo kwaqashelwa emagqumeni eSikhote-Alin (Isifunda saseLazovsky sePrimorsky Territory), lapho kuhlala khona ihlosi lesithupha lama-Amur. Ngokuvamile, lapho kukhethwa izindawo zokuhlala, amahlosi azama ukusondelana nokudla kwawo okuyinhloko (ama-ungulates), futhi aqhubeke nokuphakama kwesembozo seqhwa nobukhona bezindawo zokukhosela, ngokwesibonelo, izingqimba noma amahlathi aminyene ezihlahla.
Ingwe ye-Amur ivame ukuhlala kuma-biotopes afana nalokhu:
- izintaba ezinezihlahla ezinamakhanda;
- izigodi zemifula yezintaba;
- ipadi elinamahlathi ohlobo lweManchu, aphethwe yi-oki nomsedari;
- hlanza amahlathi omsedari;
- amahlathi wesibili.
Ingwe yase-Amur yasuswa ngabantu abavela ezindaweni eziphansi ezifanele ezolimo. Ngokuziphindiselela, ama-babras ajwayele ukuhlola izindawo ezisendaweni eyakhelene nabo ebusika, lapho ukudla kwabo okuvamile kuba yindlala.
Ukudla kwehlosi lase-Ussuri
Inkambiso yansuku zonke ye-Amur tiger ingu-9-10 kg wenyama, noma izinyamazane ezingama-50-70 minyaka yonke. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola inani eliningi labangasetshenziswanga, kubhekwa ukuthi ukuhlasela okukodwa koku-6-7 kuphela okuphela enhlanhleni. Yingakho umhlaseli ezingela kakhulu, edla konke okungaphansi kwakhe ngosayizi: kusuka kunogwaja waseManchurian (osayizi weglavu) kuya kubhere laseHimalaya, okuvame ukulingana ngobukhulu nehlosi uqobo.
Ukudla kwengwe ye-Amur kufaka ama-ungulates (ikakhulukazi) nezinye izilwane:
- izingulube zasendle nezinyamazane ezibomvu;
- izinyamazane ezi-dappled;
- i-elk ne-roe deer;
- ibhere;
- inhlanzi ne-crayfish;
- amaxoxo namagundane;
- izinyoni;
- izithelo zezitshalo.
Into esemqoka kumenyu ye-babr ingulube yasendle, enombolo yayo inqunywa isivuno samantongomane ephayini (akulona ize ukuthi umsedari ubizwa ngokuthi isithelo sesinkwa se-Ussuri taiga).
Lapho isilule isilwane, umhlaseli uvame ukukhasa, aphumule imilenze yangemuva phansi bese egoba umhlane. Udla izilwane ezincane ngomphimbo, kuthi ezinkulu, ngaphambi kokuluma umgogodla wesibeletho, ziqale zigcwale.
Uma isisulu siphunyuka, ihlosi lilahlekelwa isithakazelo kulo bese lihamba (ukuhlaselwa okuphindaphindiwe akuvamile). Isidumbu sivamise ukuhudulelwa emanzini, kuxoshwe izimbangi ezisendleleni. Idla inyamazane lapho ilele, iyibambe ngezidladla zayo futhi ifihle izinsalela zayo ngaphambi kokulala. Lapho kunomdlalo omncane ehlathini, amahlosi aya emaphethelweni emizi eyodabula imfuyo enkulu ngisho nezinja.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-tigress iletha inzalo kanye njalo eminyakeni engu-2-4, kepha umlingani wakhe, ongaboshiwe yizibopho zomshado, uhlanganisa abesifazane kaningi, angagxili esikhathini esithile sonyaka. Kwi-tiger, ukulungela kowesifazane ukukhwelana kubalulekile, akwazisa ngemikrwelo kumagxolo nangezimpawu zephunga.
Kuyathakazelisa. Owesifazane esigabeni se-estrus (ngosuku lwesi-3 kuya kwele-7 lwe-estrus) ufuna ngenhloso umlingani ozulazula esizindeni sakhe esingapheli.
Ingwe ethola insikazi ekushiseni nabalingani bayo nayo izinsuku ezingama-5-7, bese iyayishiya, iye kozifunela uhambo olusha lothando. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-95-112, ama-kittens angu-2-4 azelwe, abuye abone ezinsukwini eziyi-9 futhi athole amazinyo obisi eneminyaka engamasonto amabili. Okokuqala, umama ubanikeza ubisi, bese kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana angenise inyama ekudleni, ngaphandle kokumisa ukondla ubisi kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-5-6.
Ngesikhathi sezinezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, amawundlu akhasa aphume emgodini wawo okokuqala ngqa, kuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ahambisane nomama wabo ekuzingeleni, ekubukeni nasekufundeni. Ukuba namakhono ayisisekelo okuzingela kuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa, kuphele ngokukhipha ukuzimela kungakapheli unyaka owodwa. Cishe eminyakeni emibili ubudala, abasha sebevele bahlasela ngesibindi umdlalo omkhulu, kepha bavame ukukwenza lokhu kanye nomama, onakekela izingane kuze kube seminyakeni yokuzala. Ukuthomba kumahlosi ama-Amur kwenzeka eneminyaka yobudala engama-4-5.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngenxa yamandla angokwemvelo nosayizi ongavamile, ihlosi lase-Amur alinazo izitha zemvelo, uma ungabacabangeli abazingeli abazingeli abazingela onobuhle abanemishwe ngesikhumba sabo esihle, izitho zangaphakathi namathambo. Ama-giblets kanye namathishu amathambo (ngesimo sempushana kanye nezithako zokuthambisa) asetshenziswa emithini yaseTibetan njenge-panacea yezifo eziningi, kusuka ku-rheumatism kuya ekungabini namandla.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ingwe ye-Amur ifakiwe kwiRed Book yaseRussian Federation, kanye naseRed Book le-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Abantu babencipha ngokushesha kwaze kwaba ngu-1940, lapho kwakungasekho ngaphezu kwama-30-40 ama-ussuri emhlabeni. Ukuqhathanisa: uma ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kuze kube yikhulu lababethi babembiwa minyaka yonke, khona-ke ngo-1912 - kuphela abangama-60.
Ukwehla okukhulu kwenani nobubanzi ngo-1940 kuchazwe ithonya lezinto eziningi, kufaka phakathi:
- ukuzingelwa kwamahlosi ezindala;
- ukwehla kwama-artiodactyl asendle, kufaka phakathi ukuzingela okukhulu;
- ukubanjwa okunamandla kwamawundlu;
- ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi aseduze nemifula;
- ubusika obuneqhwa.
Ukwanda kancane kancane kwabantu kwaqala ngemuva kwempi. Ngo-1958-1959, kwabalwa amahlosi angaba yikhulu e-Primorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories, ngo-1964 - 120, ngo-1968 - 140, ngo-1970 kuya ku-150, kwathi ngo-1978 - cishe angama-200. Ekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule ezweni lethu kwakukhona kusukela kuma-415 kuya ku-476 amahlosi aseSiberia.
Iqiniso. Ngo-2005, izidlakela zabalwa kabusha zathola ukuthi inani labantu eningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude linabantu abangu-423-502 (97-112 cubs kanye nabantu abadala abangama-334-417).
Isu Lika-2010 Lokonga i-Amur Tiger eRussia lisize ukukhulisa indawo yokuhlala yama-subspecies asengozini. Ngenxa yalo mbhalo, amapaki kazwelonke "i-Bikin" ne "Land of Leopard" avele ePrimorsky Territory, kanye naseSredne-Ussuriysky reserve.
Kwaphela iminyaka engu-5, indawo ephelele evikelwe yaba yingxenye yekota yebanga eliphelele le-tiger lase-Amur, njengoba lenyukile (kusukela ngo-2016) ngamahektha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5. Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka-2015 kukhombisile ukuthi kusuka kuma-523 kuya kuma-540 amahlosi ase-Ussuri ahlala e-Far East yethu. Amashumi amathathu, noma u-10% wabantu bezingane emhlabeni bahlala eManchuria (China).
Kuzoba mnandi: Amahlosi
Njengamanje, izinto eziyinhloko ezikhawulela izindawo zokusabalalisa kanye nenani lamahlosi yilezi:
- inani eliphansi labantu;
- izindawo ezinkulu zeziza zomndeni nezomuntu siqu;
- izinhlobo ezinomkhawulo zezinhlobo zokudla okunzima ukukuthola;
- ukungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezwe elitshaliwe;
- inani eliphakeme le-babr ngokombono wabaphulukisi baseChina;
- ukuzingelwa kwezilwane ngokungemthetho;
- amathuba angenele okuzala.
Manje amahlosi ama-Amur agcina kulezo zindawo ze-Ussuri taiga ezingakasikwa. Abathandi baphupha ngokubuyisela ingwe endaweni yobubanzi bayo bomlando: ezindaweni lapho yake yahlala khona, kepha kwaqothulwa. Ngokuzayo, ukuhlala kwamahlosi aseSiberia ngaphakathi kwePleistocene Park, ekhona eYakutia. Izazi zezilwane zihlela ukukhuphula inani lezilwane ezidlayo zibe ngabantu abangama-750, kepha ukweqa okunjalo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani lama-ungulates asendle.
