Isidalwa esimangalisayo phela - ijezi lodaka. Kubhekisa ekudobeni, kepha kufana nesigaxa esinamehlo okubuka ngomlomo omkhulu wesikwele noma isibankwa, esingenayo imilenze yangemuva.
Incazelo ye-mudskipper
Iyabonakala kalula ngekhanda layo eliqhakazile ngokweqile (ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba), okukhombisa ubudlelwane obuseduze nomndeni we-goby, lapho abakwa-mudskippers bakha uhlobo lwabo lwe-Periophthalmus. Ama-Aquarists ajwayelene nezinhlobo ze-Periophthalmus barbarus (eNtshonalanga Afrika, noma udaka oluvamile) - lezi zinhlanzi zivame ukuthengiswa futhi zithathwa njengabamele abakhulu bohlobo. Abantu abadala, abahlotshiswe ngamaphiko ama-dorsal anemigqa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eceleni komugqa, bakhula bafike ku-25 cm.
Ama-mudskippers amancane kunawo wonke, aziwa ngokuthi amaNdiya noma ama-pygmy jumpers, ayizinhlobo zePeriophthalmus novemradiatus... Njengoba sezikhulile, "zishwibeka" zifike ku-5 cm futhi zihlukaniswa ngamaphiko emhlane ophuzi, azungezwe umugqa omnyama futhi onamachashazi abomvu / amhlophe. Kukhona indawo enkulu ewolintshi engxenyeni engaphambili yomgogodla.
Ukubukeka
I-Mud Jumper iveza imizwa exubile kusuka ekubabazeni kuya ekunengekeni. Cabanga ukuthi i-monster enamehlo amakhulu ahlezi eduze (ukubuka i-angle 180 °) isondela kuwe, engagcini nje ngokuzungeza njenge-periscope, kodwa futhi ne "blink". Eqinisweni, lokhu akunakwenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamajwabu amehlo. Futhi ukucwayiza akulutho ngaphandle kokuhoxa ngokushesha kwamehlo kumasokhethi wamehlo ukumanzisa i-cornea.
Ikhanda elikhulu lisondela osebeni futhi ... inhlanzi ikhasa ingene emhlabeni, ngasikhathi sinye iphethe amaphiko amabili aqinile e-pectoral futhi ihudula umsila wayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ufana nomuntu okhubazekile onomhlane okhubazekile emzimbeni.
I-dorsal fin ende, ebandakanyeka ekubhukudeni (futhi isabisa izitha), iyagoqeka okwesikhashana emhlabeni, futhi imisebenzi esemqoka yokusebenza idluliselwa kwizinsimbi eziqinile zamaphiko wesifuba nomsila onamandla. Okokugcina, okulethwa kalula ngaphansi komhlane womzimba, kusetshenziswa lapho inhlanzi igxuma iphuma emanzini noma ukuyisunduza isuke endaweni eqinile. Ngenxa yomsila, i-jumper enodaka yeqa yaze yafika kuhhafu wemitha noma ngaphezulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokwemvelo / ngokomzimba, ama-mudskippers ngezindlela eziningi afana nama-amphibian, kepha ukuphefumula kwe-gill namaphiko akusivumeli ukuthi sikhohlwe ukuthi uhlobo lwe-Periophthalmus lungolwezinhlanzi ezenzelwe imisebe.
I-jumper yodaka, njengexoxo langempela, iyakwazi ukumunca umoya-mpilo ngesikhumba bese iyiguqula ibe yi-carbon dioxide, esiza ukuphefumula ngaphandle kwamanzi. Uma usemhlabeni, imisipha yejubane le-oozy (ukugwema ukoma) ivaleka ngokuqinile.
Kudingeka imihlathi eyisikwele yevolumetric ukugcina ukutholakala kwamanzi olwandle, lapho (kanye nomoya ogwinyiwe), i-jumper enodaka igcina izinga le-oxygen elidingekayo emzimbeni isikhathi esithile. Ama-mudskippers anesisu esiliva kanye nethoni ejwayelekile yegrey / yomnqumo womzimba, ehlanjululwe ngezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene zemivimbo noma amachashazi, kanye nesikhumba esimboze udebe olungaphezulu.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-jumper enodaka (ngenxa yesikhundla esiphakathi phakathi kwama-amphibians nezinhlanzi) inikezwe amakhono ahlukile futhi iyazi ukuthi ingacwila kanjani ekujuleni kwechibi futhi ibekhona ngaphandle kwento yamanzi. Umzimba we-mudskipper umbozwe ngamafinyila, njengaleyo yexoxo, echazwa ukuhlala kwayo isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi. Uma ingena odakeni, izinhlanzi ngasikhathi sinye ziyasithambisa futhi zipholise isikhumba.
Imvamisa inhlanzi ihamba emanzini, iphakamisa ikhanda layo ngamehlo e-periscope ngaphezulu kobuso. Lapho igagasi lishaya, ama-mudskippers angena odakeni, acashe emigodini, noma acwile phansi ukuze alondoloze ukushisa komzimba okunethezekile. Emanzini, ziphila njengezinye izinhlanzi, zigcina ukuphefumula kwazo ngosizo lwama-gill. Ngezikhathi ezithile, abagxumagxume ngodaka baphuma emanzini ajulile bangene emhlabathini noma bakhase phansi ngezansi bakhululwe emanzini ngemuva kwegagasi eliphansi. Zikhasa ziphume noma zigxume ziye ogwini, izinhlanzi zithatha amanzi ukuze zimanzise izingilazi zazo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emhlabathini, ukuzwa kwe-mudskippers kucijiswa kaningi (bezwa ukubhuza kwezinambuzane ezindizayo) nokubona, okusiza ukubona inyamazane ekude. Ukuqapha kulahleka ngokuphelele lapho kucwiliswa emanzini, lapho izinhlanzi ngokushesha ziba yimyopikhi khona.
Iningi labadonsa udaka selizibeke njengabaxabanisi abangabekezeleleki, abangakwazi ukumelana nokuncintisana nabantu besizwe sakubo futhi bavikele ngenkuthalo indawo yabo. Izinga lokungqubuzana phakathi kwama-jumpers lincike ezinhlotsheni zawo: ngokusho kwama-aquarists, umlingiswa oxabana kakhulu, ngokusho kwama-aquarists, unabesilisa be-Periophthalmus barbarus, ehlasela zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eziseduze kwabo.
Ukuziphatha okwandayo kwabanye abantu abakhulu akuvumeli ukuthi kugcinwe ngamaqembu, yingakho abalwa behlala ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini ezihlukene... Ngendlela, i-jumper enodaka iyakwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni hhayi ngokuvundlile kuphela, kodwa futhi nangokuqondile, incike emaphepheni angaphambili ahlanganisiwe lapho ikhuphuka ezihlahleni. Ukugcinwa endizeni emi mpo nakho kunikezwa amaswidi: isisu (okuyinhloko) nabasizayo abatholakala emaphikweni.
Amaphiko okudonsa asiza ukunqoba noma yikuphi ukuphakama - izinkuni / izingodo ezigeleza emanzini, ezikhula osebeni lwezihlahla noma ezindongeni eziphakeme ze-aquarium. Ngokwemvelo, ukukhasa ezindaweni eziphakeme zemvelo kuvikela abasebenza ngodaka ezenzweni zamagagasi, angathwala lezi zinhlanzi ezincane aziyise olwandle oluvulekile, lapho ezolahlwa khona maduze.
Kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani i-jumper yodaka
Ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa, ama-mudskippers aphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3, kepha ngokuqukethwe okulungile kuphela. Lapho uthenga izinhlanzi kuhlobo lwePeriophthalmus, dala indawo yemvelo ku-aquarium yakho. I-aquarium ivame ukugcwala amanzi anosawoti omncane, kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi ama-mudskippers aguqulelwa impilo emizimbeni yamanzi anosawoti namanzi amasha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uhlobo lwe-Periophthalmus lathola indlela ekhethekile eklanyelwe ukulungisa imetabolism ekushoneni okushisa okubukhali lapho kushintshwa indawo enamanzi iye emoyeni (futhi okuphambene nalokho).
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngisho nabachthyologists abanolwazi nama-aquarists banobunzima bokuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu besilisa nabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi bohlobo lwePeriophthalmus. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi owesilisa noma owesifazane ukuphi kuze kube yilapho izigaxa zodaka zivundile. Umehluko kuphela obonwa ngohlobo lwezinhlanzi - abesifazane bathule kakhulu futhi banokuthula kunabesilisa.
Izinhlobo ze-jumper ze-ooze
Izazi zebhayoloji azikathathi isinqumo ngenombolo yezinhlobo ezakha uhlobo lwePeriophthalmus: eminye imithombo ibiza inombolo engu-35, eminye ibala ishumi nambili kuphela. Okuvame kakhulu futhi okubonakalayo yi-mudskipper ejwayelekile (i-Periophthalmus barbarus), enabameleli bayo abahlala emanzini anosawoti ogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika (kusuka eSenegal kuya e-Angola), kanye naseziqhingini zeGulf of Guinea.
Kanye ne-Periophthalmus barbarus, uhlobo lwePeriophthalmus lubandakanya:
- P. argentilineatus noP. Cantonensis;
- P. chrysospilos, P. kalolo, P. gracilis;
- P. magnuspinnatus no P. modus;
- P. minutus no P. malaccensis;
- P. novaeguineaensis noP. Pearsei;
- P. novemradiatus no-P. sobrinus;
- P. waltoni, P. spilotus futhi P. variabilis;
- P. weberi, P. walailakae, no-P. septemradiatus.
Phambilini, ezinye izinhlobo ezi-4 bekuthiwa zenziwe ngodaka, manje olubizwa ngokuthi yiPeriophthalmodon schlosseri, Periophthalmodon tredecemradiatus, Periophthalmodon freycineti, nePeriophthalmodon septemradiatus (ngenxa yokunikwa kwabo uhlobo oluhlukile iPeriophthalmodon).
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwama-mudskippers ihlanganisa i-Asia, cishe yonke i-tropical Africa ne-Australia.... Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emachibini nasemifuleni, ezinye zivumelane nempilo emanzini amunyu ogwini lwendawo eshisayo.
Izwe lase-Afrika, lapho kutholakala khona izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zama-mudskippers, i-Periophthalmus barbarus:
- I-Angola, iGabon neBenin;
- ICameroon, iGambia neCongo;
- ICote d'Ivoire neGhana;
- IGuinea, i-Equatorial Guinea neGuinea-Bissau;
- ILiberia neNigeria;
- I-Sao Tome ne-Principe;
- ISierra Leone neSenegal.
Ama-mudskippers ngokuvamile ahlala emachibini emifula yemifula, imilambo, nasemadwaleni odaka, okugwema ugu olunamagagasi amakhulu.
Ukudla kwe-Mud Hopper
Iningi le-mudskippers livumelane kahle nokushintsha imithombo yokudla futhi liyi-omnivores (ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinambuzane ezikhetha ulwelwe). Ukudla kutholakala emanzini aphansi, kumbiwe udaka oluthambile ngekhanda elikhulu lesikwele.
Ngokwemvelo, ukudla kwe-mudskipper ejwayelekile, njengePeriophthalmus barbarus, kuqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane:
- ama-arthropods amancane (ama-crustaceans nezinkalankala);
- izinhlanzi ezincane, kufaka phakathi gazinga;
- umhlume omhlophe (izimpande);
- izimila zasolwandle;
- izimpethu nezimpukane;
- amakhilikithi, omiyane namabhungane.
Ekuthunjweni, ukwakheka kokudla kwama-mudskippers kushintsha ngandlela thile. Ama-Aquarists eluleka ukondla i-Periophtalmus eyenziwe ekhaya ukudla okuxubekile kwamafishi omile, izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezigayiwe (kufaka phakathi imfanzi), nemisundu yegazi efriziwe.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, ungaphakela ama-jumpers ngezinambuzane eziphilayo, njengamabhu noma izimpukane ezincane (ikakhulukazi izimpukane zezithelo)... Akuvunyelwe ukondla izinhlanzi ngezibungu zokudla nezinyendle, futhi ubanikeze izilwane ezingatholakali emihlathini, ukuze zingabangeli ukucasuka kokugaya ukudla.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Abakwa-mudskippers besilisa, abanonya kusukela ekuzalweni, baba ababekezeleleki ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokuzala, lapho kufanele bavikele indawo yabo futhi balwele abesifazane. Eyesilisa ikhukhumeza ingquza yangemuva bese imi maqondana nembangi, ivule umlomo wayo oyisikwele. Abaphikisi batatazelisa amaphiko abo esifuba, bagxume omunye komunye aze ahlehle omunye wabo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuheha owesifazane, kusetshenziswa iqhinga elihlukile - umnumzane ukhombisa ukweqa okuyisidina. Lapho kutholakala imvume, ukukhulelwa kwangaphakathi kwamaqanda kwenzeka, isitoreji ubaba asakhela sona.
Ubamba umgodi emhlabathini osilika ngesikhwama somoya, esihlonyiswe ngeminyango emi-2-4 yokuzimela, okuvela kuyo imigudu eya phezulu. Kabili ngosuku, imihubhe igcwala amanzi, ngakho-ke izinhlanzi kufanele ziwahlanze. Imigudu isebenza ngezinjongo ezimbili: yandisa ukugeleza komoya ungene emgodini futhi ivumela abazali ukuthi bathole ngokushesha amaqanda anamathiselwe ezindongeni zawo.
Iduna nensikazi zigada i-clutch ngokushintshana, ngasikhathi sinye ziqapha ukushintshana okulungile komoya, okuyiyo ezihudula amabhamuza emilonyeni yazo bese zigcwalisa umhume ngazo. Ezimweni zokufakelwa, izigaxa zodaka azizali.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zama-mudskippers yizindlovu, izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidlayo nezinyoka zamanzi.... Lapho izitha zisondela, i-jumper enodaka iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa ijubane elingakaze libonwe, ishintshele ezigxotsheni eziphakeme, igobhoze emigodini enodaka ezansi noma icashe ezihlahleni ezisogwini.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Osathane basolwandle
- Izinhlanzi zaseMarlin
- Beka inhlanzi
- Moray
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Uhlobo lwamanje lohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN luqukethe okuwukuphela kohlobo lwama-mudskippers, iPeriophthalmus barbarus, esigabeni sezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini kakhulu. Kunabantu abaningi abavame ukudonsa udaka izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo abangazange bazihluphe ukuzibala, yingakho ubukhulu babantu bungakhonjiswa.
Okubalulekile! I-Periophthalmus barbarus ibalwa njenge-Least Concern (ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwezinsongo ezinkulu) nasendaweni e-Central and West Africa.
Izici ezithinta abantu be-mudskipper ukudoba kwayo ezindaweni zokudoba zasendaweni futhi kubanjwa njengenhlanzi yase-aquarium.
