I-ruff ejwayelekile ingenye yezinhlanzi ezivamile zamanzi angenasawoti eRussia, ezomndeni we-ruff ongaziwa. Lezi zihlobo eziseduze zama-perches zikhetha ukuhlala emifuleni noma emachibini ngamanzi acwebile nesihlabathi, ngaphansi okunamatshe angaphansi. Izici eziphawuleka kakhulu zalezi zinhlanzi ngameva, ahlinzekwa ngamaphiko awo omgogodla nezembozo ze-gill, kanye nesimo esinolaka: kuyenzeka ukuthi ama-ruffs ahlasela izinhlanzi ezidlayo ezinkulu kakhulu kunazo.
Incazelo ye-ruff
I-ruff ejwayelekile iyinhlanzi ephakathi nendawo ehlanjululwe ngemisebe yamanzi angenawo usawoti evela emndenini wepherch, nokuyinto evame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezine zohlobo lwe-ruffs. Kusabalele emifuleni nasemachibini aseYurophu nasenyakatho ye-Asia, lapho kutholakala khona cishe yonke indawo.
Ukubukeka
Inhlanzi encane enomzimba ohlanjululwayo icindezelwe kancanyana kusuka ezinhlangothini, igudle umsila. Inhloko ye-ruff inkulu kakhulu, inamehlo amakhulu, ayizindunduma futhi yehlise amakhona omlomo omncane.
Umbala wamehlo ale nhlanzi uvame ukuba pinki obuthuntu, kepha ungaba ngamanye ama-shades, uze ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umfundi umnyama, mkhulu, uyindilinga.
Umzimba umbozwe izikali ezincane kakhulu, kepha awukho ekhanda. umsila mncane uma kuqhathaniswa, ufakwe imfoloko.
Izici eziyinhloko zangaphandle zalezi zinhlanzi zifaka izici zangaphandle ezinjengobukhona bezinhlungu, eziphela emathanjeni e-operculum nezimpiko zasemuva ezihlanganisiwe ezinezinhlaka ezibukhali.
Umbala uyehluka kuye ngendawo yokuhlala. Isici se-ruffs esingemuva kakhulu ngemuva, esidwetshiwe ngemithunzi e-grey-green, ezinhlangothini eziphuzi nesisu esimpunga noma esimhlophe. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunamabala amnyama ngesimo samachashazi amancane namachashazi esikalini, kanye nakumaphiko we-dorsal kanye ne-caudal. Amaphiko we-pectoral makhulu futhi awanambala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Ruffs ahlala emzimbeni wamanzi anaphansi kwesihlabathi anombala okhanyayo kunabamele lolu hlobo oluhlala emifuleni nasemachibini anendawo enodaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunama-morphotypes amaningana we-ruff evamile, ahlukile ngesakhiwo somzimba. Phakathi kwabamele lolu hlobo, abahlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zemifula, kanye nokuhlala eduze nogu nokuhola indlela yokuphila eseduze, kukhona "abancane" noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, "abanamandla". Kukhona futhi umehluko enanini lezinsipho nemisebe emaphikweni okugcoba kanye nakwisibalo sezinsipho emapuletini e-gill.
I-dimorphism yezocansi ku-ruff ejwayelekile ayivezwanga kahle. Kodwa-ke, kwabesilisa balezi zinhlobo, ubude bomzimba, ubude be-pectoral nengxenye ephezulu yamaphiko we-dorsal, kanye nosayizi wamehlo, kuvame ukuba kukhulu kancane kunabesifazane.
Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi
Njengomthetho, ubude be-ruffs, ngokwesilinganiso, bungu-8-12 cm.Kodwa phakathi kwalezi zinhlanzi kukhona nabantu abakhulu kakhulu, abanobude bomzimba obedlula amasentimitha angama-20, futhi isisindo singaba amagremu ayi-100 noma ngaphezulu, yize isisindo esijwayelekile kubo - 15-25 amagremu.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Ruff
URuff akathobeki emvelweni futhi uzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Uncamela ukuhola impilo yobudlelwano futhi, njengomthetho, uhlala eduzane naphansi kwedamu, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile enyukela phezulu.
Emanzini angajulile, lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala kuphela ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, ngoba zikhetha ukuhlala emanzini apholile, kuthi ezindaweni ezingajulile ngenkathi efudumele, amanzi ashise kakhulu, yingakho ama-ruffs engakhululekile lapho.
Zisebenza kakhulu kusihlwa, ngoba kungalesi sikhathi sosuku lapho abameleli balezi zinhlobo bavame ukuya ukufuna inyamazane. Indlela yokuphila engezansi yalezi zinhlanzi ayihlotshaniswa nje kuphela nokuthi kunokudla okulungele bona ngokujula, kepha futhi neqiniso lokuthi ama-ruffs akakuthandi ukukhanya okukhanyayo futhi akhetha ubumnyama. Lokhu futhi kunquma umkhuba wabo wokuhlala ngaphansi kwezingqinamba, kanye nasemabhange amakhulu noma ngaphansi kwamabhuloho.
I-ruff yakhipha emanzini, isakaza ameva futhi ngasikhathi sinye ibukeka njengebhola elicijile kunenhlanzi.
Lezi zinhlanzi zihlukaniswa nesimo se-cocky, futhi kwenzeka ukuthi uma i-ruff isuka ekuzivikeleni iye ekuhlaseleni, yenza ngisho ne-pike elambile ihlehle.
Uhlanya uhlala isikhathi esingakanani
Isikhathi sokuphila kubamele lezi zinhlobo sincike kubulili babo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abesifazane baphila isikhathi eside - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-11, kanti impilo yabesilisa ayidluli iminyaka engu-7-8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yabantu ngabantu abasebasha, iminyaka yabo engeqi eminyakeni emithathu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ububanzi be-ruff ejwayelekile bukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlanzi zingatholakala emachibini asenyakatho nasempumalanga yeFrance, engxenyeni esempumalanga yeBrithani, emgodini wemifula egelezela oLwandle iBaltic, kanye nasenkabeni nasempumalanga yeYurophu. Lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala enyakatho ye-Asia naseTrans-Urals, lapho zihlala khona echibini loMfula iKolyma. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, ama-ruff aqala ukuvela emizimbeni yamanzi aseYurophu nangaphandle kobubanzi bawo obujwayelekile. Isibonelo, zitholakala eScottish Loch Lomond, nasemachibini aseNorway, e-Italy naselwandle lwaseRhône olwandle lwaseMedithera lwaseFrance.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngama-1980s, i-ruff evamile yahlala eNew World, enyakatho ye-United States, lapho kwakukhona khona inani labantu unomphela balolu hlobo. Ngasikhathi sinye, akekho noyedwa owayecabanga ukuletha ama-ruffs eMelika ngenhloso, ngakho-ke, cishe, lezi zinhlanzi zafika lapho ngengozi, ngamanzi, ayesetshenziswa emikhunjini njenge-ballast.
Ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwayo, le nhlanzi isakazeke yonke indawo: ayitholakali kuphela emachibini anamanzi amasha, kodwa nasemachibini anamanzi amnci. Ukujula lapho kutholakala khona ama-ruffs kungahle kusuka kumamitha ayi-0,25 kuye kwangama-85, futhi izinga lokushisa lamanzi lapho inhlanzi izwa khona ngokunethezeka kusuka ku-0-2 kuye +34.4 degrees. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi selikhuphukele kuma-degree angama-20, ama-ruffs ayofuna indawo epholile noma, uma lokhu kungenzeki ngasizathu simbe, balahlekelwa wumsebenzi bese beba buthakathaka.
Ngokuzithandela kakhulu, ama-ruffs ahlala emifuleni ethulile nasemachibini athambile kunamatshe anamadwala, ngenkathi evame ukukhetha njengezindawo zokuhlala ezijule ngokwanele nezingxenye ezifiphaziwe zemizimba yamanzi lapho kungekho khona inqwaba yezimila zasemanzini.
Ukudla kwe-ruff ejwayelekile
Kuyinto inhlanzi edlayo edla izinto eziphilayo ze-benthic, okudliwayo okuxhomeke eminyakeni yobudala. Isibonelo, gazinga elisanda kuvela emaqandeni lidla ikakhulukazi ama-rotifers, futhi, lapho likhula, lidla ama-cyclops, i-daphnia, ama-crustaceans amancane kanye nezibungu zegazi. Izinhlanzi ezisencane zidla ama-crustaceans amancane kanye nezikelemu kanye nemifantu. Abantu abadala abakhulu bakhetha ukudla izinhlanzi ezithosiwe nezincane. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-ruffs anamandla kakhulu, njengoba esanda, anganciphisa kakhulu inani lezinhlanzi zezinye izinhlobo ezihlala echibini elifanayo nabo.
Ukuze zizingele ngempumelelo, ama-ruffs awadingi ukubona kahle, ngoba lapho efuna inyamazane akhetha ukusebenzisa kakhulu ukubona kwawo njengolayini wawo oseceleni - isitho somqondo esikhethekile lapho lezi zinhlanzi zibamba khona nokushintshashintsha okuncane kakhulu emanzini.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Ruffs ngokuvamile aqala ukuzala eneminyaka engama-2-3, kanti ubukhulu bomzimba wabo akumele bube ngaphansi kuka-10-12 cm. Noma kunjalo, emadamini anamanzi afudumele noma ngesilinganiso esinyukayo sokufa kwezinhlanzi ezisencane kulesi sibalo sabantu, Ukuthomba kuma-ruffs amancane kungenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, sekuvele kunonyaka owodwa.
Abamele lolu hlobo bazala kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni, kanti izinga lokushisa kwamanzi ne-asidi yalo akubaluleke kangako kubo. Ama-Ruffs enza kabusha ngempumelelo ngempumelelo ku- +6 naku- +18 degrees. Lezi zinhlanzi zizalela amaqanda ekujuleni okuncane, okungadluli kumamitha amathathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-ruffs angasebenzisa ama-substrates ahlukahlukene njengendawo yokubeka.
Ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuzala, insikazi yalolu hlobo ingabeka ama-clutches angaba ngu-2-3, ngokuvamile aqukethe amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwezingama-200, ubukhulu bawo ngamunye ukusuka ku-0.34 kuye ku-1.3 mm. Abaphenyi basikisela ukuthi inani lamaqanda lincike ebudaleni nobungako besifazane, futhi uma likhudlwana, i-clutch izoba maningi kakhulu. Imvamisa, amaqanda ku-clutch yokuqala aphuzi ngokwengeziwe, futhi inani lamaqanda likhulu kunelesibili noma lesithathu.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-5-12, iqanda liqanduselwa emaqandeni abekwe yi-ruff yesifazane, ubukhulu bayo obusukela ku-3.5 kuye ku-4.4 mm. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ezi-3-7 zokuphila, izibungu zezinhlanzi zalolu hlobo azisebenzi, kepha kusukela cishe esontweni elilodwa ubudala i-ruff encane iqala ukubhukuda nokudla. Kodwa-ke, kule minyaka, gazinga lisaqhubeka nokuphila wedwa, futhi aliphambukeli ezikoleni, njengoba kwenza izinhlanzi esezivuthiwe.
Inani elikhulu lamaqanda ku-clutch yama-ruffs ajwayelekile kungenxa yokuthi ukufa kwamafry abamele lolu hlobo kuphakeme kakhulu: zimbalwa kuphela izinhlanzi ezisencane ezinethuba lokusinda lapho sezikhulile.
Iningi lamaqanda nobusha balezi zinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile ezibekwa ngabesifazane bezinkukhu ezivamile zifa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene: ngenxa yezifo, ukuntuleka kokudla ne-oxygen ebusika, noma zibhujiswa yizilwane ezidla ezinye.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha eziyinhloko zama-ruffs ajwayelekile zifaka ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye ezifana ne-pike noma i-pike perch, kanye nama-perches amakhulu. Futhi, abamele lolu hlobo, noma kungenjalo kaningi, bangabhubhisa i-catfish, i-eels, i-burbot ne-salmon. Kwesinye isikhathi phakathi kwama-ruffs ajwayelekile kunezimo zokudliwa kwamuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni ezidla inyama, ezinjenge-cormorants noma izindwandwe, nazo zingaba yingozi ezinhlanzini zalolu hlobo, futhi ama-kingfisher nama-duck amancane, njenge, isibonelo, ama-mergansers, wezingane.
Inani lokuhweba
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-ruff iyinhlanzi esiphundu impela, ayinayo inzuzo yezentengiselwano. Abantu balolu hlobo babanjwa kuphela ngabadobi be-amateur, phakathi kwabo indlebe eyenziwe ngama-ruffs ibhekwa njengesibiliboco.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu labantu balezi zinhlobo nendawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa kwabo, akunakwenzeka ukubala ngisho nenani elilinganisiwe lama-ruffs emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, kusobala ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi ngokusobala azisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Yingakho i-ruff ejwayelekile inikezwe isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo - Izinhlobo Zokukhathazeka Okungencane.
Ekuboneni kokuqala, i-ruff ingabonakala njengenhlanzi engamangalisi. Akuhlukile ngokugqama kombala futhi, njengezinye izakhamuzi eziningi zasemanzini, umbozwe umbala wezansi. Kodwa-ke, abamele lolu hlobo bahlukaniswa yisimo esinolaka kakhulu kanye ne-voracity ephezulu, evumela ukuthi bancintisane ngempumelelo nezinye izinhlanzi ezidlayo. Futhi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwama-ruffs ajwayelekile kanye nokuzithoba kwawo kubavumela ukuthi bahlale endaweni enkulu futhi bathuthukise izindawo ezintsha, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, kwenzeka ngenhlanzi yalezi zinhlobo ezivela kubantu baseNyakatho Melika.
