Lezi zinyoni zehlathi zaziwa ngobuciko bazo be-virtuoso bokukhuphuka kwezihlahla. Ama-nuthatches agijima ngeziqu ngokuhamba nangaphesheya, amazombe, ngokuvundlile nangokuvunguza, uye phansi ubheke phansi bese ulinda ubheke phansi emagatsheni.
Incazelo yamanothi
Uhlobo lwe-Sítta (ama-nuthatches weqiniso) wumndeni wama-nuthatches (Sittidae), afakwe ku-oda elikhulu labadlula ngendlela... Zonke izigaxa ziyafana komunye nomunye (ekuziphatheni nasekubukekeni), kepha ziyehluka ngokuhlukahluka kombala ngenxa yendawo. Lezi yizinyoni ezincane ezinekhanda elikhulu noqhwaku oluqinile, umsila omfushane neminwe eqinile esiza ukukhuphuka ezindaweni ezinamatshe nezinamadwala.
Ukubukeka
Abamele izinhlobo eziningi abafiki ngisho nondlunkulu wasendlini, okhula aze afike ku-13-14 cm.Umngcele ophakathi kwekhanda nomzimba kunzima ukuwuthola ngenxa yenothi eliminyene, izimpaphe ezikhululekile nentamo emfushane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni azivamile ukuzungezisa izintamo zazo, zikhetha ukugcina amakhanda azo ehambisana nomzimba, okwenza kubonakale sengathi akuhambeki kakhulu.
Umlomo ocijile, oqondile ufana ne-chisel futhi uvumelane ngokuphelele nokushintshwa. Umlomo unama-bristles aqinile avikela amehlo (lapho uthola ukudla) kumagxolo endiza nakudoti. I-nuthatch inamaphiko amafushane, umsila omise okwembenge, imilenze efushane nemilenze eqinile enezinzipho eziqinile ezivumelayo ukuthi ihambe kalula ngeziqu, amatshe namagatsha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ingaphezulu le-nuthatch imvamisa iba mpunga / mpunga-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet (ezinhlotsheni ezishisayo zase-East Asia). Ngakho-ke, i-nuthatch enhle, ehlala empumalanga ye-Himalaya nase-Indochina, ibonisa iphethini yezimpaphe ze-azure nezimnyama.
Ezinye izinhlobo zihlotshiswe ngamakepisi enziwe ngezimpaphe ezimnyama, ezinye zine "mask" - umugqa omnyama owela amehlo. Isisu singafakwa imibala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene - ezimhlophe, ocher, fawn, chestnut noma obomvu. Izimpaphe zomsila zivame ukuba mpunga ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngamachashaza amnyama, ampunga noma amhlophe, "atshaliwe" ezimpapheni zomsila (ngaphandle kwezimbili).
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Lezi yizinyoni ezinesibindi, ezinamahloni futhi ezinelukuluku lokwazi, ezijwayele ukuhlala nokuhlala ezindaweni zazo. Ngenkathi ebandayo, zijoyina inkampani yezinye izinyoni, ngokwesibonelo, ositi, futhi zindiza nazo ukuyondla emadolobheni / emadolobhaneni. Cishe abantu abanamahloni, futhi lapho befuna ukwelashwa bavame ukundiza bangene ngefasitela futhi bahlale ezandleni zabo. Ama-Nuthatches asebenza ngokwedlulele futhi awathandi ukuhlala athule, kepha iningi losuku balinikela hhayi ezindizeni, kodwa ekutadisheni izinto zokudla. Izinyoni zigijimela ngokungakhathali ezihlokweni nasemagatsheni, zihlola yonke imbobo egxolweni, lapho kungacasha khona isibungu noma imbewu. Ngokungafani nesiqophamithi, esihlala njalo emsileni waso, i-nuthatch isebenzisa omunye wemilenze yayo njengesitobhi, iwubeka phambili kakhulu noma emuva.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inyoni ethole edliwayo ayisoze yakhipha ngomlomo wayo, noma ngabe umuntu uyiphatha ngesandla, kepha uzogijimela enkululekweni enkulu nendebe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amantongomane agijimela ngesibindi ukuvikela isidleke nomndeni.
Ama-Nuthatches anomsindo omkhulu futhi anemisindo eyahlukahlukene, kusuka kuma-trill gurgling namakhwela kuya kumculo wecilongo. I-nuthatch yaseCanada, esondelene ne-tit enombala omnyama, ifundile ukuqonda amasiginali ayo, isabela kuwo kuye ngemininingwane edlulisiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukugcina ukudla ebusika, zifihle imbewu ngaphansi kwegxolo, amatshe amancane nokuqhekeka: i-nuthatch ikhumbula indawo yeshede lokugcina isikhathi esingangenyanga. Umnikazi wayo udla okuqukethwe kwendlu yokugcina kuphela esimweni sezulu esibandayo nasesimo sezulu esibi, lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola ukudla okusha. Kanye ngonyaka, ekupheleni kwenkathi yokwakha izidleke, i-nuthatches molt.
Mangaki amantongomane ahlala khona
Kukholakala ukuthi ama-nuthatches ahlala endle nasekuthunjweni iminyaka eyi-10-11, okuyinto eningi kakhulu kule nyoni.... Lapho kugcinwa indlu, i-nuthatch iyashesha ukujwayela umuntu, iba mbi ngokuphelele. Ukuxhumana naye kuyinjabulo emangalisayo. Le nyoni igijima ngokuhlekisa phezu kwezingalo, amahlombe, ikhanda nezingubo, izama ukuthola okokuzijabulisa emaphaketheni nasezigoqweni.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Isazi se-ornithologist noma isazi semvelo esinolwazi kuphela esingathola umehluko wezocansi kuma-nuthatches. Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa owesilisa nowesifazane kuphela ngombala womzimba ongezansi, unake amathoni engxenye engaphansi komsila kanye nokuthengiswayo.
Izinhlobo ze-Nuthatch
Ukuthelekiswa kohlobo lohlanga kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-21 kuye kwezingama-29, kuya ngendlela esetshenzisiwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-nuthatch enekhanda elinsundu, ehlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States, ibizwa ngokuthi encane kunazo zonke. Le nyoni inesisindo esingaba ngu-10 g ngobude obungu-10.5 cm.I-nuthatch ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu yisigebenga (19.5 cm ubude nesisindo esifinyelela ku-47 g), esihlala eChina, Thailand naseMyanmar.
Isimo se-thrust sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-5 ze-nuthatch:
- unekhanda elimnyama;
- I-Algeria;
- ECanada;
- i-corsican
- shaggy.
Zinezindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene, kepha i-morphology esondelene, ama-biotopes wokudlela, kanye ne-vocalization. Muva nje, i-nuthatch ejwayelekile, ehlukaniswe ngamafomu ama-3 ase-Asia (S. cinnamoventris, S. cashmirensis ne-S. nagaensis), ibikhona njenge-superspecies ehlukile. U-Ornithologist P. Rasmussen (USA) uhlukanise S. cinnamoventris (izinhlobo zaseNingizimu Asia) zaba izinhlobo ezi-3 - S. cinnamoventris sensu stricto (iHimalaya / Tibet), S.
Ngo-2012, iBritish Ornithologists 'Union yasekela isiphakamiso sozakwabo sokuhumusha uS. E. i-arctica (ama-subspecies aseMpumalanga yeSiberia) kuya ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo. Isazi sezinyoni uE. Dickinson (Great Britain) siyaqiniseka ukuthi izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezishisayo S. solangiae, S. frontalis kanye no S. oenochlamys kufanele bahlukaniswe ngohlobo olukhethekile. Ngokusho kososayensi, ama-azure nama-nuthatches amahle nawo kufanele abe yisizukulwane se-monotypic.
Indawo yokuhlala
Zonke izinhlobo ze-nuthatch ezaziwayo zivamile e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, kepha iningi lohlobo luhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezintabeni zase-Asia.... Ama-biotopes akhethwayo angamahlathi ezinhlobonhlobo, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezi-coniferous noma ezihlala ziluhlaza okotshani. Izinhlobo eziningi sezizinze ezintabeni nasezintabeni, kanti ezimbili (ezincane nezinkulu zamatshe ezinamatshe) ziye zajwayela ukuba khona phakathi kwamatshe angenamithi.
Ama-nuthatches amaningi athanda ukuhlala ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile impela. Izinhlobo zasenyakatho zihlala emathafeni, kanti ezaseningizimu zihlala ezintabeni, lapho umoya ubanda kakhulu kunasesigodini. Ngakho-ke, enyakatho yeYurophu, i-nuthatch ejwayelekile itholakala ingekho ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ngenkathi eMorocco ihlala kusuka ku-1.75 km kuya ku-1.85 km ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle. I-nuthatch ebhekene nobumnyama kuphela ehlala eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ekhombisa ukuhleleka kwehlathi elishisayo eliphansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlaka ezihlala ezweni lethu. Okuvame kakhulu yi-nuthatch ejwayelekile, yokwakha izidleke kusuka emingceleni esentshonalanga kuya empumalanga yeRussia.
Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGreater Caucasus, kutholakala i-nuthatch enamakhanda amnyama, nasezifundeni ze-Central Asia naseCaucasus, i-nuthatch enkulu enamadwala ivamile. I-Yakut nuthatch ihlala eYakutia nasezindaweni ezakhelene ne-Eastern Siberia. I-shaggy nuthatch ikhethe iSouth Primorye.
Ukudla kwe-Nuthatch
Izinhlobo ezifundwe kahle zikhombisa ukuhlukaniswa kokudla ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka kube yizilwane (ngesikhathi sokuzala) kanye nohlaza (kwezinye izikhathi). Entwasahlobo kuze kube phakathi nehlobo, ama-nuthatches adla izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ama-xylophages, atholakala ngokhuni, amagxolo aqhephukile, ama-axils amaqabunga noma emadwaleni. Kwezinye izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, ku-Carolina nuthatch), inani lamaprotheni ezilwane ngenkathi yokuhlangana lisondela ku-100%.
Izinyoni zishintshela ezintweni zokutshala eduze nasekwindla, kufaka phakathi kumenyu yazo:
- imbewu ye-coniferous;
- izithelo ezinamanzi;
- amantongomane;
- ama-acorn.
AbakwaNuthatches basebenzisa umlomo wabo ngobuciko, bahlukanisa amagobolondo kanye nokuhlaba iminenke / amabhungane amakhulu. I-Karolinska kanye ne-nuthatches enamakhanda ansundu bafunde ukusebenza nge-chip njenge-lever, ukuvula izikhala ngaphansi kwegxolo noma ukuqaqa izinambuzane ezinkulu. Ingcweti igcina insimbi yayo ngomlomo lapho indiza kusuka esihlahleni kuya kwesinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! Indlela yokudla yenza ama-nuthatches ahlobene namaxoxo ama-dart anobuthi, ama-pikas, ama-woodpeckers nama-hoopoes ezihlahla. Njengazo nje, i-nuthatch ibheka ukudla ngaphansi kwegxolo nasezihlokweni zayo.
Kepha ukukhuphuka ngozipho akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokufuna ukudla - ama-nutchches ngezikhathi ezithile andizela phansi ukuhlola ihlathi nomhlabathi. Ngemuva kokuphothula izidleke, amantongomane ayandiza asuke ezindaweni zawo zokudla, ezihlangana nezinyoni eziyimizulane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Nuthatches ayindoda eyodwa, kepha awayeki i-polygyny futhi. Izinyoni sezikulungele ukuzala ekupheleni konyaka wazo wokuqala... Zonke izigaxa, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamatshe, "zakha" izidleke emigodini, zifakwa ngotshani namaqabunga, kanye nobulembu, amagxolo, uvolo, uthuli lwokhuni nezimpaphe.
I-Canada, i-Algeria, i-Corsican, izinhloko ezimnyama nezinama-shaggy zikhipha umgodi noma zithathe izikhala zemvelo. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emigodini emidala, kufaka phakathi izindlu ezingasetshenzisiwe zomuthi wokhuni. I-Barnacle noCaroline nuthatches (ukwethusa izingwejeje nama-parasites) kunamathela ebangeni lokungena kwamabhungane, kuphuma iphunga elibi le-cantharidin.
Ama-nutchches amatshe enza izidleke zobumba / zobumba-izimbiza noma amaflasks: Izakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe ezinamatshe zinesisindo esifinyelela kuma-32 kg. I-nuthatch yaseCanada isebenza ne-resin yama-conifers: owesilisa ungaphandle, kanti owesifazane ungaphakathi komgodi. Ukumboza okungenalutho kwenziwa ngokusho kwemizwa - ngosuku noma ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukumboza izindonga zangaphakathi zomgodi, insikazi ayidli lutho, kepha iphuza ... imephu ye-maple noma ye-birch, iyikhiphe ngokuthepha, ikhiphe isihlahla somuthi.
Ku-clutch kunamaqanda ama-4 kuye kwayi-14 amhlophe anezinkomba eziphuzi noma ezibomvu ngokubomvu. Insikazi ibafukamela izinsuku eziyi-12-18.
Bobabili abazali bondla abantwana. Amachwane we-Nuthatch akhula kancane kunabanye abadlulayo futhi athathe iphiko ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-18-25. Njengoba seliphumile esidlekeni, intsha ayishiyi abazali bayo ngokushesha, kodwa ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu kuya kwamashumi amathathu.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-Nuthatches anezitha eziningi zemvelo phakathi kwezidalwa zezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Izinyoni ezindala zizingelwa oKlebe, izikhova kanye nemarten. Amantshontsho nemivimbo kusongelwa izikhova ezifanayo nama-marten, kanye nezingwejeje, amagwababa namagwababa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Uhlobo lwakamuva lohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN lubala izilinganiso zezinhlobo ezingama-29 ze-nuthatch, iningi lazo elingazikhathazi izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo.
Ngokusho kwe-IUCN (2018), kunezinhlobo ezi-4 ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
- USitta ledanti Vielliard (i-Algeria nuthatch) - uhlala e-Algeria;
- I-Sitta insularis (i-Bahamian nuthatch) - ihlala eBahamas;
- I-Sitta magna Ramsay (i-giant nuthatch) - izintaba zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeThailand, maphakathi nasempumalanga yeMyanmar;
- ISitta victoriae Rippon (i-nuthatch-brows emhlophe) - eMyanmar.
Lezi zinhlobo zokugcina zihlala ngaphansi kwentaba iNat Ma Taung, endaweni encane ecishe ibe ngama-48 km². Ihlathi elisendaweni ephakeme ebanga ngamakhilomitha ama-2 ligawulwe ngokuphelele lapha, phakathi kwamakhilomitha ama-2 no-2.3 lonakala ngokusobala, futhi lahlala lingathintwanga ebhandeni eliphakeme kuphela. Usongo olukhulu luqhamuka ngokulima nokushisa ukulima.
Isibalo sabantu base-Algeria abahlala kuTaza Biosphere Reserve naseBabor (iTell-Atlas) abafinyeleli ngisho nasezinyonini eziyinkulungwane, okukhombisa isimo saso esibucayi. Kule ndawo encane, kwasha izihlahla eziningi, esikhundleni sazo kwavela izithombo zomsedari, kanti i-nuthatch yona ikhetha ihlathi elixubekile.
Inani labantu le-nuthatch elikhulu liyancipha ngenxa yokugawulwa kwehlathi okuhlosiwe kwamahlathi asezintabeni (empumalanga yeMyanmar, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeThailand). Lapho ukugawulwa kwemithi kungavunyelwe khona (i-Yunnan), umphakathi uhlubula amagxolo ezihlahleni, uwasebenzisela ukufudumeza. Lapho kukhula khona amaphayini, kuvela izihlahla ezincane zikagamthilini, ezingakulungeli ukutholakala kwamantongomane.
