I-herbivore enkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Melika, eyakhiwe amaNdiya angamaQuechua eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha eyedlule. Baphinde banikeza lezi zinhlobo igama lazo lesimanje "guanaco" (kusuka wanaku).
Incazelo ye-guanaco
ILama guanicoe iyi-artiodactyl evela kuhlobo lwama-llamas omndeni we-camelid, lapho kutholakala khona i-alpaca, i-vicuña ne-llama kanye nama-guanacos, yize bengenawo ama-humps. Zonke izinhlobo ezi-4 zifana kakhulu komunye nomunye ku-anatomy, physiology nasendleleni yokuphila, kanti i-llama kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi inzalo yasekhaya ye-guanaco.
Ukubukeka
IGuanaco kuthiwa yicamelids ngenxa yezitho zayo ezineminwe emibili, iphela ngozipho obuthuntu obugobile, kanye nekholi onyaweni lonke (yingakho ifakiwe ku-oda lwama-callus). Lapho uhamba, i-guanaco ihlale kuma-phalanges, hhayi kwizeluleko zeminwe yayo.... Uhlobene futhi nekamela elinomqondo wokuzikhukhumeza wesifonyo, ophawulwe nguD. Darrell, obuye waqaphela umzimba omncane, ocijile (njengehhashi lomjaho) imilenze nentamo ende enomusa, efana kancane nendlulamithi.
Ngendlela, intamo isiza ukugcina ibhalansi ngenkathi ihamba futhi isebenza. IGuanaco yisilwane esikhulu (esifana ngokulingana nenhlwathi noma inyamazane), esikhula size sifike ku-1.3 m lapho sibuna kanye no-1.75 m ubude nobunzima obufinyelela ku-140 kg. Ikhanda elincane ligcwele izindlebe ezicijile. Amehlo amakhulu amnyama anezinkophe ezijiyile ezivikela emoyeni, othulini naselangeni ayabonakala kumlomo omude.
Okubalulekile! IGuanacos inamakamelo amathathu (hhayi amakamelo amane, njengasezindaweni eziningi ezidla imifino) esiswini kanye ne-oval (hhayi eyakheke njenge-disc) ama-erythrocyte, afaka isandla ekungeneni kangcono komoya-mpilo ezicutshini ezisezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
Ijazi liminyene futhi lishayekile (kumpunga umlotha ekhanda, okuphuzi nsundu ngaphezulu nokumhlophe esiswini / ebusweni bangaphakathi bezitho), okuvikela ekushintsheni okungazelelwe kokushisa. IGuanacos, yahlangatshezwa wuhambo lukaD. Darrell, yayimbozwe ngoboya obukhulu obukhulu bombala obomvu ngokubomvu, futhi ngasentanyeni nasemilenzeni kuphela kwakukhona umthunzi okhanyayo, onjengesihlabathi elangeni. Umsila we-guanaco mfushane, cishe u-15-25 cm, futhi ubukeka njengebhulashi elithambile elithambile.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-Collectivism nesithembu sabesilisa - le mibono ichaza ubukhona bama-guanacos, ahlala emihlambini emincane (abesifazane abangaba ngu-20 abanezingane esezikhulile), eholwa owesilisa ongu-alpha. Insimu ehlala umhlambi ivikelwe ekuhlaselweni komakhelwane, futhi ubukhulu bayo buncike esifundeni sokuhlala... Umholi wakha ukwakheka komhlambi, axoshe abesilisa abancane abaneminyaka engaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisi-6 futhi, kaningi, abesifazane abangamjabulisi. Imindeni efana nama-harems ayakhi ngaphezu kwe-18% yabesilisa abakhule ngokugcwele: bonke abanye bahlangana ngobulili obufanayo (kufika kubantu abangama-50) amaqembu noma bahlala bodwa. Imidumba kuvame ukuba yinduna endala eshiywa ngabesifazane bayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaGuanacos, njengama-vicuñas, athululwa ezindaweni ezifanayo, imvamisa kuma-hillocks noma ezindleleni ezijwayelekile. Yilapho abantu bendawo bathola khona ukuphakama komquba abawusebenzisa njengophethiloli.
Ngezikhathi zokushoda kokudla, ama-guanacos ahlangana emihlambini exubile engafika enhlokweni yenkulungwane yamakhanda futhi azulazule efuna uhlaza olufanele. Izilwane zikhetha izindawo zokubuka ezivulekile, ezingazivimbeli ukuthi zigxume kalula emithambekeni yezintaba noma zikhuphuke phezu kwesihlabathi esisheshayo. IGuanacos ayihlali ime / ilale kuphela emifudlaneni yezintaba, kepha futhi nababhukudi abahle kakhulu.
AmaGuanacos ahlala ephapheme emini, eya emadlelweni entathakusa futhi alale ebusuku, futhi alale izikhathi eziningana ngosuku. Izilwane ziya emgodini wokunisela ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani i-guanaco?
Endle, iminyaka yokuphila yama-guanacos yiminyaka engama-20, kepha iyanda kakhulu ema-zoo noma kubalimi, ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-30.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kwama-guanacos abesilisa nabesifazane uboniswa ngosayizi kuphela: owokuqala ahlala emakhulu kunalawo akamuva.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ngokusho kwe-paleogenetics, okhokho bama-guanacos (ama-camelids asendulo) bavela eMhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 edlule, kanti abanye babo baphela ngesikhathi se-Ice Age, kwathi laba abasinda, bathuthela ezintabeni. Lapha bazivumelanisa nengcindezi ephansi futhi banciphisa okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo emoyeni. Manje ama-guanacos atholakala eNingizimu Melika, ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esibi - kusukela eziqongweni zezintaba ze-Andes kuya eTierra del Fuego nasePatagonia.
Ububanzi besimanje bama-guanacos buhlanganisa:
- I-Argentina;
- IBolivia;
- I-Paraguay;
- IPeru;
- EChile;
- Iziqhingi zaseFalkland (okwethulwe).
Okubalulekile! Kulinganiselwa ukuthi iningi labantu base-guanaco (81-86%) lise-Argentina, cishe ngo-14-18% eChile kanti ngaphansi kuka-1% eBolivia, ePeru naseParaguay kuhlangene. IGuanacos kuhlala amapampu, ama-semi-desert kanye namathafa asezintabeni, kusuka emazingeni aphansi kuya kumamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisi-5.5 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, azizwa engekho emathafeni angaphansi kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu.
Imihlambi yasendle yamaguanacos ayivamile ngokweqile, ngaphandle kwamakhona angenakufinyeleleka lapho izilwane zihlala khona nemihlambi yamahhala yama-vicunas. Manje ama-guanacos asendle avele futhi azalela ethafeni eliphakeme lezintaba lasePampa Canyahuas (ePeru), lapho kudale khona indawo yokulondolozwa kwezwe, lapho bona, kanye nezinye izilwane, bevikelwa khona nguhulumeni.
Ukudla kweGuanaco
Ukuphila kokuzincisha nakho kwashiya uphawu ekudleni kwama-guanacos, ajwayele ukwaneliseka ngezimila eziyindlala namanzi asezingeni elithandekayo.
Kwezinye izifunda, ama-guanacos ancintisana nezinkomo namahhashi ukuthola ukudla. Uma umthombo useduze, aqeda ukoma kwawo nsuku zonke, angawudicileli phansi amanzi amunyu ngisho nosawoti. Lapho umthombo ukude, bawuvakashela kanye ngesonto noma benze ngaphandle kwamanzi nhlobo. Zondla umzimba ngamaminerali, zikhotha amadiphozi avulekile kasawoti wemvelo.
Ukudla kwe-guanaco kunezitshalo ezifana:
- i-mulinum spinosum (shrub);
- colletia spinosissima (isihlahlana);
- ubulembu;
- amakhambi nezimbali;
- amakhowe nobulembu;
- izithelo;
- cacti.
Okubalulekile! Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile sesisu, njengawo wonke ama-ruminants, i-guanacos ihlafuna uhlaza kaningi, ikhiphe wonke umsoco kuwo. Leli khono libasiza ukuba baphile ngokungabikho kwedlelo isikhathi eside.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-guanaco rut, ihambisana nabesilisa abanodlame, yenzeka ezinyangeni ezahlukahlukene, kuya ngendawo: Agasti (enyakatho) noFebhuwari (eningizimu). Izilwane, njengawo wonke ama-camelid, ziphakama ngemilenze yazo yangemuva, zicindezele ophikisana naye ngezintamo zazo, zikhahlele ngezinselo zazo zangaphambili, zilume futhi zikhafule ngolaka.
Owesilisa onqobayo empini uthola ilungelo lowesifazane othize, kepha akavamile ukuba aneliseke ngaye eyedwa, kepha ugijimela empini ngokulandelana aze aqoqe isagila sabomakoti abangu-3-20, kwesinye isikhathi nokuningi kakhulu. Umlingani weGuanacos, njengamakamela, ulele phansi. Ukuzala kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11, emva kwalokho kuzalwa amawundlu ayi-1-2.
Kaningi umuntu uzalwa, akwazi ukulandela unina ngemuva kwesikhashana... Insikazi isilungele ukukhulelwa okulandelayo kungakapheli amasonto ama-2-3 ngemuva kokubeletha, ngakho-ke iletha inzalo minyaka yonke. Inkonyane liqala ukunambitha utshani evikini lesibili, kepha liphuza ubisi lwebele luze lube nezinyanga ezine. Abancane abamshiyi unina kuze kube kuzalwa inzalo yakhe elandelayo. Abesilisa abavuthiwe bahlukaniswe baba yimiphakathi emincane, okubashiya benokuqala kokuzala futhi bazitholele izidleke zabo. IGuanacos izala cishe ngeminyaka emibili ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
IGuanacos izolile ephusheni kuphela, kanti isikhathi esisele basethukile unomphela, ngisho "nabalindi" abanikeza isignali uma kwenzeka ingozi abakwazi ukuminza. Ingqondo yezilwane iye yazinza ezindaweni ezivikelwe, lapho ama-guanacos engasabaleki khona lapho ebona abantu, kepha ake asondele impela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Enye yezindlela zokuzivikela ukukhafulela isitha, esakha amathe nefinyila lamakhala. Le ndlela ayifanele ngokuphelele uma uhlangana nezilwane ezidla ezinye, ezingaphunyuka kuphela ngendiza.
Izitha zemvelo zamaguanacos:
- i-puma;
- impisi enomhlwenga;
- izinja zasendle.
Lezi zakamuva zicasula kakhulu ama-guanacos ahlala enyakatho yeChile, anciphisa kakhulu inani labantu bendawo abahlala kulo. Lapho umhlambi ufika emadlelweni, umholi akadli kangako njengoba ebuka indawo ezungezile, ekhala impempe ebukhali esongela usongo lwangaphandle. Ukubalekela isitha, i-guanaco iba nesivinini esifanele ukufika ku-55 km / h. Umholi uhlala evala umhlambi, elwa nabasukelayo abacindezelayo ngezinselo zakhe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, ama-guanacos afakiwe esigabeni "sokukhathazeka okuncane" futhi ngoba izilwane zenziwa ekhaya: zihlala ezintabeni, zondla emadlelweni emvelo, kepha (ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile) ezabantu, ezingaphansi kweso labo.
Ngokwezibalo ze-IUCN, inani labantu abalinganiselwa kubantu abadala cishe liyizigidi ezi-1 zezilwane, kepha ngabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.5-2.2 kuphela. Kuyakhathaza kakhulu ukuthi i-guanaco ingasheshe inyamalale emazweni ama-3 kwangu-5 lapho lolu hlobo lutholakala ebangeni lalo lomlando futhi njengamanje lusongelwa ngokuqothulwa - iBolivia, iParaguay nePeru.
Izici eziyinhloko ezisongelayo yilezi:
- Ukuwohloka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo ngenxa yamadlelo;
- ukubhujiswa kwendawo ngenxa yokuhlolwa kukawoyela / igesi;
- izimayini;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda;
- ukulwela ukudla nezinhlobo ezifakiwe.
Ngisho nabalimi be-llama bangathanda ukunciphisa imfuyo yasendle yama-guanacos, njengoba laba bancintisana nama-llamas abo emadlelweni nasemadlelweni. Abantu baseGuanaco, ikakhulukazi abantu abancane nabaphansi, bayathinteka ngokuzingela okungekho emthethweni, okuyisongo esingokomlando kulezi zinhlobo, kungakhathalekile ubukhulu besibalo sabantu.
Okubalulekile! AmaGuanacos agujwa ngenxa yoboya bawo obufudumele nezikhumba, okuthi lapho zilungiswa, ziphenduke isikhumba esihle kakhulu. Uboya baseGuanaco bufana nempungushe futhi budingeka ngombala wayo wokuqala nakwamanye ama-shades atholwe ngosizo lwedayi wemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zinezinyama ezihlwabusayo, ngenxa yazo zibulawa ngabathandi bokudla okungajwayelekile.
Ukunqanda ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho kwama-guanacos, iChile nePeru bashaye imithetho evikela izinhlobo zezilwane ezingeni likahulumeni. Abafuyi bezinkomo abahlala emagqumeni e-Andes sekuyisikhathi eside bezibandakanya ekulimeni i-guanaco, okubalethela inzuzo enhle.
Izilwane ezisencane ziyahlatshwa ngenxa yoboya bazo obuzacile, ukuthola izikhumba zamakepisi asebenzayo futhi amahle, angafuneki nje kuphela kubavakashi, kodwa naphakathi kwabahlali bendawo. Uboya obuyigugu bunqunywa ezilwaneni ezindala, noma buhlatshwa ngokususa izikhumba zokuthunga izingubo zangaphandle nobucwebe.
