ERussia, le nyoni ebukekayo yayibhekwa njenge-mockingbird futhi yagcinwa ngokuzithandela ezindlini, ifundisa izingoma ezidumile. I-bullfinch ilingise ngobuciko amazwi nemisindo yokuthi yabizwa "ngopholi waseRussia."
Incazelo ye-bullfinch
Ezweni lethu, i-bullfinch ejwayelekile (i-Pyrrhula pyrrhula) evela kuhlobo lwe-Pyrrhula, oyingxenye yomndeni we-finch, iyaziwa... Igama lesiLatini elithi Pyrrhula lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umlilo".
Igama lesiRussia "i-bullfinch" linezinhlobo ezimbili zemvelaphi yalo. Ngokusho kweyokuqala, le nyoni yathola igama layo ngoba indizela ezifundeni eziseningizimu isuka kulezi ezisenyakatho kanye neqhwa lokuqala neqhwa. Incazelo yesibili ibhekisa ku- "snig" yaseTurkic (ibele elibomvu), eliguqulwe laba igama elidala lesiRussia elithi "snigir", laphinde laba "bullfinch" ejwayelekile.
Ukubukeka, umbala
Ukhokho wama-bullfinches yi-Pyrrhula nipalensis, inhlobo endala kunazo zonke ezitholakala eNingizimu ye-Asia futhi evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-final buffal finch / Nepalese. I-Pyrrhula nipalensis ngombala ifana nezinkunzi ezincane zezinkunzi ezisanda kuphuma esidlekeni. Kusukela kulolu hlobo lwe-Asiatic, okungenani izinhlobo ezinhlanu zesimanje seziguqukile, zihlotshiswe "ngesigqoko" sesici sezimpaphe ezimnyama.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isigqoko esigqamile (uma kumnyama kubonwa ezungeze uqhwaku / amehlo naphezulu kwekhanda) sivela kubantu abadala kuphela futhi asikho namatshwele, avamise ukuba nombala ochera onsundu.
Izinkunzi zezinkunzi ziyizinyoni eziminyene futhi ezinesibindi, zidlula ondlunkulu ngosayizi futhi zikhula zifike kumasentimitha ayi-18. Kumakhaza amabi kakhulu, abonakala ekhuluphele kakhulu, ngoba, ngokuhlala efudumele, aqinisa kakhulu izimpaphe zawo eziminyene. Ukucaca kombala wama-bullfinches ukusatshalaliswa okucacile kwemibala eyinhloko ngaphezu kwezimpaphe, lapho kungenamabala khona, amabala, izigaxa namanye amamaki.
Ithoni, kanye nokuqina kombala wengaphansi lomzimba, kunqunywa yizinhlobo ze-bullfinch nezimpawu zayo. Umsila nezimpaphe zokundiza zihlala zimnyama ngombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izambatho nezinqe kumhlophe. I-bullfinch ihlome ngomlomo oqinile - obanzi futhi obukhulu, owenzelwe ukuchoboza amajikijolo aqinile nokuthola imbewu kuwo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Bullfinches aphila ngokuya ngezinkambiso zemishado: abesilisa balalela ngokungenamibandela abesifazane, abanobuntu obunokuphikisana. Yibo abaqala izingxabano zomndeni futhi banqobe kuzo, noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuletha izingxabano ekulweni. Lapho nje bebona uqhwaku oluvuleke kakhulu futhi bezwa ukuhayiza okungaqondakali, izinkunzi zezinkunzi ziyadlula, zivumela abangane babo amagatsha anenqwaba yembewu namaqoqo amajikijolo aluhlaza kakhulu. Abesilisa ngokuvamile bahle kakhulu futhi bahamba kancane kunabesifazane.
Izinyoni zasebusika ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yokwakha izidleke (ziqonde ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye nasezindaweni zamapulazi), kwesinye isikhathi zihlangana ngemihlambi emikhulu, okwenza izinkunzi zezinkunzi zibonakale kakhulu. Eduze kwentwasahlobo, kunalokho, bazama ukufihla emehlweni abukhali, abafudukela kuwo emahlathini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekupheleni kobusika nasentwasahlobo, sekuyisikhathi sokucula, lapho abesilisa bezama ngokuzimisela izwi labo, behleli ezihlahleni noma emiqhele ephezulu. Abesifazane bacula kaningi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, zonke izinombolo zamagama ziyaphela.
Izingoma zama-bullfinches zithule futhi ziyaqhubeka - zigcwele amakhwela, ukubhuza kanye ne-creaking... I-repertoire ifaka phakathi "i-phyu" emifushane ye-melancholic, amakhwela we-laconic "ama-juve" kanye ne "jiu", "isiphuzo" esithambile, "i-fit" ne "pyut", kanye ne-"evens" ethulile. Imihlambi engomakhelwane yama-bullfinches iyananela ngomlozi okhethekile, womabili amancanyana futhi aphansi (into efana ne- "ju ... ju ... ju ...").
Lapho zigcwele, izinkunzi zezinkunzi zihlala isikhathi eside esihlahleni se-forage, zizihlanze kancane noma, uma sezishwabene, zibize i- "ki-ki-ki" ephakeme kakhulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, umhlambi uyagqashuka undize uhambe, ushiye imikhondo yedili labo eqhweni - iqabunga lejikijolo elichoboziwe noma izinsalela zembewu. Le yindlela impilo yasebusika yama-bullfinches ebukeka ngayo, izula ngokungami emahlathini amancane, emaphethelweni amahlathi, ezingadini zezithelo nasezivandeni zemifino.
Zingaki izinkunzi eziphilayo ezihlala
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izinkunzi ze-bullfin zihlala kusuka eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwayi-13, kepha zinde kancane ekuthunjweni (ngokunakekelwa okufanele) - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-17.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko ocansini kuma-bullfinches ubonakala kuphela ngombala, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda sowesifazane, owesilisa ubukeka ekhanya ngokwengeziwe, ngenxa yalolo hlobo lo mfuzo owanikezwa igama elithi Pyrrhula ("umlilo").
Okubalulekile! Kweduna, izihlathi, intamo nesifuba kugcwele ithoni ebomvu ngisho egqamile, kuyilapho owesifazane ekhombisa isifuba esinsundu esingenampunga nomhlane onsundu. Abesilisa banemihlane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nomsila / umsila omhlophe ogqamile.
Kokunye, abesifazane bayafana nabesilisa: bobabili bathweswe umqhele ngezigqoko ezimnyama kusuka kuqhwaku kuya ku-occiput. Upende omnyama umboza umphimbo, indawo eseduze noqhwaku noqhwaku uqobo, kuphinde kufake umbala umsila namaphiko, lapho, ngaphezu kwalokho, imivimbo emhlophe ibonakala. Umnyama awuhambi ngaphezu kweminye imibala noma kuphi futhi uhlukaniswe ngokucijile nokubomvu. Ama-bullfinches amancane anezimpiko / umsila omnyama, kepha awanazo izigqoko ezimnyama futhi anombala onsundu ngaphambi kokuqala kokuwa. Umehluko wombala (ngokobulili nangobudala) uyabonakala kakhulu lapho ubona umhlambi wezinkunzi zezinkunzi usebenza ngokugcwele.
Izinhlobo zama-bullfinches
Uhlobo lwePyrrhula luqukethe izinhlobo ezi-9 zama-bullfinches. Ngokombono wabathile bama-ornithologists, abathatha izinhlobo zezimpunga kanye ne-Ussuri njengezinhlobo ze-bullfinch ejwayelekile, kusenezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili. Uhlobo luhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2 - amnyama amnyama (izinhlobo ezi-4-5) nama-bullfinches afihliwe (izinhlobo ezi-4).
Ukuhlukaniswa, ukubona izinhlobo eziyi-9, kubukeka kanjena:
- I-Pyrrhula nipalensis - i-brown bullfinch;
- I-Pyrrhula aurantiaca - i-bullfinch esekwe ngombala ophuzi;
- I-Pyrrhula erythrocephala - i-red-headed bullfinch;
- I-Pyrrhula erythaca - i-bullfinch enekhanda elimpunga;
- I-Pyrrhula leucogenis - i-barnacle bullfinch;
- I-Pyrrhula murina - I-Azorean bullfinch;
- I-Pyrrhula pyrrhula - i-bullfinch ejwayelekile;
- I-Pyrrhula cineracea - grey bullfinch;
- I-Pyrrhula griseiventris - Ussuri bullfinch.
Ezweni lethu, kutholakala i-bullfinch ejwayelekile, enama-subspecies ama-3 ahlala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zesikhala sangemva kweSoviet:
- I-Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula - I-Euro-Siberian common bullfinch, futhi yiMpumalanga Yurophu (ifomu elinamandla kakhulu);
- I-Pyrrhula pyrrhula rossikowi - I-bulfinch ejwayelekile yaseCaucasus (iyahluka ngosayizi onesizotha, kepha ikhanya ngombala);
- I-Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassinii iyi-Kamchatka bullfinch ejwayelekile (ama-subspecies amakhulu kunawo wonke).
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Bullfinches ahlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kanye naseNtshonalanga / eMpumalanga ye-Asia (ngokubanjwa kweSiberia, iKamchatka neJapan)... Amaphethelo aseningizimu ebangeni anabela enyakatho yeSpain, i-Apennines, iGrisi (ingxenye esenyakatho) kanye nezindawo ezisenyakatho ze-Asia Minor. ERussia, ama-bullfinches atholakala entshonalanga kuya empumalanga, ehlathini nasezintabeni zehlathi (ngokwengxenye) lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ze-coniferous. Izinyoni zithanda amahlathi asezintabeni nawaphansi, kodwa azinaki izindawo ezingenamithi.
Ngaphezu kwamahlathi anomhlonyane ominyene, izinkunzi zezinkunzi zihlala ezingadini zedolobha, emapaki nasezikweleni (ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka). Ehlobo, ama-bullfinches abonwa hhayi kuphela emahlathini aminyene, kodwa futhi nasemahlathini alula. Izinyoni zihlala isikhathi eside, zifudukela esimweni sezulu esibandayo kuphela kusuka enyakatho ye-taiga. Izindawo zokufuduka zitholakala ngqo eMpumalanga China nase-Asia Ephakathi.
Ukudla kweBullfinch
Ababheki bezinyoni abakhuluma isiNgisi babiza ama-bullfinches ngokuthi "ama-seed-predators", bebhekisa ezinyonini ezibulala amahloni ngokungenamahloni ngaphandle kokwenza okuhle ezihlahleni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho esewafikile amajikijolo, ama-bullfinches ayawaphula, akhiphe imbewu, ayiqhekeze, ayikhulule emagobolondweni, ayidle. Ama-thrushes nama-waxwings enza ngendlela ehlukile - agwinya amajikijolo aphelele, ngenxa yokuthi uginindela ugaywe, bese imbewu iphuma nodoti ukuze ihlume entwasahlobo.
Ukudla kwe-bullfinch kufaka phakathi ukudla kwezitshalo kanye nama-arachnid ngezikhathi ezithile (ikakhulukazi lapho wondla amaphuphu). Imenyu ejwayelekile yakhiwa imbewu namajikijolo, njenge:
- imbewu yesihlahla / ye-shrub - i-maple, i-hornbeam, i-ash, i-lilac, i-alder, i-linden ne-birch;
- amajikijolo ezihlahla zezithelo / izihlahla - umlotha wezintaba, inyoni cherry, i-irga, i-buckthorn, i-viburnum, i-hawthorn nabanye;
- Izigaxa ze-hop namajikijolo ejunipha.
Ebusika, ama-bullfinches ashintshela efihlekile nasembewini etholakala ngaleso sikhathi sonyaka.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Bullfinches abuyela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke (amahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi axubekile) maphakathi no-Mashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli... Kepha vele ekupheleni kobusika, abesilisa baqala ukudlala ngothando nabesifazane. Njengoba ukufudumala kusondela, ukuqomisana kuyaqhubeka, futhi imibhangqwana yokuqala yakha imihlambi. I-bullfinch yakha isidleke egatsheni le-spruce elicinene, kude nesiqu, ekuphakameni kwamamitha ama-2-5. Kwesinye isikhathi izidleke zihlala ezihlahleni, eziphayini noma ezihlahleni zomjunipha (phezulu).
Izidleke ezinamaqhuqhuva zingatholakala ngoMeyi, amazinyane namantshontsho ezindizayo ngokuzethemba avela ngoJuni. Isidleke se-bullfinch sifana nendishi eyisicaba, elukiwe ngamahlumela we-spruce, iziqu ze-herbaceous, lichen kanye ne-moss. Ku-clutch awekho ngaphezu kwama-4-6 amaqanda aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (2 cm ngosayizi), agcwele amachashazi ansundu / amabala angajwayelekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Owesifazane kuphela ohlanganyela ekufukameleni amaqanda amasonto ama-2. Ubaba ukhumbula ukuba ngumzali lapho amaphuphu engena ephikweni. Umndeni owakhiwa ngamazinyane awesilisa nowu-4-5 uthathwa njengokujwayelekile kuma-bullfinches.
Amachwane, ngenkathi engazi ukuthi angakuthola kanjani ukudla ngokwawo, ondliwa ngezimbewu ezincane ezingakavuthwa, amajikijolo, amahlumela nama-arachnids. Kusukela ngoJulayi, amachwane kancane kancane ayatheleka aphume ehlathini ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba, ajoyine abantu basenyakatho abasuka baye eningizimu.
Izitha zemvelo
Izinkunzi ze-Bullfinches, kaningi kunezinye izinyoni, ziba yizisulu ezilula ngenxa yemibala yazo ebabazekayo, ubukhulu bazo kanye nobuvila.
Izitha zemvelo zama-bullfinches zifaka:
- undlunkulu;
- marten;
- isikhova;
- amakati (zasendle nezasekhaya).
Imbewu / amajikijolo abhakayo, ama-bullfinches ahlala ngokusobala futhi abonakala kahle ezitheni zawo. Isimo sibhebhethekiswa wukuxakaniseka: izinkunzi zezinkunzi azazi ukuthi zingacasha kanjani ngokushesha emahlathini noma zibeke ukujikijela emoyeni, ziqhelelene nezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuze ngandlela-thile zivikeleke ngesikhathi sokudla, izinkunzi zezinkunzi zihlangana emhlambini futhi zihlangane nezinye izinyoni ezigcobayo (ama-greenfinches, ama-finches ne-thrush). Ukukhala kwe-alamu kwe-thrush kusebenza njengesibonakaliso sendiza, ngemuva kwalokho ama-bullfinches ashiya imiqhele.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Eminyakeni eyi-10-12 edlule, inani lama-bullfinches lehle kakhulu: kwezinye izifunda, zisukile kokujwayelekile ziye kokungajwayelekile. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwabantu sibizwa ngokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala - hhayi ama-bullfin kuphela, kepha nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zidinga izindawo ezinkulu zemvelo yasendle. Ngokwe-World Resources Institute, isabelo samahlathi angathintwanga eRussian Federation manje singama-43%. Ukuhlasela kwama-anthropogenic kwamathafa kunomthelela omubi ezinyonini eziningi, kufaka phakathi izinkunzi, yize kungenjalo esikhathini esedlule, izigidi ezimbalwa zazo zazakhiwe esidlekeni sengxenye yaseYurophu yeRussian Federation.
Izici ezithinta kabi inani labantu be-bullfinch:
- ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlathi kwezomnotho / kwezokungcebeleka;
- ukuwohloka kwezimo zemvelo;
- ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwamahlathi - ama-conifers kuya kwabanamaqabunga amancane, lapho izinyoni zingakutholi khona ukudla nendawo yokuhlala;
- amazinga okushisa aphezulu / aphansi angajwayelekile.
Ngo-2015, kwashicilelwa Uhlu Olubomvu Lwezinyoni zaseYurophu (oluvela kubambiswano lwamazwe omhlaba lokuvikela imvelo nezinyoni i-BirdLife International), okwaphawula ukuphumelela okungenamibandela kwenye yezinhlangano zokongiwa maqondana ne-Azores bullfinch.
Lolu hlobo lwalusengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngenxa yezimila ezingaphandle ezagcwala esiqhingini saseSan Miguel, lapho kuhlala khona i-Azores bullfinch. I-BirdLife SPEA ikwazile ukubuyisa izinhlobo zomdabu zezitshalo ezisesiqhingini, ngenxa yokuthi inani lama-bullfinches lenyuke amahlandla ayi-10 (kusuka kuma-pair angama-40 kuye kwangama-400), nezinhlobo zashintsha isimo salo - "sisesimweni esibucayi" saphenduka saba "sesimweni esiyingozi".
