AmaTarp - uhlobo lwama-mustang we-Eurasia. Bahlala cishe kulo lonke izwekazi, bezijwayeza ngisho nezimo ezinzima zokuphila eNtshonalanga Siberia. Lawa mahhashi ashubile aphakathi nendawo aba ngunozala bezinhlobo ezithile zamahhashi asekhaya ezifuywayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Tarpan
AmaTarp angokhokho abangasekho bezinhlobo eziningi zamahhashi zesimanje. Ngokwezwi nezwi igama elithi "tarpan" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukundizela phambili", elikhuluma ngombono wokuqala wabantu lapho bebuka la mahhashi. Lawa kwakungamahhashi asendle, ayefuyelwa ekhaya futhi afuyelwa ukuthola izinhlobo ezintsha.
UTarpan wayenama-subspecies amabili:
- Oseyili behlathi babehlala ezindaweni zehlathi. Babenomzimba omuhle ngokwedlulele nemilenze emide ezacile, kodwa babefushane ngesiqu. Lo mthetho-sisekelo womzimba wavumela amahhashi ukuba asheshise afike ngejubane elikhulu, abaleke izilwane ezidlayo;
- ama-steppe tarpans ayengamahhashi aqinile futhi aminyene. Abazange bathambekele ekugijimeni, kepha bazulazula behamba kancane endaweni ethelethi. Ngenxa yemilenze yabo eqinile, babekwazi ukuma ngemilenze yabo yangemuva eduze kwezihlahla, bafinyelele emaqabungeni aluhlaza emagatsheni.
Kwakunezinguqulo ezimbili mayelana nemvelaphi yetarpan. Okokuqala bekungukuthi o-tarpani ngamahhashi asekhaya afuywayo. Bake baphunyuka futhi bakhulisa ngempumelelo ngokuzalanisa, okwadala ukubonakala okuhlukile kwetarpan.
Ividiyo: Tarpan
Umbono wamahhashi asendle wawuphikiswa kalula nguJoseph Nikolaevich Shatilov, isazi semvelo nososayensi owabona la mahhashi. Wadonsela ukunakekelwa kweqiniso lokuthi o-tarpa abanazo izifo zofuzo eziyizici zezilwane lapho ziwelelene eduze; ubuye wakhomba izinhlobo ezimbili zetarpan, ezinokuhluka okuncane komunye nomunye, kepha ngasikhathi sinye zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
I-tarpan efuywayo yaziphatha cishe ngendlela efanayo nehhashi elijwayelekile lasekhaya: wayethwala imithwalo futhi ephatha abantu ngomoya ophansi. Kepha abantu abakwazanga ukuzungeza i-tarpan - yinzalo yakhe kuphela, ewele ngamahhashi asekhaya, yanqotshwa yilolo qeqesho.
Okwamanje, izinhlobo eziningana zamahhashi ziyaziwa, lapho kuzaliswa ama-tarpani abambe iqhaza ngokuqinisekile:
- Iponi lase-Iceland;
- Iponi laseDashi;
- iponi yaseScandinavia.
Zonke lezi zinhlobo zamahhashi zibonakala ngokufana okucishe kufane, ubude obufushane kanye nomthethosisekelo womzimba oqinile, nokuyilapho ama-tarpans ayehlukile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-tarpan
Ukuvela kwama-tarpans kungahlulelwa zombili ngezithombe nangezinsalela zazo. Lawa ngamahhashi amafushane, lapho ebuna angadluli ku-140 cm, - lokhu ukukhula kweponi enamandla. Umzimba ovulekile uqhathaniswa nobude obufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-150. Izindlebe zetarpan zazimfishane, zihamba, zinekhanda elikhulu nentamo emfushane.
Inhloko yetarpan yayihlukile - yayinephrofayili yesici sokuzingela. Ijazi lakhe lalisinene, linengubo yangaphansi eminyene - yile ndlela izilwane ezibekezelela ngayo isithwathwa. Ijazi laqina, lagoqeka kancane. Ebusika ibibuya ibuye, ehlobo amahhashi ayachitha.
Umsila unobude obumaphakathi, obukhulu, obumnyama, njengemane. Ehlobo, amahhashi athola umbala ophuzi obomvu, onsundu, ocishe ube ungcolile. Ebusika, amahhashi ayakhanya, acishe abe bomvu noma abe yimisipha. Umugqa omnyama omnyama, isici samahhashi asendle, ugijima ngemuva kusuka entanyeni kuya croup. Ungabona nemivimbo emilenzeni ebukeka njengemivimbo yedube.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imizamo yokuphinda i-tarpan ngokuvuselela lolu hlobo luphela ekubukekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi - abafuyi abakwazi ukutshala umhlwenga omile ngasikhathi sinye nekhala eline-humpbacked.
Imane lifana nemane lamahhashi kaPrzewalski - kusuka ezinweleni eziwugqinsi, emi. I-tarpan yehlathi yehluke kancane ku-steppe ekukhuleni nakumthethosisekelo, kepha ngokujwayelekile amahhashi ayefana kakhulu.
I-tarpan yayihlala kuphi?
Isithombe: Horse Tarpan
I-Tarpan ihlale kuwo wonke ama-steppe, ama-steppe, ama-desert kanye namahlathi ase-Eurasia. Lokhu kungashiwo, kubhekiselwa emidwebweni yamadwala, ebonisa amahhashi asendle aphakathi nendawo anemivimbo yedube emilenzeni.
Kusukela ngesikhathi seGrisi yasendulo, ama-tarpans ahlala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo, njengoba kungashiwo emithonjeni ebhaliwe:
- IPoland;
- IDenmark;
- ISwitzerland;
- IBelgium;
- IFrance;
- Spain;
- ezinye izindawo zaseJalimane.
AmaTarpan anda ngenkuthalo, asakazeka eBelarus naseBessarabia, ahlala emaqeleni eduze koLwandle Olumnyama ne-Azov kuze kufike ogwini lweCaspian. Kungaphikiswa ukuthi ama-tarpans nawo ahlala e-Asia, Kazakhstan naseWestern Siberia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunobufakazi bokuthi bafinyelela enyakatho ekude, kepha amahhashi awazange abe nezimpande ezimweni ezibandayo kakhulu.
AmaTarp awakwazanga ukuhlala emazweni ayengcwetiwe ngabantu njengezolimo, ngakho-ke amahhashi afakwa ehlathini. Le yindlela i-subspecies yetarpan eyavela ngayo - ihlathi, yize ekuqaleni amahhashi ayehlala emaqeleni kuphela. AmaTarpan ahlala eBelovezhskaya Pushcha kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ngenkathi eYurophu aqothulwa eNkathini Ephakathi, nasezindaweni ezisempumalanga yeYurophu - ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.
Idlaleni itiyela?
Isithombe: I-Extinct Tarpans
I-Tarpan iyi-herbivore, njengawo wonke amahhashi. Babedla utshani obomile nobuluhlaza, obabuhlala buphansi kwezinyawo zezilwane. Ngenxa yokuthi amahhashi anesisindo esikhulu, futhi utshani bunama-calories aphansi, amahhashi bekufanele adle ubusuku nemini.
Uma emini bekungekho zinkinga ngokudla okunempilo, khona-ke ebusuku amanye amahhashi ayemi aphakamise amakhanda, amanye adla. Amahhashi ashintshile ukugcina isisu sawo sigcwele. Ngakho-ke baqinisekisa ukuphepha komhlambi - amahhashi aphakanyiswe amakhanda kungenzeka abone ingozi ezayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njenge-reindeer, ama-tarpans angadla ngengozi i-lemming noma igundane lasendle ngokumane alikhothe kanye notshani.
AmaTarp nawo adle lokhu kudla okulandelayo:
- ubulembu nobulembu. Kwesinye isikhathi amahhashi ayekwazi ukuzidonsela phezulu emagatsheni ezihlahla ngokuma ngemilenze yawo yangemuva ukukha amahlamvu amancane;
- izimpande nembewu ngesikhathi sasebusika, lapho kunokudla okuncane - amahhashi akumba ukudla kusuka ngaphansi koqweqwe lweqhwa;
- AmaTarp nawo kwesinye isikhathi ayedla umhlaba wezolimo, adle imifino futhi akhethe izithelo ezikhula kancane. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-tarpans adutshulwa noma aqhutshelwa kwezinye izindawo.
AmaTarpan ngamahhashi aqinile ngokwedlulele. Babengadla isikhathi eside, futhi bathole amanzi ekudleni kwezitshalo noma eqhweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, zazikhanga njengamahhashi asekhaya, kepha kwakunzima ukuziqeqesha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Tarpan
AmaTarpan ahlala emihlambini yabantu abayi-6-12. Kuhlala kuneduna elibusayo emhlambini, elinelungelo lokukhwelana nazo zonke izimbila, kanye nezimbuzi eziningana zeminyaka ehlukene. Amahhashi anokulandelana okusobala okuhambisana nawo ukuze kulandelwe ukuhleleka.
Ngakho-ke phakathi kwama-mares kukhona isakhiwo esicacile: i-alpha mare endala, ama-mares amancane namathole. Isimo sinquma ukuthi ngubani owokuqala ukuya endaweni yokunisela, ngubani odla insimu entsha; futhi izimbila zikhetha lapho umhlambi uzoya khona. Indima ye-tarpan stallion ilinganiselwe - imboza kuphela abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala futhi ivikela umhlambi ezingozini ezingaba khona.
AmaTarp ayengamahhashi anamahloni ayethanda ukubaleka. Uma kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa yizilwane ezidlayo, amahhashi angafika ngejubane elifinyelela kuma-50 km / h. Amahhashi nawo ayebesaba abantu, yize babengajwayela ukubukeka kwabo futhi bavunyelwe ukuwabuka bekude.
Amahhashi ayakwazi ukuba nolaka. Kunobufakazi bokuthi imizamo yokufuya i-tarpan ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yolaka lwamahhashi. Ama-mares abebambelele kakhudlwana, ikakhulukazi uma bezama ukufuya ama-maire asezingeni eliphansi.
Ungabona ukuthi ngabe itpan iphatheka kabi ngendawo yezindlebe zakhe. Ihhashi licindezela izindlebe zalo emuva, lehlise ikhanda, liyelule phambi kwalo - kule ndawo, i-tarpan ingaluma noma ikhulise. Kepha, njengomthetho, ama-tarpans abaleka ngisho nokubona umuntu oyedwa eduze.
Usuku lonke la mahhashi afuna ukudla. Kwesinye isikhathi bekwenzeka ukubona ukuthi umhlambi wetiyela uwela kanjani emathafeni - yile ndlela amahhashi afudumala ngayo, ekhipha amandla anqwabelene. Isikhathi esiningi, amahhashi adla ngokuthula, ngezikhathi ezithile aphakamisa amakhanda.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Tarpan Cub
Isikhathi sokuzalela amahhashi saqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Imvamisa ama-mares akulungele ukubeletha eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, ama-stallion aneminyaka emine noma emihlanu ubudala, kodwa ambalwa amahhashi athola ithuba lokuqhubeka nomjaho. Konke kumayelana nobukhosi obuqinile bamahhashi.
Emhlambini we-tarpan, kwakukhona inkunzi eyodwa kuphela yabantu abadala kanye namathole amaduna ambalwa angavuthiwe. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, i-stallion yayinamaphiko ama-mares ayekulungele ukukhwelana. Njengomthetho, awekho amanye amahhashi avuthiwe ngokocansi emhlambini.
Amathole akhulile axoshwa emhlambini ukuze akhe awabo umhlambi. Njengomthetho, i-stallion, exoshwe emhlambini, ingaphikisana "nesinqumo" somholi futhi imbandakanye empini. Amahhashi amancane awazi lutho empini, ngakho-ke, njengomthetho, umholi uxosha amahhashi amancane kalula.
Amahhashi amancane, ehamba, ayevame ukuhamba nawo ama-mares asezingeni eliphansi, "axhumana" nawo ngenkathi ekhula. Futhi, amahhashi ayengawina ama-mares kwamanye amahhashi, kwakheke imihlambi emikhulu.
Kwakukhona nezinqola ezingashadile. Ngokuvamile, babephuma baye emihlambini phakathi nenkathi yokuzalisana ukuze bathole imazi. Khona-ke umholi we-stallion wahlela ukulwa, okwakunegazi kakhulu futhi kunonya. Amahostela alumana izintamo, ashayana ngezinselo zawo zangaphambili nezingemuva. Ngesikhathi sezimpi ezinjalo, i-tarpan ebuthakathaka yathola ukulimala, kwesinye isikhathi kungahambisani nempilo.
Amahhashi akhulelwe izinyanga eziyi-11. Ngenxa yalokho, ihhashi lazala elilodwa, elingajwayelekile - amathole amabili, okwathi emahoreni ambalwa asevele ekulungele ukusukuma. Izilo ziyadlala futhi zigcinwa kuqala nomama wazo, kuthi kamuva zigcinwe nezinye.
Iningi lamadelakufa kanye namathole abanjelwa ukufuywa. Ngasikhathi sinye, omama babo babekwazi nokuya emadokodweni for ithole elithunjiwe, ngakho-ke abantu bathola amahhashi amabili ngasikhathi sinye. Izimbuzi zajoyina ngokuzithandela imihlambi yamahhashi afuywayo, lapho ngokushesha zathatha isikhundla sezikhundla eziphezulu, ngoba zazinomlingiswa onempilo.
Izitha zemvelo zikaTarpan
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-tarpan
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-tarpani ahlala ezifundeni eziningi, ahlangabezana nezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Ukuhlala kwabo emaqeleni kwazenza zaba izisulu ezilula ngasikhathi sinye, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, o-tarpani babethembele kusivinini sabo nasekulalelweni okujulile, okwakungavamile ukubaphoxa. Njengomthetho, amahhashi abona ingozi ekude futhi anikeza umhlambi wonke isignali.
Imvamisa, ama-tarpans ahlangana nalezi zilwane ezilandelayo:
- izimpisi. Amaphakethe ezimpisi kwakuyizitha zemvelo zamahhashi eziyingozi kakhulu. Izimpisi, njengamahhashi, zinohlaka lwenhlalo olucacile olubavumela ukuthi bakhe izindlela zokuhlasela. Iqembu lezimpisi lahlasela lo mhlambi, lashaya amathole amancane noma amahhashi asekhulile kuwo, lase libaxoshela kwezinye izimpisi;
- amaBhele. Lezi zidlakela ziyakwazi ukukhulisa ijubane elikhulu, kepha akuvamile ukuthi zibanjwe ngo-tarpani. Amahhashi ahamba kalula futhi ayashesha, futhi bezwa futhi bezwa kalula ibhere ebelingazi ukuthi linyonyobela kanjani ngomhlambi;
- ama-cougars, ama-lynx namanye amakati amakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi azingele amathole. Amakati angene ngesinyenyela athule izisulu, abambe amankonyane asekhulile futhi ahambe nawo ngokushesha.
Ama-tarpani asehlathini ayesengozini enkulu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Leli hlathi aliyona indawo yokuhlala engokwemvelo yala mahhashi, ngakho-ke ukuzivumelanisa kwawo nezimo eziqinile kushiye kungathandeki. Baba yizisulu zezimpisi namabhere, bengenasikhathi sokuphunyuka ezilwaneni eziyingozi.
Kepha o-tarpa babekwazi ukuzivikela. I-stallion imvamisa ibona izidalwa ezinwabuzelayo futhi, uma i-alamu ivuswe sekwephuzile, ingaqhubeka nokuhlasela ukuze iphazamise abahlaseli futhi ithenge nesikhathi somhlambi. Lelisu laqinisekisa izinga eliphakeme lokusinda kwama-tarpans phakathi kwezitha zemvelo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Horse Tarpan
AmaTarp aqothulwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuqothulwa:
- ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe lapho o-tarpani behlala khona endaweni yabo yemvelo;
- AmaTarp abhubhisa izilimo zezolimo emazweni asanda kwakhiwa, yingakho bezingelwa ngenkuthalo - badubula amahhashi, abakwazi ukufuya;
- ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, ukunikezwa kokudla kwetarpa kuncishisiwe - ebusika amahhashi akakwazanga ukuthola ukudla, yingakho abulawa yindlala noma aye ezindaweni zezolimo, lapho adutshulwa khona;
- inzondo yabantu nge-tarpan futhi ukuthi amahhashi ayevame ukukhipha izimbila zasekhaya emhlambini;
- Inyama yetarpan ibithathwa njengesibiliboco, nayo ebambe iqhaza ekudutshulweni kwamahhashi. AmaTarpan kwakunzima ukuwabamba nge-lasso ngenxa yobugagu bawo, ngakho-ke isibhamu kwakuyindlela engcono yokuthola itpan.
Imizamo yokuvuselela uhlobo lwe-tarpan yenziwa emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 ePoland. Ukuze ihlanganiswe, kwasetshenziswa iKonik yasePoland - uhlobo lwamahhashi asondele kakhulu eTarpan. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuvuselela iTarpan, kepha amahhashi asePoland athola ukukhuthazela namandla, aba ngamahhashi athandwayo.
Izizukulwane zamahhashi e-tarpan zakhululwa zaya eBelovezhskaya Pushcha ngo-1962. Lawa kwakungamahhashi asondele ngangokunokwenzeka kumakhono angaphandle nethala. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokushintsha kobuholi ezweni, kwethulwe iphrojekthi yokuvuselela i-tarpan, kwathi amanye amahhashi athengiswa, amanye avele afa.
I-Tarpan ithathe indawo ebalulekile ku-ecosystem, ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokubuyisa izinhlobo zalo luyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi ukubuyisela ama-tarpans endle kuzosiza ukulinganisela uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo. Kuyathenjwa ukuthi kungekudala la mahhashi azophinda futhi enze amakoloni ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 14.08.2019 ngo-21: 38
