I-Moonfish yisidalwa esibukeka singashaqisa noma ngubani. Uma ubheka lomzimba omkhulu omise okwediski, kubonakala sengathi indawo yawo ayikho emanzini, kodwa esikhaleni.
Incazelo yenyanga yenhlanzi
ILuna-fish, iyi-mole mola, yathola igama layo eliphakathi ngesizathu. Kukhombisa igama layo lesayensi lohlobo lweMola kanye nohlobo lweMola. Uma lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiLatin, leli gama lisho “amatshe okugaya” - into enkulu eyindilinga yombala ompunga noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Igama libonisa kahle ukubukeka komhlali wasemanzini.
Uhlobo lwesiNgisi lwegama lale nhlanzi luzwakala njenge-Ocean sunfish. Wakuthola ngenxa yothando lwakhe lokugeza, elele ngohlangothi olusondele ngangokunokwenzeka ebusweni bamanzi. Izinhlanzi, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ziyavuka ukuze zithamele ilanga. Kodwa-ke, lesi silwane siphishekela ezinye izinhloso, kuphakama ukubona "udokotela" - ama-seagulls, okuthi ngoqhwaku lwawo, njengodlawana, akhiphe kalula ama-parasites amaningi ngaphansi kwesikhumba senhlanzi.
Imithombo yaseYurophu ikubiza ngokuthi inyanga yezinhlanzi, imithombo yaseJalimane ikubiza ngokuthi inhloko entantayo.
Yiba ngangokunokwenzeka, imvukuzane yemvukuzane ingomunye wabamele abakhulu bezinhlanzi zamathambo zanamuhla. Isisindo sayo, ngokwesilinganiso, siyithoni eyodwa, kodwa ezimweni ezingavamile singafinyelela kwababili.
Inhlanzi inezimo zomzimba eziyinqaba ngempela. Umzimba oyindilinga, ophahlwe ngokusobala ovela ezinhlangothini, uhlotshiswe ngamaphiko amabili amakhulu omgogodla nowangemuva. Umsila ufana nezakhiwo ezibizwa ngama corns.
ISunfish ayinasikali, umzimba wayo umbozwe isikhumba esimahhadla nesinzima, esingashintsha umbala waso ezimeni eziphuthumayo. Isipuni esijwayelekile asiyithathi. Isikhumba sinwebeka, sigcwele ungqimba lwamafinyila. Amanzi okuphuza anombala ohlukile kuye ngendawo ahlala kuyo. Umthunzi usukela kokumpunga okunsundu, onsundu ngokukhanyayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanyayo.
Futhi, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, i-moonfish inama-vertebrae ambalwa, ayinazo izicubu zamathambo emathanjeni. Inhlanzi ayinazimbambo, isinqe nesisu sokubhukuda.
Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo, inyanga inomlomo omncane kakhulu, obukeka njengomlomo kopholi. Amazinyo ahlanganiswe ndawonye enza lo mbono.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
IMola mola yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke futhi edume kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwekazi emanzini afudumele futhi apholile. I-mola ramsayi, i-sunfish yaseNingizimu Ocean, ibhukuda ngaphansi kwe-equator emanzini ase-Australia, eNew Zealand, eChile naseNingizimu Afrika.
Amanzi okuphuka amanzi ajwayelekile esilinganiso samamitha angu-2,5 ukuphakama namamitha amabili ubude. Kulokhu, amamaki aphezulu ahlobene nemikhawulo yamamitha ama-4 no-3, ngokulandelana. I-moonfish eyayisinda kakhulu yabanjwa ngo-1996. Owesifazane wayenesisindo esingu-2,300 kilograms. Ukuze uqhathanise kalula, lobu ubukhulu bukabhejane omdala omhlophe.
Lezi zinhlanzi, nakuba kuthiwa ziphephe ngokuphelele kubantu, zinkulu kangangokuthi lapho zingqubuzana nezikebhe, kuba nenkathazo kubo bobabili isikebhe nakubo uqobo. Ikakhulukazi uma ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kuhamba ngejubane elikhulu.
Ngo-1998, ithangi likasimende likaMV Goliath elibheke eSydney Harbour lahlangana nenhlanzi eyi-1,400 kg yenyanga. Lo mhlangano wehlise ijubane lawo ngokushesha kusuka kumafindo angu-14 kuya kwayi-10, waphinde waphuca indawo yomkhumbi upende kuze kufike ensimbini uqobo.
Umzimba wenhlanzi esencane umbozwe ngamathambo omgogodla, anyamalale kancane lapho isilwane sikhula futhi sikhula.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ngakho-ke, isilwane, esilingana nososo endizayo ongaphansi kwamanzi, siziphatha kanjani futhi sihambe kanjani kukholamu lamanzi? Imvukuzane ihamba iyindilinga, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo omgogodla naphambi kwendwangu njengamaphiko amabili nomsila wayo njengokuqondisa. Akusebenzi kahle, kepha noma kunjalo kusebenza okungenani. Inhlanzi iyamanzi kakhulu futhi ayijahile.
Ekuqaleni, ososayensi babeqiniseka ukuthi imvukuzane ichitha sonke isikhathi sayo ibhukuda ngaphansi kwelanga. Kodwa-ke, ikhamera kanye ne-accelerometer egqokwa abanye abamele lolu hlobo kukhombise ukuthi bayayidinga kuphela ukuthuthwa kwendle kusuka kuma-parasites nase-thermoregulation. Futhi sonke isikhathi esichithwa yisilwane lapho kudla ukudla ngamamitha angaba ngu-200 ukujula, ngoba umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwabo yi-jellyfish kanye ne-siphonophores - izinhlobo zezinto ezingenamgogodla zezinto zamakholoni. Ngaphezu kwabo kanye ne-zooplankton, i-squid, ama-crustaceans amancane, izibungu ezijulile zasolwandle zingaba umthombo wokudla oyinhloko, ngoba i-jellyfish ingumkhiqizo omningi, kepha hhayi okunomsoco.
Ake sibuyele kuma-parasites, ngoba ukulwa nabo kuthatha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yale nhlanzi. Kumele uvume ukuthi mhlawumbe akulula ukugcina umzimba uhlanzekile, omiswe njengepuleti elikhulu elimbumbulu. Futhi ukuqhathanisa nepuleti kuphumelela kakhulu, ngoba ulwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye nesikhumba semvukuzane kusebenza njengendawo yokondla inqwaba yama-parasites amancane angabafuni. Ngakho-ke, iSunfish inezinkinga ezincane ngenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu. Ososayensi babhale izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-50 zezinambuzane ebusweni, kanye nangaphakathi emzimbeni wakhe. Ukuqonda okungenani okuncane ukuthi lokhu kumbi kangakanani kuye, kunganikezwa isibonelo esisodwa. ICopepod Penella ifihla ikhanda layo ngaphakathi kwenyama yemvukuzane bese idedela uchungechunge lwamaqanda embotsheni enikeziwe.
Ukuhambela phezulu kusiza ukubhekana nomsebenzi wezinhlanzi zetafula lokubhukuda. Usukuma asondele eduze ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ulinde izinkukhu, ama-albatross nezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, ezikhipha ngobuciko futhi zidle izindawo zokulala ezingafuneki. Futhi, ukufaka ilanga kuyasiza ukukhuphula izinga lokushisa komzimba, elehle kusukela ekuhlaleni isikhathi eside ekujuleni.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani inhlanzi yenyanga
Akekho owaziyo ngempela kuze kube namuhla ukuthi imvukuzane ihlala isikhathi esingakanani endle. Kodwa izilinganiso zokuqala, kucatshangelwa idatha yokukhula nentuthuko, kanye nezimo zokuphila zezinhlanzi, ziphakamisa ukuthi zisinda kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunemininingwane engaqinisekisiwe yokuthi abesifazane bangaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-105, kuthi abesilisa bafinyelele kuma-85. Iyiphi idatha efihla iqiniso, maye, ayicaci.
Indawo yokuhlala
Njengengxenye yomqondo wakhe we-PhD, usosayensi waseNew Zealand uMarianne Nyegaard ulandelanise i-DNA yezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kuka-150 ze-sunfish. Inhlanzi itholakala emanzini abandayo, aseningizimu ukusuka eNew Zealand, eTasmania, South Australia, South South South Africa kuya eSouth Chile. Kuyinhlobo yasolwandle ehlukile echitha impilo yayo yonke olwandle oluvulekile, futhi kuncane okwaziwayo ngemvelo yayo.
Umbono wamanje ukuthi i-moonfish ihlala ezindaweni ezifudumele zamanzi ebusuku, ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-12 kuye kwangama-50, kepha kukhona nokuntywila ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphansi kwaleli zinga emini, imvamisa kungamamitha angama-40-150.
I-Moonfish isatshalaliswa umhlaba wonke, idume ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezishisayo nezinamazinga aphansi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukudla kwezinhlanzi zenyanga
I-Moonfish kukholelwa ukuthi idla kakhulu nge-jellyfish. Kodwa-ke, ukudla kwakhe kungafaka ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezidlayo, kufaka phakathi ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs, ama-squid, izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nezibungu ezijulile zasolwandle. Ukuntywila ngezikhathi ezithile kuya ekujuleni kumsiza ekutholeni ukudla okunhlobonhlobo. Ngemuva kokuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezibandayo zasolwandle, inhlanzi ibuyisa ibhalansi ye-thermoregulation ngokushisa izinhlangothi ngaphansi kwelanga eduze kwamanzi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-biology yokuzala nokuziphatha kwenyanga yezinhlanzi kusengaqondakali kahle. Kepha kuyaziwa impela ukuthi yizinhlanzi ezanda kakhulu (nama-vertebrate) emhlabeni.
Lapho ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili, iSunfish yesifazane ingakhiqiza amaqanda angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanzi ezichanyuselwa kuzo zizalwa zilingana nekhanda lephini. Imvukuzane esanda kuzalwa imvukuzane ifana nekhanda elincane elibekwe ngaphakathi komhlobiso kaKhisimusi. Ingqimba evikelayo yezingane ifana nenkanyezi eguquguqukayo noma iqhwa leqhwa elime.
Akwaziwa kuphi futhi nini amaqanda enyanga e-moonfish, noma kunjalo izindawo ezinhlanu ezingahle zitholakale eNyakatho naseNingizimu ye-Atlantic, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Pacific, kanye nase-Indian Ocean, lapho kutholakala khona imisinga yolwandle ejikelezayo, ebizwa ngama-gyres.
Inyanga echanyuselwe ingamasentimitha angu-0,25 kuphela ubude. Ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele ebusheni, kuzofanele akhule ngosayizi amahlandla ayizigidi ezingama-60.
Kepha ukubukeka akuyona into kuphela engamangaza amanzi okuphuka. Uhlotshaniswa nenhlanzi ekhukhumezayo, eyisihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo
Usongo olubaluleke kakhulu enyangeni yezinhlanzi kubhekwa njengokudoba okuchitha imali. Ingxenye enkulu yokubanjwa kwenzeka ePacific, e-Atlantic Ocean naseLwandle iMedithera. Yize ingenanani lezentengiselwano ngaleyo ndlela, ngoba inyama ingatheleleka ngama-parasites ayingozi kakhulu, isabelo sokubamba kwayo kulezi zindawo kungaba cishe ngama-90% wokubamba okuphelele. Imvamisa, izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngephutha kumanetha.
Inani lokuhweba
Ngokwayo, i-moonfish ayinayo inzuzo yezentengiselwano futhi imvamisa iwela emanetheni abadobi njengezisulu zengozi. Inyama yayo ibhekwa njengengaphephi ekudleni kwabantu, ngoba ingangenwa yizinhlobo eziningi zama-parasites.
Noma kunjalo, lokhu akusivimbi ukuthi sikwenze into yokudla kamnandi kwimenyu yamanye amazwe ase-Asia. EJapane naseThailand, kusetshenziswa ngisho uqwanga nesikhumba sezinhlanzi ukudla. Futhi kulawa mazwe, inyama yemvukuzane isetshenziswa njengomuthi wendabuko. Ngasikhathi sinye, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyithenga esitolo, kodwa zama nje endaweni yokudlela ebizayo.
EYurophu, ukuhweba ngalolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi akuvumelekile, ngoba, ngaphezu kokutheleleka okuyisinanakazana, i-sanfish, njengesihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu, i-fugu, ingaqoqa izinto ezinobuthi eziyingozi emzimbeni. EMelika, akukho ukuvinjelwa okunjalo, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwenyama efana ne-jelly kanye nemfucuza eminingi, ayithandwa.
Inyama inephunga elinyanyekayo le-iodine, kuyilapho icebe ngendlela emangalisayo ngamaprotheni nezinye izinto eziwusizo. Uma-ke, sinakekela iqiniso lokuthi isibindi kanye nemisele yemifucumfucu yezinhlanzi ingagcina umthamo obulalayo wobuthi, okuthi, uma usikwe ngempumelelo, ungene ekudleni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Okwamanje azikho izinyathelo ezithile zokongiwa kwenani labantu bezinhlanzi zenyanga, yize i-IUCN ibheka inundu njengemvelo esengozini, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Le nhlanzi ivame ukuba isisulu sokudoba okungafanele kanye nokulahlwa okubi, lapho iwela ngephutha ezingibeni zabadobi, ngoba ivame ukubhukuda ngaphezulu. Mhlawumbe, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane kangaka bobuchopho, lesi silwane sihamba kancane kakhulu futhi asigijimisi, ngenxa yalokho esivame ukuhlupheka.
Isibonelo, ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi indawo yokudoba ngezinhlanzi ezide ezalungiswa eNingizimu Afrika ibamba imvukuzane engaba ngu-340,000 njenge-by-catch minyaka yonke. Futhi ezindaweni zokudoba zaseCalifornia, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi i-oceanic sunfish ifinyelele kuma-29% wokubamba okuphelele, ngaphezulu kwezinombolo eziqondiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eJapane naseTaiwan, ukubamba kwabo kunenjongo. Abadobi bezentengiselwano bakhethe lokhu njengelitshe lokunikezwa kwesibiliboco sokupheka.
Ngokuya ngale mininingwane, ukwehla kwabantu okufika kuma-80% kubalwa kwezinye izindawo. I-IUCN isola ukuthi inani lembokodo lomhlaba lisongelwa ukwehla okungenani ngama-30% ezizukulwaneni ezintathu ezizayo (iminyaka engama-24 kuya kwengama-30). Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana nabantu be-tecata bakaMola noMola ramsayi, abangekho ku-IUCN, kepha kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi nabo bahlushwa isivuno esikhulu.
