Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala eMhlabeni, kunezidalwa eziningi ezingathi ngesizathu esizwakalayo zibambe iqhaza lezinganekwane ezomele igazi. Kungenxa yezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ukuthi ingwenya ehlanganisiwe ingeyabo, okubhekwa njengomunye wabamele abakhulu nabayingozi kakhulu bomndeni wayo. Lezi zilwane, ezitholakala eNingizimu ye-Asia, e-Oceania nase-Australia, yizona ndawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni noma ezidla ulwandle - ngemuva kwakho konke, ubukhulu bazo bufinyelela kumamitha amaningana futhi bungaba nesisindo sethani.
Incazelo yengwenya ehlanganisiwe
Ingwenya ehlanganisiwe, ebizwa nangokuthi ingwenya yamanzi anosawoti, ingwenya edla abantu noma ingwenya yase-Indo-Pacific, ingeyomndeni wezingwenya weqiniso. Okhokho balezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu, bevele ezwekazini laseGondwana, basinda ekuqothulweni kweCretaceous-Paleogene, okwabhubhisa ama-dinosaurs futhi, lapho sekuguqukile, kwaveza uhlobo lwezingwenya zesimanje.
Ukubukeka
Ingwenya endala enosawoti inemizimba ebanzi futhi emangele, ephenduka umsila omude kakhulu, owenza cishe u-55% wobude bomzimba wonke wesirhubuluzi. Ngenxa yomzimba omkhulu, osekela imilenze emifushane, enamandla futhi eqinile, ingwenya ehlanganisiwe isikhathi eside yathathwa ngephutha njengenye yezinhlobo ze-alligator, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngemuva kocwaningo oluningi, ososayensi nokho bathi lolu hlobo lomndeni luwuhlobo lomndeni wezingwenya zangempela.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zinekhanda elikhulu ngokwedlulele futhi zinemihlathi ebanzi enamandla futhi enamandla, kanti emadodeni amadala alesi silwane, imihlathi inkulu kakhulu kunabesilisa abasebasha. Isibalo samazinyo kulesi silwane singafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-64-68.
Le ngwenya yaqanjwa ngama-combs amabili akhona kumlomo wesilwane esidala. Inhloso ngqo yale "mihlobiso" ayaziwa, kepha kukhona iziphakamiso zokuthi amakhekhe adingeka ukuvikela amehlo esirhubuluzi ekulimaleni ngesikhathi sokuntywila. Ukuze ingwenya ikwazi ukubona ngaphansi kwamanzi, amehlo ayo afakwa ulwelwesi olukhethekile olucwayizayo.
Izikali zimi okweqanda, azikhulu, futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, ingwenya ehlanganisiwe ingahamba ngokukhululeka futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. Njengoba ingwenya ikhula, isifonyo sayo simbozwa inethiwekhi yemibimbi ejulile namaqhubu.
Umbala wabantu ngabanye balezi zinhlobo uncike eminyakeni yabo nasendaweni abahlala kuyo. Izingwenya ezisencane zinombala wejazi lesisekelo esiphuzi ngokunsundu ngemivimbo emnyama noma ngamabala. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, lo mbala uba buthuntu, futhi imivimbo ibukeka isakazeka kakhulu, kepha ayifiphazi ngokuphelele noma inyamalale ngokuphelele. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindala zinombala okhanyayo onsundu noma ompunga, futhi isisu sazo sikhanya kakhulu: simhlophe noma siphuzi. Ingxenye engezansi yomsila ivame ukuba mpunga ngemigqa emnyama. Futhi, phakathi kwabamele lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kwesinye isikhathi kunabantu abanombala obuthakathaka noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, mnyama.
Osayizi bengwenya ehlanganisiwe
Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-6-7, yize, imvamisa kutholakala izilwane ezincane, ezinobukhulu bazo obungamamitha ayi-2.5-3 ubude. Isisindo ngokuvamile sisukela ku-300 kuye ku-700 kg. Kukhona ikakhulukazi izingwenya ezinkulu ezi-crested, isisindo sazo esifinyelela ku-1 ton.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zingesinye sezilwane ezinkulu ezidla inyama eMhlabeni. Zingaphansi ngosayizi kuphela kwezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo ezinamazinyo noshaka. Isisindo sekhanda sisodwa sowesilisa omkhulu walolu hlobo singaba ngama-200 kg.
Ingwenya ekhenjiwe enkulu kunazo zonke eyabanjwa iphila yagcinwa ekuthunjweni - isirhubuluzi okuthiwa uLolong, esabanjwa ngo-2011 ePhilippines, sasinomzimba onobude obungamamitha ayi-6.17 nesisindo esingu-1075 kg. Ngesikhathi sokubanjwa, waklebhula izintambo zensimbi eziphindwe kane noma ngamathani ayi-6-12, futhi ukuze amkhiphe emanzini, cishe abantu abayikhulu kwakudingeka bachithe ubusuku bonke.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ingwenya ehlanganisiwe iyisilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu, esinobuqili futhi esiyingozi. Imvamisa ikhetha izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo njengezisulu zayo, kwesinye isikhathi nabantu.
Le ehlanganisiwe ukuphela kwengwenya yase-Eurasia engahlala emanzini ahlanzekile nawosawoti.
Lesi silwane, esikhetha ukuhlala sodwa noma hhayi emihlambini emikhulu kakhulu, ngenkathi sifuna inyamazane noma sithuthele endaweni yokuhlala entsha, singahamba ibanga elide ukusuka ogwini. Ingwenya ekamiwe iyisilwane esingenabungozi kangangokuba oshaka, okungabancintisana ngokudla kwalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, bayamesaba.
Kuyoze kube nini ingwenya ehlanganisiwe esetshenziswe olwandle ingahlulelwa ngenani lamagobolondo nolwelwe olunesikhathi sokukhula esikhunjeni salo. Zisebenzisa imisinga yolwandle lapho zifuduka, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zingahamba ibanga elide. Ngakho-ke, abanye babantu balolu hlobo bahamba kude ngamakhilomitha amaningi, bavame ukubhukuda olwandle oluvulekile.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zingahamba futhi zihambe kude kakhulu nemifula.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo azikubekezeleli ukushisa okuphezulu kahle, lapho kushisa, izingwenya ezi-cresty zikhetha ukucasha emanzini noma, uma zihlala emhlabeni, ziya ezindaweni ezinomthunzi oqinile lapho kupholile khona. Lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha, abantu balolu hlobo bakhuphuka ematsheni afudunyezwe yilanga, ngaleyo ndlela, bayazotha.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa imisindo yokukhonkotha yobuningi obuhlukile. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana kwabesifazane, abesilisa bakhipha ukububula okuphansi, okungafakwanga.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo azihlali nabantu njengezinye izinhlobo zezingwenya. Banolaka kakhulu futhi bayindawo enkulu.
Abantu abaningi banensimu yabo siqu. Abesifazane bahlala emachibini anamanzi angenasawoti, lapho ngamunye wabo ehlala endaweni ecishe ibe yi-1 km futhi ayivikele ekuhlaselweni izimbangi. Abesilisa banempahla eningi kakhulu: bafaka izindawo zomuntu siqu zabesifazane abaningana kanye nedamu elinamanzi ahlanzekile alungele ukuzalanisa.
Abesilisa bayazivikela ngenkuthalo izinto zabo kubaphikisi, futhi uma bewela umngcele wendawo yabo, bavame ukuxabana okubulalayo, kugcine ngokufa noma ukulimala kanzima komunye wabaphikisi. Izingwenya zesilisa zithembeke kakhulu kwabesifazane: azigcini nje ngokungqubuzana nazo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zihlanganyela nezisulu zazo nazo.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti azibesabi abantu, kepha zihlasela kuphela labo ababenganaki futhi basondela kakhulu kubo noma babacasula.
Ihlala isikhathi eside kangakanani ingwenya?
Izilwane zalolu hlobo ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu: ubude bazo bokuphila buyiminyaka engama-65-70, kepha ososayensi abakushiyi ngaphandle ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zingaphila iminyaka eyi-100 noma ngaphezulu. Ekuthunjweni, abantu balolu hlobo baphila iminyaka engaphezudlwana kwengu-50.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesifazane bengwenya ehlanganisiwe bancane kakhulu kunabesilisa: bangaba uhhafu ubude ubude, futhi isisindo sabo singaba lula ngokuphindwe kayishumi. Imihlathi yabesifazane inciphile futhi ayinkulu kangako, futhi umzimba awunamandla njengowesilisa.
Umbala wabamele lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo awuxhomekile kangako ebulilini njengoba kubudala kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali emanzini kulawo madamu lapho behlala khona.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ngenxa yekhono lengwenya ehlanganisiwe ukuhamba amabanga amade ngasolwandle, lesi silwanyane sinendawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke izingwenya. Lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu, kusukela ezifundeni eziphakathi neVietnam, ogwini lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, empumalanga yeNdiya, eSri Lanka, e-Indonesia, enyakatho ye-Australia naseNew Guinea. Kutholakala naseziqhingini zaseMalay Archipelago, endaweni eseduze nesiqhingi saseBorneo, eCaroline, eSolomon Islands nasesiqhingini saseVanuatu. Phambilini, wayehlala eSeychelles, kepha manje sekuqothulwe ngokuphelele lapho. Kutholakale phambilini ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika naseningizimu yeJapan, kepha njengamanje abantu balezi zinhlobo abahlali lapho.
Noma kunjalo, izindawo eziyizintandokazi zalezi zidliwayo amaxhaphozi emihlume, ama-deltas nezindawo ezingezansi zemifula, kanye namachibi.
Ukudla kwengwenya ehlanganisiwe
Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo siyisidleke esiphakeme esihlala endaweni ephezulu ochungechungeni lokudla ezifundeni lapho sihlala khona. Kwenzeka ukuhlasela ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu: oshaka namakati amakhulu afana namahlosi. Ukudla kwamawundlu kuqukethe ikakhulukazi izinambuzane, ama-amphibian aphakathi nendawo, ama-crustaceans, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane nezinhlanzi. Abantu abadala abahamba kancane futhi abashesha kangako ukuze bazingele izilwane ezincane, ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinkulu futhi ezingasheshi kakhulu ziba izisulu zabo.
Ngokuya ngokuthi ingwenya ihlala kuyiphi indawo yokuhlala kwayo, ingazingela izinyamazane, izingulube zasendle, ama-tapir, ama-kangaroo, izinhlwathi zase-Asia, izinyathi, ama-gauras, ama-bantengs nezinye izilwane ezidla izilwane ezidla izilwane. Izilwane ezinjengezingwe, amabhere, ama-dingoes, ukuqapha izibankwa, izinhlwathi, kanti kwesinye isikhathi oshaka nabo baba yizisulu zabo. Zingabuye zidliwe yizimbongolo - ngokwesibonelo, ama-orangutan noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinkawu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi nabantu. Azikudeleli ukudla ezinye izingwenya, noma nezilwane ezincane zohlobo lwazo.
Abantu abahlala olwandle noma emilanjeni yemifula bazingela izinhlanzi ezinkulu, izinyoka zasolwandle, izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-dugong, amahlengethwa nemisebe, kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle, uma zingabanjwa.
Izingwenya ezinosawoti azidli inyama eyonakele, kepha azikudeleli ukubola: zivame ukubonakala zidla eduze kwezidumbu zemikhomo efile.
Ukudla kwabesifazane kuhluke kakhulu: ngaphezu kwezilwane ezinkulu ngokwanele, kufaka nezilwane ezincane ezinjengama-crustaceans nama-vertebrate amancane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzalanisa salezi zilwane siqala ngenkathi yezimvula, lapho kungashisi kangako nomhlabathi ugcwele umswakama. Ingwenya ehlanganisiwe iyisirhubuluzi sesithembu: kungaba nezinsikazi ezingaphezu kweshumi esidlekeni sabesilisa.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili eneminyaka engu-10-12 ubudala, kwabesilisa kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu - eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane kuphela abafinyelele osayizi bamamitha ayi-2.2 nabesilisa abanobude bomzimba obungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-3.2 abafanele ukukhiqizwa.
Ngaphambi kokuzalela amaqanda angama-30 kuye kwangama-90, insikazi yakha isidleke, okuyindunduma yokufakelwa yodaka namaqabunga, acishe abe imitha elilodwa ukuphakama aze afike kumamitha ayi-7 ububanzi. Ukuvikela isidleke ukuthi singakhukhulwa yimifula yamanzi emvula, ingwenya yesifazane isibeka egqumeni. Ngenxa yokubola kwamaqabunga, kugcinwa izinga lokushisa njalo esidlekeni sengwenya, esilingana cishe nama-degree angama-32.
Ubulili benzalo yesikhathi esizayo buxhomeke emazingeni okushisa esidlekeni: uma cishe kungama-31.6 degrees, ikakhulukazi abesilisa bayachamusela. Ezimweni lapho kunokuphambuka okuncane kulokhu kushisa, khona-ke abesifazane abaningi bachanyuselwa emaqandeni.
Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha cishe izinyanga ezi-3, kepha ubude baso, kuya ngezinga lokushisa, bungahluka kakhulu. Sonke lesi sikhathi insikazi iseduze nesidleke futhi ivikela i-clutch ezilwaneni eziyingozi.
Amachwane achanyuselwe, isisindo sawo singama-gramu angama-70, nobude bawo bungu-25-30 cm, biza umama wabo ngemisindo ephezulu yokukhonkotha, obasiza ukuthi baphume esidlekeni, bese beyidlulisela emanzini. Ngemuva kwalokho insikazi ibheka inzalo yayo izinyanga ezingama-5-7 futhi, uma kunesidingo, iyamvikela.
Kepha ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kukamama, angaphansi kuka-1% ama-hatchlings asindayo futhi afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi.
Sezikhulile, kepha ezingakabi bikho izingwenya ezindala zivame ukufa ezimpini nabantu abadala nabakhulu, futhi ezinye zazo ziba yizisulu zokudla abantu ngezihlobo zazo.
Izitha zemvelo
Izingwenya ezindala ezikame ngci azinazitha zemvelo. Abanye babo bangaba yizisulu zoshaka abakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwabantu, abanazitha.
Amajaji futhi ikakhulukazi amaqanda asengozini enkulu. Izidleke zezingwenya zingacekelwa phansi ngokuqapha izibankwa nezingulube, futhi amawundlu amancane azingelwa izimfudu zamanzi angenasawoti, aqaphe izibankwa, izindwandwe, amagwababa, ama-dingoes, oklebe, abamele umndeni we-feline, izinhlanzi ezinkulu. Kuyenzeka ukuthi izilwane ezincane zibulawe ezinye izingwenya ezindala. Olwandle, oshaka bayingozi ikakhulukazi ezingwenya ezisencane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti njengamanje ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezingakhathazeki kangako. Inani labo lehla ngokuphawulekayo ngekhulu lama-20: lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zaqothulwa eThailand, futhi kwasinda cishe eziyikhulu kuphela eningizimu yeVietnam. Kepha inani labantu base-Australia likhulu impela futhi liqukethe izingwenya eziyi-100,000-200,000. Kunomthelela enanini elikhulu lalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nokuthi izingwenya ezincikisiwe okwamanje ziyafuywa emapulazini.
Njengamanje kunqatshelwe ukuhweba ngezingwenya ezikhona noma ezifile, kanye nezingxenye zemizimba yazo, uma izilwane ezihuquzelayo zivela kubantu basendle ngaphandle kwe-Australia yase-Australia nalabo abasePapua New Guinea. Kepha ezilwaneni ezizalelwe ekuthunjweni ngezinjongo zokuhweba, le mfuneko ayisebenzi, kepha kulokhu, kubalulekile ukuthola imvume yokuyithumela kwamanye amazwe.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zithathwa njengesinye sezilwane ezinkulu neziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu, ezifinyelela kumamitha ayi-7 ubude, zihlala eNingizimu ye-Asia, e-Oceania nase-Australia. Azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi zihle, kodwa-ke, iqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zisinde ngempumelelo ekuqothulweni okuningana kwesisindo futhi zisasinda kuze kube namuhla cishe ngendlela yazo yokuqala, futhi, futhi, izici zendlela yazo yokuphila, ukunakekela inzalo nobuhlakani, okungajwayelekile ezinwabuzelayo eziningi, kuzenze izilwane zabo ezithakazelisayo nezithandekayo.
