Le yi-salmon ehloniphekile, abakwaPomors abayibiza nge- "salmon" kudala phambi kwabantu baseNorway abasebenzayo abathi kamuva baphakamisa igama lelo eYurophu ngezinga elikhulu.
Incazelo yesalmon
I-salar salon (i-salmon), eyaziwa nangabadobi njenge-Atlantic, noma i-lake salmon, ingeyehlobo lohlobo lwe-salmon evela emndenini we-salmon futhi ingeyezinhlanzi ezenzelwe i-ray. Izazi ze-Ichthyologists, ngemuva kokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, zaphawula umehluko phakathi kwesalmon yaseMelika neyaseYurophu, kwabahlukanisa baba yizinhlobo ezimbili - S. salar americanus and S. salar salar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisiko ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimbili ze-salmon yase-Atlantic, i-anadromous kanye namanzi angenasawoti / i-lacustrine, lapho okwesibili ngaphambili kwakuthathwa njengezilwane ezizimele. Manje umhlali salmon echibini ihlukaniswa njengoba morph ekhethekile - Salmo salar morpha sebago.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Bonke abameleli bohlobo lwamaHubo (kanye ne-salmon abahlukile) banomlomo omkhulu namathambo anwetshiwe we-maxillary adlulela ngaphesheya komugqa oqondile wonqenqema lweso. Lapho inhlanzi indala, amazinyo ayo ayaqina. Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili bahlome ngehhuku elibonakalayo behleli esicongweni somhlathi ongezansi futhi "balolwa" ngaphansi komhlathi ongaphezulu.
Umzimba omude we-salmon ucindezelwe kancane ezinhlangothini futhi umbozwe ngezikali zesiliva eziphakathi nendawo. Ziyashuka kalula futhi zinomumo oyindilinga onemiphetho yamakhekheba. Ulayini ohlangothini (kuya ngosayizi walowo nalowo) unezikali ezilinganiselwa ku-110-150. Amaphiko we-pelvic, abale imisebe engaphezu kwe-6, atholakala engxenyeni esemaphakathi yomzimba, kanti amaphiko we-pectoral angaphansi kakhulu kwe-midline.
Okubalulekile. Iphela elincane le-adipose elikhula libhekene ne-anal nangemuva kwamaphiko emhlane lisebenza njengophawu lwe-salmon yohlobo lwe-salmon. Isiphetho se-caudal, njengamanye ama-salmonid, sinenothi.
Olwandle, ingemuva le-salmon yase-Atlantic esekhulile iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma luhlaza okotshani, izinhlangothi ziyisiliva, futhi isisu sihlala simhlophe njalo. Ngenhla, umzimba ugcwele izindawo ezimnyama ezingalingani ezinyamalala njengoba usondela maphakathi. I-Spotting imvamisa ayibonakali ngaphansi kolayini ohlangothini.
Ama-juveniles we-salmon yase-Atlantic akhombisa umbala othize (parr-mark) - isizinda esimnyama esinamabala ayi-11-12 ajikelezayo. Abesilisa abafuna ukuzala ithusi baphenduka, bathole izindawo ezibomvu noma eziwolintshi kanye namaphiko ahlukile. Kwakungalesi sikhathi kwabesilisa lapho imihlathi yayigobile futhi yandiswa, futhi ukuvela okwenziwe ngehhuku kwavela kwesingezansi.
Izinhlobo ezivuthiwe ezikhule ngamafutha zikhula ngaphezu kwe-1.5 m futhi zinesisindo esingaphezu kwama-45 kg, kepha ngokujwayelekile, ubude / isisindo salmon sinqunywa ububanzi kanye nokunotha kwesisekelo se-forage. Isibonelo, eRussia, ubukhulu bechibi le-salmon buhluka ngisho nasemifuleni: emfuleni. UPonoy noR. Azikho ngaphezu kuka-4.2-4.7 kg wezinhlanzi e-Varzuga, kuyilapho i-salmon ivunwa e-Onega nasePechora, enesisindo esingu-7.5-8.8 kg.
Emifuleni egeleza oLwandle Olumhlophe nolwaseBarents, kuhlala amakhulu namancane (amaqabunga nama-tinda) ahlala, angaba yingxenye yemitha ubude futhi anesisindo esifinyelela ku-2 kg.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Odokotela be-Ichthyologists bavumile ukubheka i-salmon njengezinhlobo eziningi ze-anadromous, ezikhanga ifomu lamanzi angenasawoti lapho zihlala emachibini amakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokudla emanzini olwandle, ama-salmon ase-Atlantic azingela izinhlanzi ezincane nama-crustaceans, agcina amafutha okuzala nobusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukhula ngokushesha okukhulu ngobude nesisindo, engeza okungenani ama-20 cm ngonyaka.
Izinhlanzi ezithosiwe zichithwa olwandle kusuka eminyakeni eyi-1 kuya kwemi-3, zihlala eduze nogu futhi zingacwilisi ngokujule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-120 zize zifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala evundile. Lapho kuqala ukuthomba, ama-salmon amancane agijimela ukuzala imifula, anqoba cishe ama-50 km ngosuku.
Kuyathakazelisa. Phakathi kwe-salmon, kukhona abesilisa abancane abahlala emfuleni futhi abangakaze balubone ulwandle. Ukuvela "kwemifino" kuchazwa ngamanzi abandayo ngokweqile kanye nokushoda kokudla, okubambezela ukuvuthwa kwezinsizwa.
Ama-Ichthyologists abuye akhulume ngezinhlobo zasebusika nezasentwasahlobo ze-salmon yase-Atlantic, ehluke ngezinga lokuvuthwa kwemikhiqizo yabo yokuzala, ngoba baya kuzala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka - ekwindla noma entwasahlobo. I-salmon ehlala ivaliwe, encanyana, kepha enamabala amahle kakhulu, ihlala e-Onega, eLadoga nakwamanye amachibi asenyakatho. Lapha ukhuluphala ukuze avuke azalele emifuleni eseduzane.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-salmon
Iningi le-salmon yase-Atlantic alihlali ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-5-6, kepha lingakwazi (ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezithandekayo) lingaphila isikhathi eside kabili, kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10-13.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-salmon inebanga elibanzi elimboza ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean (lapho kuhlala khona i-anadromous) nasentshonalanga ye-Arctic Ocean. Ogwini lwaseMelika, lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa zisuka emfuleni. I-Connecticut (eningizimu) iya eGreenland. I-salmon yase-Atlantic izala emifuleni eminingi yaseYurophu, isuka ePortugal iye eSpain iye echibini loLwandle iBarents. Ifomu le-lacustrine litholakala emadamini amanzi angenawo usawoti eSweden, eNorway, eFinland naseRussia.
Ezweni lakithi, isalmon echibi lihlala eKarelia naseKola Peninsula:
- Amachibi aseKuito (Aphansi, aphakathi nendawo nangaphezulu);
- USegozero noVygozero;
- U-Imandra no-Stone;
- UTopozero noPyaozero;
- UNuke noSandal;
- I-Lovozero, Pyukozero, Kimasozero,
- ULadoga no-Onega;
- UJanisjärvi.
Ensimini ye-Russian Federation, salmon ezimayini emifuleni yaseBaltic nase-White Seas, Pechora, futhi eduze naseMurmansk ugu. Ngokuya nge-IUCN, imihlobo le yethulwe e-Australia, New Zealand, Argentina kanye ne-Chile.
Ukudla kwe-salmon yase-Atlantic
I-Salmon yisilwane esivamile esidla olwandle. Kunengqondo ukuthi umphakeli oyinhloko wamaprotheni ezilwane impilo yasolwandle (izinhlanzi ezifundayo nezinambuzane ezincane ezingenamathambo):
- i-sprat, i-herring ne-herring;
- gerbil futhi unuke;
- ama-echinoderms ne-krill;
- izinkalankala nezimfanzi;
- i-stickleback enezinhlaka ezintathu (emanzini amasha).
Kuyathakazelisa. Emapulazini ezinhlanzi, ama-salmon ondliwa kakhulu ngezimfanzi, ezenza umthunzi wenyama yenhlanzi ubomvana kakhulu.
I-salmon yase-Atlantic, ibheke lapho izala khona futhi ingena emfuleni, yeka ukondla. Ukuthosa okuthosiwe emifuleni kunezintandokazi zabo ze-gastronomic - ama-benthos, i-zooplankton, izibungu ze-caddis, izinhlanzi / ama-crustaceans amancane nezinambuzane eziwele emanzini.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-Salmon izala kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuDisemba, ikhetha ama-rapids / ama-rapids aseduze nasogwini ukuze izale, etholakala ezindaweni eziphezulu noma maphakathi nemifula. USalmon ozozala ufana nomlwi wamabutho akhethekile - ugijimela emfudlaneni, ukhasa imisipha enamadwala esiswini sayo nezimpophoma ezinesiphepho, egxuma aze afike kumamitha ama-2-3.
I-Salmon ingena emfuleni inamandla futhi yondlekile, ilahlekelwa amandla namafutha njengoba isondela lapho izalela khona: ayisabhukudi ngokushesha futhi igxumela emanzini. Insikazi, njengoba ifinyelele lapho izalela khona, imba umgodi omkhulu (u-2-3 m ubude) bese ilala phansi kuwo, ilinde owesilisa omvakashelayo ekushoneni kwelanga noma ekuseni. Ufaka ingxenye yamaqanda ekhishwa insikazi ejabule. Kusala kuye ukuthi ashanele amaqanda asele futhi, ngemuva kokukhulelwa, aphonse inhlabathi kuwo.
Iqiniso. Abesifazane be-salmon yase-Atlantic bazala (kuya ngosayizi wabo) kusuka kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwezingama-26, ububanzi obungu-5-6 mm. I-Salmon iphindaphinde izala kaningi kathathu noma kahlanu.
Ukuthola ukuzala kwenzalo, izinhlanzi ziphoqeleka ukuba zilambe, ngakho-ke ziyabuya ekuzaleni zizacile futhi zilimele, imvamisa zinamaphiko alimele. Abanye abantu, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, babulawa ukukhathala, kepha labo ababhukuda baya olwandle bayalulama ngokushesha - baqala ukudla okumnandi, bathole amafutha futhi bathole ingubo yabo ejwayelekile yesiliva.
Ngenxa yethempelesha yamanzi ephansi (engekho ngaphezulu kuka-6 ° C) ezindaweni zokuzalela, ukukhula kwamaqanda kuyavinjelwa, kanti izibungu zivela ngoMeyi kuphela. Abasakhulayo abafani kakhulu labazali babo ukuthi babejwayele ukubekwa njengezinhlobo ezizimele. Enyakatho, ama-salmon asemasha aqanjwa ngegama elithi parr, aqaphela umbala wawo ojabulisayo - izinhlanzi zinemihlane nezinhlangothi ezimnyama, zihlotshiswe ngemivimbo eguqukayo nezindawo eziyindilinga (ezibomvu / nsundu).
Isifihla se-motley sifihla ama-juveniles akhulayo phakathi kwamatshe nezitshalo zasemanzini, lapho izinhlanzi zihlala khona isikhathi eside (kusuka onyakeni kuya eminyakeni emi-5). I-salmon evuthiwe iya olwandle, yelula ize ifike ku-9-18 cm futhi iguqule umbala wayo ohlukahlukene ube yisiliva, izichyyologists ezibiza ngokuthi yi-smoltification.
Ama-parrs angangenanga olwandle aphenduka amaduna amancane, okuthi, naphezu kobuncane bawo, ahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuzaleni, evame ukubuyisela emuva abesilisa abakhulu abadumile. Umnikelo wabantu besilisa abancane ekufakweni kokukhulelwa kwamaqanda ubaluleke kakhulu, okuqondakalayo - abesilisa abagcwele umzimba bazimisele kakhulu ekulweni nezimbangi ezilinganayo futhi abayinaki intambo ebizulazula nxazonke.
Izitha zemvelo
Amaqanda esalmon adliwa ngisho nangamadoda amancanyana ohlobo olufanayo. I-sculpin goby, i-minnow, i-whitefish kanye ne-perch idili ngezibungu nefry. Ehlobo, ama-taimen azingela i-parr salmon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi zasolwandle salmon zidliwa ngobumnandi ngezinye izilwane ezidla imifula:
- trout brown (ifomu lamanzi angenasawoti);
- ngokusebenzisa i- char;
- pike;
- umgqoko.
Ezindaweni zokuzalela, i-salmon ivame ukuba yizisulu zama-otters, kanye nezinyoni ezidla inyama - i-osprey, i-dipper, i-merganser enkulu kanye nokhozi olunemisila emhlophe. Olwandle, i-salmon yase-Atlantic isemenyu yemikhomo ebulalayo, imikhomo ye-beluga kanye nama-pinnipeds afana nezimpawu ezivaliwe nezilwandle zasolwandle.
Inani lokuhweba
Kwakungabahwebi baseRussia abathi, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, basungula inxusa le-salmon elidumile (elinoshukela), baphendula inhlanzi yaba yisibiliboco esimangazayo. Ama-salmon abanjwa e-Kola Peninsula futhi ahanjiswa, ngemuva kokufaka usawoti nokubhema, enhlokodolobha - ukuyodla amakhosi kanye nezinye izikhulu, kubandakanya nabefundisi.
I-salmon yase-Atlantic enenyama yayo ebucayi enesiphundu ayilahlekanga inani layo lokuhweba, kepha isikhungo sokukhiqizwa kwayo (esivele senziwe) asikho eRussia, kodwa eNorway naseChile. Futhi, ukutshalwa kwezimboni salmon kwenziwa eScotland, eFaroe Islands, eU.SA (ngaphansi) naseJapan (ngaphansi). Epulazini lezinhlanzi, gazinga likhula ngesilinganiso sezinkanyezi, lithole isisindo esingu-5 kg ngonyaka.
Ukunakwa. Izinhlobo ze-salmon zaseRussia ezitolo zethu zivela eMpumalanga Ekude futhi zimele uhlobo lwe-Oncorhynchus - chum salmon, pink salmon, sockeye salmon kanye necoho salmon.
Ukushoda kwe-salmon yasekhaya kuchazwa ngomehluko wamazinga okushisa eNorway, ngokwesibonelo, noLwandle iBarents. Ngenxa yeGulf Stream, amanzi aseNorway afudumele ngama-degree amabili: lokhu kushintshashintsha okuncane kuba yisisekelo lapho kuzaliswa i-salmon yase-Atlantic. ERussia, akazuzi ngobuningi obudingekayo nangokuqaliswa ngqo kwezindlela zaseNorway.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ikholelwa ukuthi isimo senani labantu emhlabeni wonke salmon yase-Atlantic (ekupheleni kuka-2018) asikhathazi kangako. Ngokulandelayo, i-salmon echibini elihlalwa abantu (i-Salmo salar m. Sebago) ifakiwe kwiRed Book of the Russian Federation esigabeni 2, njengoba incipha ngenani. Ukwehla kwesalmon yamanzi angenasawoti cishe. Ladozhsky futhi mayelana. I-Onega, lapho kwakuphawulwe khona ukudotshwa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili, kwaqala kusukela ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Kuyatholakala kakhulu i-salmon emfuleni. Pechora.
Okubalulekile. Izici eziholela ekwehlisweni kwenani lama-salmon eRussia ukudoba, ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi, ukwephulwa kombuso wamanzi wemifula nokuzingela ngokungemthetho (ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva).
Manje izinhlobo zamanzi angenasawoti salmon yase-Atlantic zivikelwe eKostomuksha Nature Reserve (Kamennoe Island basin). Izazi ze-Ichthyologists ziphakamisa izinyathelo eziningana zokuvikela i-salmon evaliwe - ukuzaliswa kokufakelwa, ukugcinwa kwama-genomes, ukubuyiswa kwezindawo zokuzalela, ukulwa nokudoba okungekho emthethweni, nokubamba izilinganiso.
