IViperidae, noma i-viperidae, ngumndeni omkhulu ngokwanele ohlanganisa izinyoka ezinobuthi, ezaziwa kangcono njengezinyoka. Iyinyoka ebululu eyinyoka eyingozi kunazo zonke ezingxenyeni zethu, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukukwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinenyoka ezingenabungozi kubantu.
Incazelo yenyoka
Zonke izinyoka zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezimbotshana eziyize ngaphakathi nangama-canine amade ngokwedlulele, asetshenziselwa ukukhipha ubuthi obukhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile ezinobuthi, ezitholakala ngqo ngemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlayiya ze-canines itholakala ngaphambi komlomo wenyoka, futhi itholakala ethanjeni le-maxillary elijikelezayo.
Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa, ama-canine agoqwe emuva abese evalwa ngolwelwesi olukhethekile... Ama-canine angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele azungeza ngokuzimela. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, umlomo wenyoka uyakwazi ukuvula engxenyeni efinyelela kuma-degree angama-180, futhi ithambo elijikelezisiwe liqhubekela phambili ngemigqa yayo. Ukuvalwa kwemihlathi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthintana, kuyilapho imisipha eqinile futhi ethuthuke kahle etholakala ezungeze izinhlayiya ze-venom ihlangana ngokusobala, okwenza ukuthi ubuthi bukhishwe. Lesi senzo esisheshayo saziwa njengokuluma, futhi sisetshenziswa izinyoka ukukhubaza inyamazane yazo noma ukuzivikela.
Inhloko yenyoka inesimo esingunxantathu esiyindilinga esinokuphela kwamakhala okucijile namakhona wesikhashana aqhakazile ohlangothini. Ekhoneni elingenhla lekhala, ngqo phakathi kwamakhala, ezinye izinhlobo zibonakala ngokuba khona kwemifino eyodwa noma ematanisiwe eyenziwe ngezikali. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka ziyehluka endaweni yokuphuma okufanayo okuphuma ngaphezu kwamehlo. Kulokhu, bakha into efana nezimpondo ezejwayelekile.
Amehlo ezihuquzelayo mancane ngosayizi, anomfundi omile mpo, ongavulwa kuphela ngobubanzi obugcwele, kepha futhi avale cishe ngokuphelele, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoka zingabona kahle kunoma yikuphi ukukhanya. Njengomthetho, i-ridge encane itholakala ngaphezu kwamehlo, akha izikali.
Iroli elithuthuke kahle linikeza inyoka ukubukeka okunonya noma okungathi sína. Umzimba wezilwane ezihuquzelayo ufushane ngosayizi futhi uqine ikakhulukazi engxenyeni emaphakathi. Umbala ushintsha ngokuphawulekayo kuye ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kepha ihlala ivikela futhi ifihle inyoka ngemuva kwendawo engokwemvelo.
Ukubukeka
Inyoka yezinyoni yaseBurma, noma inyoka yaseChina (i-Azemiops feae), ingeyezinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala bufinyelela ku-76-78 cm, kanti izivikelo ezinkulu zitholakala ekhanda. Umzimba ophezulu ungumbala onsundu womnqumo. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba inokhilimu, futhi kunemivimbo ephuzi eguqukayo ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda liphuzi noma limnyama ngombala. Onke amalungu alo mndeni omncane angaphansi kwesigaba sezinyoka ezivundlile.
Izinyoka zamazinyane (Causus) zingumndeni omncane we-monotypic ofaka uhlobo kuphela lwe-Causus. Izinyoka ezinjalo zingezesigaba sabamele bakudala nabasendulo bomndeni ngenxa yobukhona bezici ezilandelayo:
- oviparous;
- izici zesakhiwo sezinto ezinobuthi;
- ukukala okungavamile kwekhanda;
- abafundi abayindilinga.
Izinyoka ezingozipho zincane ngosayizi, ubude bazo abudluli imitha, zinomzimba ominyene, oyindilinga noma oyisicaba, hhayi umzimba ojiyile kakhulu. Kulesi simo, ubunzima bokukhulelwa komlomo wesibeletho abukho. Umsila mfushane. Ikhanda limbozwe ngeziqu ezinkulu ezilinganayo, ezinesimo esilinganayo, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoka zamazwane zifana nezinyoka nezinyoka ngaphandle. Isihlangu se-intermaxillary sibanzi futhi sikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi siguqulwa. Izikali ezisemzimbeni zibushelelezi noma zinezimbambo ezingabonakali kahle (imigqa ye-dorsal). Abafundi bamehlo bayindilinga.
I-Pit-head, noma i-rattlesnakes (i-Crotalinae) ingumndeni omncane wezinyoka ezinobuthi ohlukaniswa ukuba khona kwezimbobo zemigodi ezwela ukushisa ebekwe phakathi kwamakhala namehlo. Kuze kube manje, sekuchazwe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kuphela zalo mndeni.... Kanye namanye amalungu omndeni, wonke amakhanda emigodi anamazinyo ayigobongo futhi amade anobuthi. Inhloko, ngokuvamile, ijamo elingunxantathu, amehlo wamehlo aqonde mpo. Imigodi emibili ye-thermoreceptor esekhanda iyazwela emisebeni ye-infrared, evumela izinyoka zalo mndeni ukuthi zibone isisulu sazo ngokuya ngokwehluka kwamazinga okushisa phakathi kwemvelo kanye nempango. Osayizi bemivini yomgodi basukela ku-50 cm kuye ku-350 cm.
Umndeni omncane we-Viper okwamanje uhlanganisa imikhakha eyishumi nambili nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nesithupha nje kuphela:
- Izinyoka zezihlahla (Atheris);
- Izinyoka zasentabeni (Adenorhinos);
- Izinyoka zase-Afrika (iBitis);
- Inyoka eboshwe ngamaketanga (Daboia);
- Izinyoka ezinophondo (i-Cerastes);
- I-Efi (hisсhis);
- Izinyoka ezinkulu (Masrovipera);
- Izinyoka ezinempikiswano (Еristicophis);
- Izinyoka zasentabeni zaseKenya (iMontatheris);
- Izinyoka ezinamaphiko amanga (Pseudocerastes);
- Izinyoka zexhaphozi (Proatheris);
- Izinyoka zangempela (iVirera).
Abamele umndeni omncane abanayo imigodi ezwela ukushisa (i-infrared), futhi ubude babantu abadala bungahluka phakathi kuka-28-200 cm nokuningi. Izinhlobo eziningi zinesikhwama sezinzwa esisekhaleni lenyoka. Isaka elinjalo liyisikhumba esigoqiwe phakathi kwamapuleti acinene nawe-supra-nasal, axhunywe emsipheni we-cranial enqubeni yomzimba.
Igama elijwayelekile laseRussia "i-rattlesnake" kungenxa yokuba khona kokukhala okukhethekile embhangqeni wesizukulwane saseNyakatho Melika i-Yamkogolovye (i-Crotalus neSistrurus), etholakala ekugcineni komsila. Ukukhala okunjalo kuyizikali ezishintshiwe ezakha izingxenye ezihambayo. Umsindo owehluke kakhulu "wokuxokozela" uvela ngenxa yokushayisana kwezigaba ngesikhathi sokushona kwemvelo kwethiphu yomsila.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ama-Vipers ngokweqile awekho phakathi kwabaphathi berekhodi ekusebenzeni.... Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjena zivame kakhulu ukuhamba kancane, futhi ziyakwazi ukuchitha cishe usuku lonke zisesimweni sokulala kuphela, ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokunyakaza okungadingekile. Ngokuqala kokuhwalala, izinyoka ziyenziwa zisebenze futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho ziqala khona umsebenzi wazo ozithandayo, okungukuzingela. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke bakhetha ukulala isikhathi eside benganyakazi, belinde noma iyiphi inyamazane ukuthi iwele endaweni ethintekile uqobo. Okwamanje, inyoka ayiphuthelwa yithuba lokuzitika, ngakho-ke bahlasela inyamazane yabo ngenkuthalo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isetshenziswa kaningi enkulumweni evamile, inkulumo ethi "ixhaphozi eligcwele izinyoka" ezimweni eziningi iyiqiniso futhi ayinangqondo.
Isici esivelele sezinyoka yikhono lokubhukuda ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjengalezi zingabhukuda kalula ziwele ngaphesheya komfula obanzi ngokwanele noma yimuphi omunye umthamo omkhulu wamanzi. Kaningi, izinyoka zitholakala ogwini lolwandle ezinhlobonhlobo zamachibi emvelo, futhi azibalekeli amathafa asemaxhaphozini.
Zingaki izinyoka ezihlala
Njengomthetho, isikhathi sokuphila sabameleli bomndeni wezinyoka ezimweni zemvelo siyiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, kepha kwezinye izibonelo, isikhathi sokuphila esiphelele sekota yekhulu leminyaka noma ngisho nangaphezulu kancane siyisici.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ezimweni eziningi, i-dimorphism yezocansi ayitholakali ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoka, ngaphandle kokuthi abesilisa bavame ukuba nomsila omkhulu - uhlobo "lwesitoreji" se-hemipenis yabo. Okwamanje, izinyoka zinobudlova bobulili. Ngokubuka, abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili bobulili obuhlukile bayahluka ngezici eziningi, kufaka phakathi umehluko ngokuqina kombala. Ezimweni eziningi, abesilisa abadala bezinyoka babonakala ngombala ohlukile, futhi abesifazane bavame ukuba nemibala engakhanyi kakhulu futhi egcwele imibala. Ngombala we-melanistic, i-dimorphism yezocansi cishe ayikho.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, cishe i-10% yabantu abayimfihlakalo, ngaphandle kobulili, banesici sombala wobulili obuhlukile. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningi ngokuvamile zifinyelela osayizi abakhulu futhi zinomsila omncane futhi omncane, ikhanda elifushane futhi libanzi. Indawo yekhanda kwabesifazane ihlale inkulu ngokwengeziwe, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kusondele ekubukeni kukanxantathu olinganayo. Abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngekhanda elincane nelincane, izinhlaka ezijwayelekile ezihambisana nokuma kukanxantathu we-isosceles.
Izinhlobo zezinyoka
Esigabeni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ukuhleleka kweScaly nomndeni wakwaViper, kunemindeni engezansi emine ekhona:
- Izinyoka zaseBurma (Azemiopinae);
- Izinyoka zezinyosi (Causinae);
- Inhloko yomgodi (iCrotalinae);
- I-Viper (Viperinae).
Amakhanda emigodi phambilini abecatshangwa ezingeni lomndeni, futhi ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingamakhulu amathathu.
Ubuhlungu benyoka
Ngenxa yezici zokwakheka kwayo, ubuthi benyoka busetshenziswa kakhulu futhi buyinto eluhlaza engabalulekile esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamalungiselelo amaningi ezokwelapha kanye nezimonyo ezithandwayo. Ubuhlungu benyoka buyi-cocktail eyingqayizivele ehlanganisa amaprotheni, ama-lipids, ama-peptide, ama-amino acid, ushukela kanye nosawoti ongajwayelekile.
Amalungiselelo atholakale kubuthi benyoka asetshenziswa njengesiqabu esisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu se-rheumatism ne-neuralgia, ekwelapheni izifo ezithile zesikhumba nomfutho wegazi ophezulu. Ama-ejenti anjalo okuphulukisa akhombise ukusebenza kahle okukhulu ekuqedeni ukuhlaselwa yisifuba somoya (bronchial asthma), ukopha, kanye nezinye izinqubo zokuvuvukala.
Ubuhlungu benyoka bungena emzimbeni wabantu noma bezilwane ngohlelo lwe-lymphatic, ngemuva kwalokho cishe lungena masinyane egazini.... Imiphumela evelele kakhulu yokulunywa yinyoka ifaka phakathi izinhlungu ezivuthayo, ububomvu nokuvuvukala okuzungeze isilonda. Njengomthetho, konke ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kokudakwa okuncane kuyanyamalala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu noma esongela impilo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubuthi banoma iyiphi inyoka kubhekwa njengengaba yingozi kubantu, futhi umphumela wokulunywa abanye babamele abomndeni wakwaViper ungabulala.
Ngezinhlobo ezinzima zobuthi, izimpawu zibonakala kakhulu. Cishe ikota yehora ngemuva kokulunywa yinyoka, kuvela izimpawu ezicace bha, ezimelwe yisiyezi, isicanucanu kanye nokunxenxa umlomo, ukuzwa amakhaza nokushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo. Umphumela wokwanda kokuhlushwa kwezinto ezinobuthi ukuquleka, ukudlikizela, nokuquleka. Ama-Vipers anolaka kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, kusuka cishe ngoMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izindawo zokuhlala zabamele umndeni omkhulu kakhulu ohlanganisa izinyoka ezinobuthi, ezaziwa kangcono njengezinyoka, okwamanje zehlukene kakhulu. Ama-Vipers angatholakala engxenyeni enkulu yezwekazi lase-Afrika, nase-Asia nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu. Ama-Vipers azizwa emuhle hhayi kuphela emaqeleni amile kakhulu, kodwa futhi nasezimweni ezinomswakama zezulu zamahlathi asenkabazwe.
Abamele lo mndeni bangahlala emithambekeni enezintaba ezinamadwala, futhi kaningi bahlala emahlathini asenyakatho. Njengomthetho, izinyoka zikhetha ukuhola impilo yasemhlabeni. Noma kunjalo, ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, abantu abaphila impilo efihliwe yangaphansi komhlaba batholakala kaningi. Ummeleli ogqamile walezi zinhlobo yinyoka yomhlaba, engaphansi kohlobo lwe-Hairpins olukhulu kakhulu (i-Atractaspis).
Kuyathakazelisa! Isikhathi sobusika benyoka buxhomeke ngqo endaweni, ngakho-ke izinhlobo zasenyakatho zenyoka ebusika cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ngonyaka, nakubantu bezindawo ezinamazinga aphansi anjalo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinamaqabunga zivela ebusweni cishe ngoMashi-Ephreli, lapho ziqala ukuzala okusebenzayo.
Ama-Vipers asebusika, njengomthetho, aqala ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. Njengendawo yokuhlala ebusika enethezekile kakhulu ezinwabuzelayo ezikhetha izinhlobo zemigodi eya emhlabathini. Esikhathini esiningi, ubusika bezinyoka abudluli kumamitha ambalwa, okuvumela abameleli bomndeni wakwaViper ukuthi bachithe ubusika kuhulumeni omuhle wokushisa. Ezimweni zezinkomba zokuxinana kwabantu abaningi, amakhulu abantu abadala bavame ukubuthana ngaphakathi komgodi owodwa.
Ukudla kwe-Viper
Izinyoka ziyizilwane ezidume kabi, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, futhi inyamazane ihlaselwa izinyoka ezinjalo kaningi uma uziqamekela... Isisulu sihlaselwa ngokujikijela okusheshayo, ngemuva kwalokho kulume ngamazinyo anobuthi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lobuthi, isisulu esinjalo senyoka sifa ngokoqobo kungakapheli nemizuzu embalwa, ngemuva kwalokho inyoka iqala ukudla.
Ngesikhathi sokudla, isisulu sivame ukugwinya siphelele. Imenyu eyinhloko yenyoka ihlanganisa amagundane ahlukahlukene hhayi amakhulu kakhulu, kanye nezibankwa nezinswidi, amaxoxo omxhaka ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoni. Izinyoka ezincane zivame ukuzondla ngamabhungane amakhulu ngokwanele ngosayizi, zidle izinkumbi, futhi zikwazi ukubamba izimvemvane namacimbi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi inyoka kaSchlegel izingela inyamazane yayo ilenga, ihleli esihlahleni, kanti ichopho elikhanyayo lomsila wayo liyisithiyelo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sezinyoka ezinobuthi sibanjwa entwasahlobo, ikakhulukazi ngoMeyi, kanye nesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwenyoka, kanye nezinye izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziningi ezivela esigabeni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kuncike ngqo ezimweni sezulu futhi kungaqala ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoka ezikhulelwe zingaze zilale ubusika bonke.
Njengomthetho, kuzalwa amawundlu ayishumi kuya kumashumi amabili, azuze ifa elinoshevu kubazali babo ngokushesha. Emahoreni ambalwa emva kokuzalwa, izinyoka ezincane zincibilika. Amantshontsho ahlala ikakhulu emahlanzeni ehlathi noma emigodini emikhulu, futhi asebenzisa izinambuzane ukondla. Izinyoka zamadoda zivuthwa ngokuphelele cishe eminyakeni engama-4 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Emvelweni wemvelo, izinyoka zinenani elikhulu lezitha. Abaningi babo abesabi nakancane amazinyo anobuthi abameleli bomndeni omkhulu kakhulu ohlanganisa izinyoka ezinobuthi. Izimpungushe nezimbila, izingulube zasendle nama-ferrets, anokuvikelwa okuqinile esenzweni sobuthi obuqukethwe ubuthi benyoka, badla kalula inyama yenyoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjena zingaba yizisulu zezinyoni eziningi ezidliwayo, ezimelelwa izikhova, izindwandwe, onogolantethe nezinkozi zezinyoka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinamabala ziyabanjwa ukuze zithole ushevu obizayo futhi obalulekile wezokwelapha. Futhi, ezinye izinhlobo zamabululu zizingelwa ngenkuthalo ngabangakwazi ukusebenza abangaba ama-terrariumists.
Ama-hedgehogs ezinkuni, angazona izilwane ezidla izinyoka, avame ukuzibandakanya ekulweni nezinyoka. Ezimweni eziningi, ama-hedgehogs avela ezimpini ezinjengabanqobi abangenamibandela. Isitha esibaluleke kunazo zonke zezinhlobo eziningi zenyoka njengamanje ngabantu. Ngabantu abavame ukuqothula noma iziphi izinyoka abahlangana nazo. Futhi, izinyoka zihlala zihlushwa izindlela zobuqaba, ezivame ukusetshenziselwa izimo zokuzingela ezingalawulwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani lezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka liyancipha ngokuqhubekayo.Isibonelo, inani labantu benyoka ejwayelekile livame ukwehla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi wabantu. Inani labantu lithinteka kabi ngokwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwezindawo ezivamile zezinyoka, ukugeleza kwezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi nezikhukhula zemifula yezikhukhula zemifula, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu eminingi ebanzi kanye nezinguquko ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba.
Okubaluleke kangako ukonakala kokuphakelwa kwezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinamabala... Izimo ezinjalo ziba yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuqhekeka, kanye nokunyamalala okubukhali kwabantu abathile ezindaweni ezaziwa kakhulu ngabantu. Noma ngabe kwezinye izindawo amahlathi alondolozwe ngokuphelele futhi isimo sezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjengalezi siphephile impela, inyoka ejwayelekile ifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu yezifunda eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, kufaka phakathi iMoscow, iSaratov, iSamara, iNizhny Novgorod ne-Orenburg.
Emazweni aseYurophu athuthukile, isibalo sezinyoka manje sincipha ngokushesha. Okwamanje, izici ezizuzisayo zobukhona bemvelo bezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinamabala zibonakala. Izinyoka ezinjalo zibandakanyekile ekulawulweni kwemvelo kwenani lamagundane adlulisa izifo ayingozi, kukhiqiza izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza amalungiselelo ezemithi kanye ne-serum ekhethekile "i-Antigadyuka".
