AmaTits (Parus) ayizinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zomndeni wakwaTit ne-oda lePasserine. Ummeleli ojwayelekile wohlobo yi-tit enkulu (i-Parus enkulu), esande kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia.
Incazelo yetit
Igama elithi "tit" lakhiwa lisuselwa egameni elithi "luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", ngakho-ke lihlobene ngqo nombala wenyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (AmaCyanistes caeruleus), phambilini okwakungokwenhlobo ye-titmouse. Izinhlobo eziningi ezazikade zingamabele angempela manje sezidluliselwe esigabeni somunye umkhakha: iSittiparus, iMachlolophus, iPeriarus, iMelaniparus, iPseudopodoces, i-blue tit (Poecile) ne-blue tit (iCyanistés).
Ukubukeka
Ama-subspecies angokomndeni wakwa-Tit: ama-tits amade futhi anentambo eminyene... Emhlabeni namuhla kunezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaphezu kwezikhulu ezaziwa futhi ezifundwe kahle ezibhekiswe kulolu hlobo, kepha noma kunjalo, kuyisiko ukubheka manje kuphela lezo zinyoni ezifakiwe emndenini we-tit. Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlayiya ezimpunga babonakala ngomugqa omnyama obanzi ngasesiswini, kanye nokungabikho kwesikhumba. Umehluko omkhulu othize umbala ompunga wangemuva, ikepisi elimnyama, izindawo ezimhlophe ezihlathini nasesifubeni esikhanyayo. Isisu simhlophe, sinomugqa omnyama ophakathi nendawo.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-uppertail inombala omlotha, futhi izimpaphe zomsila zimnyama. Umngcwabo ubuye umnyama engxenyeni emaphakathi nombala omhlophe ocacile ezinhlangothini.
I-tit enkulu iyinyoni ehambayo, enesidina, enobude bomzimba obungu-13-17 cm, enesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-14-21 g namaphiko angaphansi kuka-22-26 cm.Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka entanyeni nasekhanda lombala omnyama, futhi amehlo ezihlathini ezimhlophe, phezulu okunombala womnqumo nangaphansi okuphuzi. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwalezi zinhlobo ziyahlukahluka kokunye okubonakala kakhulu kumbala wezimpaphe.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Kunzima ngendlela emangalisayo ukuthi isitifiketi esikhohlakele sicashe noma sihlale endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside. Inyoni enjalo ijwayele ukunyakaza njalo, kodwa iyisidalwa esinezimpaphe ngokuphelele ngokuthobekile ngokwendawo yayo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ama-tits awanazimbangi ngokugijima, ukuhamba nokufuna ukwazi, futhi ngenxa yemilenze yawo eqinile futhi enamandla kakhulu, inyoni encane enjalo iyakwazi ukwenza ubuqili obuningi, kufaka phakathi zonke izinhlobo zokuhlaselwa kwesinye isikhathi.
Ngenxa yemilenze ekhule kahle, iziqu zetitomi zisinda ngisho nasezimweni ezingezinhle, zikude kakhulu esidlekeni sazo. Inamathisela uzipho lwayo ebusweni begatsha, le nyoni ilala ngokushesha, ifane ngokufana nesigaxa esincane futhi esintofontofo kakhulu. Yilesi sici esimsindisa ngesikhathi kubanda kakhulu ebusika. Indlela yokuphila yawo wonke ama-titmice ihlala isikhathi eside, kepha ezinye izinhlobo, ngokusho kokubona kochwepheshe, zivame ukuzulazula ngezikhathi ezithile.
Noma kunjalo, uhlobo ngalunye lwamabele lunezici zalo zemvelo kuphela, izici zalo eziningi, futhi izimfanelo ezihlanganisa bonke abamele lolu hlaka ziyizimpaphe ezinhle nezingenakulibaleka, isimilo esibi ngendlela emangalisayo futhi sincane ngokumnandi, ngokucula okunomsindo.
Inqubo yokuncibilika kwezinyoni zalezi zinhlobo ezimweni zemvelo yenzeka kanye kuphela ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-grey tit, njengomthetho, ibonwa ngababili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni ezinjalo zihlanganiswa ngamaqembu amancane we-intraspecific noma nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Le mihlambi okuthiwa ixubekile ikhiqiza kakhulu ekufuneni ukudla ngenkathi yokulamba.
Ngokwemvelo yabo, ngokuphelele zonke izinhlobo zamatiki zihlukaniswe njengezihlelekile zangempela zemvelo. Abantu abadala basebenzisa inamba enkulu yezinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi, ngaleyo ndlela basindise izindawo eziluhlaza ekufeni. Isibonelo, umndeni owodwa wamabele udinga ukusula izihlahla ezingaphezu kweziyishumi nane ezinambuzaneni ukondla inzalo yazo. Ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, izinyoni ze-titmouse zisebenzisa ukukhala okukhethekile "okunyinyithekayo", okungakhumbuli ngokungafani imisindo emikhulu nemisindo ye "xin-xin-xin".
Mangaki amabele ahlala
Impilo ye-titmouse ezimweni zemvelo ifushane kakhulu futhi, njengomthetho, yiminyaka emithathu kuphela. Lapho igcinwe ekuthunjweni, iGreat Tit ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Noma kunjalo, ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwalesi silwane esinamaphiko esingajwayelekile buxhomeke ezicini eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukunamathela embusweni wesondlo kanye nemithetho yokudla.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesifazane be-tit tit abampunga banomugqa omncane futhi oxegayo esiswini.... Abesifazane be-tit enkulu bafana kakhulu ngokubukeka nabesilisa, kepha ngokujwayelekile, banombala omncane we-plumage, ngakho-ke amathoni amnyama asekhanda nasesifubeni ayimpunga emnyama, futhi ikhola nomugqa omnyama esiswini kuthe ukuba ncanyana futhi kungaphazamiseka ...
Izinhlobo ze-Tit
Ngokuya ngemininingwane enikezwe yisisekelo se-International Union of Ornithologists, uhlobo lweParus lufaka izinhlobo ezine:
- Impunga tit (I-Parus cinereus) - uhlobo oluhlanganisa izinhlobo ezincane, okwathi esikhathini esithile esidlule ezazingezinhlobo zeGreat Tit (Parus major);
- I-Bolshak, noma Isihloko esihle (Parus ezinkulu) - izinhlobo ezinkulu neziningi kakhulu;
- EMpumalanga, noma Isi-Japanese tit (Parus omncane) - uhlobo olumelwe ama-subspecies amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, angahlukile ekuxubeni noma ekuhlanganisweni okuvamile;
- IGreenback tit (I-Parus monticolus).
Kuze kube muva nje, uhlobo lweMpumalanga, noma isiJapane, beluhlukaniswa njengama-subspecies we-tit enkulu, kepha ngenxa yemizamo yabaphenyi baseRussia, bekwazile ukuthola ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zimane zihlala ngempumelelo.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-grey tit imelwe yizinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu:
- R.c. ambiguus - umhlali we-Malacca Peninsula nesiqhingi saseSumatra;
- P.c. i-caschmirensis enendawo empunga ngemuva kwekhanda - ohlala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afghanistan, enyakatho yePakistan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya;
- P.c. I-cinereus Vieillot iyi-subspecies ephakanyisiwe ehlala esiqhingini saseJava naseSunda Lesser Islands;
- P.c. desоlorans Koelz - ohlala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afghanistan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePakistan;
- P.c. hаinanus E.J.O. Hartert - ohlala esiqhingini saseHainan;
- P.c. intеrmеdius Zarudny - ohlala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Iran nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTurkmenistan;
- P.c. mаhrаttаrum E.J.O. UHartert - ohlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya nasesiqhingini saseSri Lanka;
- P.c. i-plаnorum E.J.O. UHartert - ohlala enyakatho yeNdiya, eNepal, eBhutan, eBangladesh, maphakathi nasentshonalanga yeMyanmar;
- P.c. sаrawacensis Slаter - ohlala esiqhingini saseKalimantan;
- P.c. sturay Koelz - ohlala entshonalanga, enkabeni nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya;
- P.c. i-templоrum Meyer de Sсhauensee - ohlala engxenyeni emaphakathi nasentshonalanga yeThailand, eningizimu ye-Indochina;
- P.c. vаuriеi Riрley - ohlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya;
- P.c. U-ziаratensis Whistler uhlala engxenyeni emaphakathi naseningizimu ye-Afghanistan, entshonalanga yePakistan.
I-tit enkulu ihlala kuyo yonke indawo eMiddle East naseYurophu, itholakala eNyakatho nase-Asia Ephakathi, ihlala kwezinye izindawo eziseNyakatho Afrika. Ama-subspecies ayishumi nanhlanu we-tit enkulu anendawo yokuhlala ehluke kakhulu:
- P.m. rаhrоdite - ohlala eningizimu ye-Italy, eningizimu yeGrisi, iziqhingi zoLwandle i-Aegean naseCyprus;
- P.m. blаnfоrdi - ohlala enyakatho ye-Iraq, enyakatho, enyakatho yengxenye emaphakathi naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Iran;
- P.m. bоkhаrеnsis - ohlala endaweni yaseTurkmenistan, enyakatho ne-Afghanistan, ingxenye eseningizimu emaphakathi eKazakhstan nase-Uzbekistan;
- P.m. сorsus - ohlala endaweni yasePortugal, eningizimu yeSpain naseCorsica;
- P.m. eski - ohlala ezindaweni zaseSardinia;
- P.m. i-exсessus - ohlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, kusukela endaweni esentshonalanga yeMorocco kuya engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTunisia;
- P.m. i-fеrghаnеnsis - ohlala eTajikistan, eKyrgyzstan nasentshonalanga yeChina;
- P.m. karustini - isakhamuzi seningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan noma i-Dzhungarskiy Alatau, ingxenye esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina neMongolia, iTransbaikalia, izindawo ezifinyelela phezulu e-Amur nasePrimorye, ingxenye esenyakatho eya ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk;
- P.m. I-kаrеlini - ohlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Azerbaijan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Iran;
- P.m. majоr ungumhlali ojwayelekile wezwekazi iYurophu, enyakatho nasempumalanga ukusuka engxenyeni emaphakathi, nengxenye esenyakatho yeSpain, iBalkans nenyakatho ye-Italy, iSiberia empumalanga kuze kufike eLake Baikal, ngaseningizimu kuya ezintabeni i-Altai, empumalanga nasenyakatho yeKazakhstan, etholakala e-Asia Minor, ha ICaucasus ne-Azerbaijan, ngaphandle kwengxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga;
- P.m. mallorsae - ohlala eziQhingini zaseBalearic;
- P.m. Newtoni - ohlala eBritish Isles, eNetherlands naseBelgium, kanye nengxenye esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeFrance;
- P.m. niethammeri - ohlala ezindaweni zaseKrethe;
- P.m. terraesanctae - ohlala eLebanon, eSyria, kwa-Israyeli, eJordani nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeGibhithe;
- P.m. UTurkеstaniсus uhlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan nezindawo eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMongolia.
Endle, abamele lezi zinhlobo batholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zehlathi, imvamisa ezindaweni ezivuleke kakhulu nasemaphethelweni, futhi bahlala nasemabhange amachibi emvelo.
I-tit eseMpumalanga, noma yaseJapane, imelwe yizinhlobo ezincane eziyisishiyagalolunye:
- P.m. аmаmiensis - ohlala eziqhingini ezisenyakatho zeRyukyu;
- P.m. commixtus - ohlala eningizimu neChina nasenyakatho neVietnam;
- P.m. dаgeletensis - ohlala esiqhingini i-Ulleungdo Island ngaseKorea;
- P.m. kаgоshimae - ohlala eningizimu yesiqhingi saseKyushu neziqhingi zaseGoto;
- P.m. minоr - ohlala empumalanga yeSiberia, eningizimu yeSakhalin, empumalanga yengxenye emaphakathi nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, Korea neJapan;
- P.m. nigrilоris - ohlala eningizimu yeziqhingi zaseRyukyu;
- P.m. nubiсolus - ohlala empumalanga yeMyanmar, enyakatho yeThailand nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Indochina;
- P.m. okinawae - umhlali maphakathi neRyukyu Islands;
- P.m. i-tibetanus - ohlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTibet, eningizimu ntshonalanga naseningizimu yengxenye emaphakathi neChina, enyakatho yeMyanmar.
I-tit eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isabalale eBangladesh naseBhutan, eChina naseNdiya, futhi ihlala naseNepal, Pakistan, Thailand naseVietnam. Izindawo zemvelo zalolu hlobo zingamahlathi agudlukayo nezindawo ezingamahlathi ezindaweni ezipholile, ezindaweni ezishisayo nakumahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ezinomswakama.
Ukudla kwe-Tit
Ngesikhathi sokuzala okusebenzayo, amabele adla ama-invertebrate amancane, kanye nezibungu zawo. Ukuhleleka kwezimpaphe kubhubhisa izinambuzane eziningi zasehlathini. Noma kunjalo, isisekelo sesabelo sokudla sanoma iyiphi i-tit ngalesi sikhathi sivame ukumelwa ngu:
- amacimbi ezimvemvane;
- izicabucabu;
- ama-weevils nezinye izimbungulu;
- Izinambuzane zeDiptera, kufaka phakathi izimpukane, omiyane kanye nezinsimbi;
- Izidalwa eziphilayo ze-Hemiptera, kufaka phakathi izimbungulu.
Futhi, i-titmice idla amaphela, i-orthoptera ngesimo sezintethe namakhilikithi, ojekamanzi abancane, i-retinoptera, izindlebe, izintuthwane, imikhaza nama-millipedes. Inyoni esikhulile inamandla okudla izinyosi, okususwe kuyo ngaphambili... Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, amabele angazingela inyamazane efana namalulwane amancane, okuthi, ngemuva kokuphuma ebusika, ahlale engasebenzi futhi efinyeleleka kalula ezinyonini. Izinkukhu zondliwa, njengomthetho, ngamacimbi azo zonke izinhlobo zezimvemvane, ubude bomzimba wazo obungadluli ku-10 mm.
Ekwindla nasebusika, indima yokuphakelwa kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-hazel nembewu ye-beech yaseYurophu, inyuka kakhulu ekudleni kwe-titmouse. Izinyoni zondla emasimini nasezindaweni ezihlwanyelwe ngotshani wokusanhlamvu wommbila, i-rye, i-oats nokolweni.
Izinyoni ezihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia zivame ukudla izithelo nezimbewu zezinye zezitshalo ezivame kakhulu:
- ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi kanye uphayini;
- imephu ne-linden;
- i-lilac;
- i-birch;
- i-sorrel yehhashi;
- izithombe;
- i-burdock;
- i-elderberry ebomvu;
- irgi;
- i-rowan;
- amajikijolo;
- i-hemp no-sunflower.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-tit enkulu nezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo, kufaka phakathi i-blue tit neMuscovy, ukungabi khona kwezinqolobane zayo ebusika. Inyoni enjalo enobungcweti futhi ehambayo kakhulu ikwazi ukuthola ngobuciko obukhulu ukudla obekuqoqiwe kwafihlwa ekwindla ngezinye izinyoni. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kwesinye isikhathi abameleli bezinhlobo ze-Great Tit bangadla izidumbu ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuze bazondle, osisi bavame ukuvakashela abaphakela izinyoni emadolobheni nasemapaki, lapho badla khona imbewu ye-sunflower, izinsalela zokudla kanye nemvuthuluka yesinkwa, kanye nebhotela nezicucu zebhekeni elingenasisekelo. Futhi, ukudla kutholakala emiqhele yemithi, njengomthetho, ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zezitshalo nasemakhasini amahlumela angaphansi noma izihlahlana.
Kuyathakazelisa! Yisihloko esikhulu phakathi kwabo bonke abantu abadlulayo esinohlu olukhulu lwezinto zokuzingela, futhi sebewubulele umdanso ompompi, i-oatmeal ejwayelekile, i-pied flycher, ibhungane elinamakhanda aphuzi noma ilulwane, umhlaseli onezimpaphe ukhipha ubuchopho babo kalula.
Izithelo ezinamagobolondo anzima kakhulu, kufaka phakathi amantongomane, ziphulwa ngaphambi komlomo. Ukudliwa kungokwemvelo kuma-tits amakhulu. Abamele lolu hlobo baziwa njengabaqaphi abahlala njalo futhi abajwayelekile, abadla izidumbu zezilwane ezahlukahlukene ezincelisayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ezweni lakithi, amaBolshaks asakazeke kakhulu, okuyizinyoni ezizodwa futhi, esehlukaniswe ngababili, aqala ngokuhlanganyela nangokuzimisela ukuzakhela isidleke. Amachwane alezi zinhlobo nawo akhuliswa ndawonye. Izinyoni zikhetha ukwakha izidleke ezindaweni ezinehlathi elincanyana elincanyana, ngasogwini lomfula, ezindaweni zepaki nasezivandeni... Izindawo zehlathi leConiferous azikulungele ukwakha izidleke. Isidleke se-titmouse sibekwa kuma-niches ezakhiweni ezindala noma emigodini yezihlahla ezindala impela. Futhi, kwesinye isikhathi ungabona abamele izinhlobo zezidleke ezindala ezishiywe yizakhamuzi zangaphambili, ezisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amabili kuya kwayisithupha. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zizimisele kakhulu ukuhlala ezindaweni zokunethezeka ezentofontofo ezenziwe ngabantu.
Ukwakha isidleke, izinyoni zisebenzisa izindwani ezincanyana zotshani namahlumela, kanye nezimpande zezitshalo ezincane ngisho nobulembu. Ingaphakathi lesidleke limbozwe ngoboya, ubulembu, uboya bekotini, phansi nezimpaphe, phakathi nendawo kukhishwa ithreyi elikhethekile, limbozwe ngoboya behhashi noma uboya. Ubukhulu besidleke se-tit bungahluka ngokuya ngezici zesiza sokudlela, kepha ubukhulu betreyi elingaphakathi lihlala lilingana njalo: ekujuleni kwe-40-50 mm, ububanzi bayo bungu-40-60 mm.
I-oviposition eyodwa iqukethe amaqanda amhlophe afinyelela kwayishumi nanhlanu ngesheen encane. Amachashazi amaningi kakhulu namachashazi ansundu ngokubomvu asakazekile ebusweni begobolondo leqanda, akha uhlobo lwe-corolla ohlangothini olubuthuntu lweqanda. Amabele amakhulu azalela amaqanda kabili ngonyaka. I-oviposition yokuqala yenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kanti eyesibili - maphakathi nehlobo.
Amaqanda afukanyelwa insikazi isikhathi esingaphansi kwamasonto ambalwa. Sonke lesi sikhathi owesilisa uyayinakekela insikazi ayondle. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zamachwane achanyuswayo zimbozwe ngoboya obumpunga, ngakho-ke insikazi ayishiyi isidleke sayo, kepha ishisa inzalo ngemfudumalo yayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa akondli insikazi kuphela, kodwa futhi nayo yonke inzalo yakhe. Kuphela ngemuva kokuthi umzimba wamaphuphu umbozwe izimpaphe ezijwayelekile, insikazi nowesilisa ndawonye baqala ukondla inzalo yabo eminingi futhi enamandla kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ama-tits akuzona izinyoni ezihlekisayo nezingaphumuli, kepha izinyoni ezinolaka kakhulu kunoma yiziphi ezinye izinyoni ezikanye nazo.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba yishumi nesikhombisa, umzimba wamaphuphu umbozwe ngokuphelele ngezimpaphe, ngakho-ke balungela ukuzimela okuphelele, kepha kwesinye isonto, izinyoni ezincane zikhetha ukuhlala ngqo eduze kwabazali bazo, abazama ukuzondla ngezikhathi ezithile. Amabele amancane anjalo afinyelela ekuvuthweni okuphelele kwezocansi kuphela kusondele unyaka.
Izitha zemvelo
Amabhungu yizinyoni ezilusizo kakhulu, zombili ezimweni zokulima namasimu wendabuko.Esinye sezici zemvelo ezithinta kabi inani eliphelele lazo zonke izinhlobo zamatiti indlala ngesikhathi seqhwa lasebusika. Kungenxa yokushoda kokudla ebusika lapho kufa inani elikhulu labamele lolu hlobo minyaka yonke. Futhi emvelweni, ama-martens asebekhulile, ama-weasel, kanye namanye amakati asendle kanye nabamele abafuywayo bomndeni we-feline, izikhova ezinkulu kakhulu nezinye izidalwa ezindizayo, zizingela ngenkuthalo zonke izinhlobo zamatitimu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Namuhla, ama-subspecies amaningi wamatiti maningi impela, ngakho-ke, awadingi ikakhulukazi izindlela zokuvikela noma zokuvikela. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezingandile futhi ezingandile kakhulu okwamanje ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Isibonelo, i-Whiskered Tit (Panurus biarmicus), okuyinyoni engavamile futhi engacwaningiswanga kahle eningizimu yePalaearctic bird enebala elinamachashaza, okwamanje ayigcini nje ngokuvikelwa kanye nezinye izinyoni ezincane ezidla izinambuzane, kodwa futhi ibhalwe kuRed Book of the Republic of Khakassia. I-yew, noma i-tit yaseJapan, nayo ifakiwe kwiRed Book yaseRussia namuhla, futhi abameleli balezi zinhlobo batholakala ngokungajwayelekile kuphela endaweni yamaSouthern Kuriles, ngakho-ke ukutholakala kungenxa yobubanzi obulinganiselwe obusobala.
