Enye yezinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke, eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezicashile esikhaleni sangemva kweSoviet yi-gyurza. Akamesabi umuntu futhi akaboni kunesidingo ukumesabisa, ehlasela ngokuzumayo futhi alume ngemiphumela emibi, kwesinye isikhathi ebulalayo.
Incazelo ye-gyurza
Igama eliphakathi kwesirhubuluzi yinyoka iLevantine... Ngempela, uvela ohlotsheni lwezinyoka ezinkulu, okuyingxenye yomndeni wezinyoka. E-Turkmenistan yaziwa njengenyoka yehhashi (at-ilan), e-Uzbekistan - njengenyoka eluhlaza (kok-ilan), negama elithi "gyurza", elijwayelene nendlebe yaseRussia, libuyela emuva kugurz yasePheresiya, okusho ukuthi "mace". Izazi ze-Herpetologists zisebenzisa igama lesiLatini elithi Macrovipera lebetina.
Ukubukeka
Yinyoka enkulu enekhanda elimise okomkhonto nesifonyo esihlabayo, akuvamile ukukhula ngaphezu kuka-1.75 m. Abesilisa bade futhi bakhulu kunabesifazane: eyokugcina ikhombisa ubude obulinganiselwa ku-1.3 m, kuyilapho eyokuqala ingekho ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1.6. Kusuka kwezinye izinyoka ziyi-gyurzu zihlukaniswa ngezikali ezincane ze-supraorbital. Inhloko ye-gyurza ipendwe nge-monochrome (ayikho iphethini) futhi embozwe ngezikali ezine-ribbed. Umbala wezilwane ezihuquzelayo uhluka ngendawo yokuhlala, uyivumele ukuthi ihlangane nendawo futhi ingabonakali ekuphangeni / ezitheni.
Umzimba ominyene omfushane uvame ukuba nombala onsundu ngokubomvu noma onesihlabathi esimpunga, uhlanjululwe ngezindawo ezinsundu ezigijima ngemuva. Izindawo ezincane ziyabonakala ezinhlangothini. Ingaphansi lomzimba lihlala lilula futhi ligcwele namabala amnyama. Ngokuvamile, "isudi" ye-gyurza inqunywa ukuhluka kwayo nokuxhuma kwayo endaweni ethile. Phakathi kwezinyoka zeLevantine, akuzona zonke ezifashiniwe, kukhona futhi ezinemonochromatic, nsundu noma emnyama, imvamisa enombala onsomi.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izinyoka zivuka entwasahlobo (Mashi-Ephreli), lapho nje umoya ufudumala kuze kufike ku- + 10 ° C. Abesilisa bavela kuqala, bese kuthi abesifazane baphume emva kwesonto. AmaGyurzas awayi ngokushesha ezindaweni zokuzingela ezijwayelekile, okwesikhathi esithile ethwebula ilanga kude buduze "namafulethi" asebusika. NgoMeyi, izinyoka zakwaLevantine zivame ukushiya izintaba, zehlele ezindaweni eziphansi ezimanzi. Lapha izinyoka zingena ngezizathu zokuzingela.
Ubuningi bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokwesiko buqashelwa kuma-oase, eduze nemifula neziphethu - i-gyurza iphuza amanzi amaningi futhi ithanda ukubhukuda, ngasikhathi sinye ibamba izinyoni eziningi. Ngokuqala kokushisa (kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti), izinyoka zishintshela kwimodi yasebusuku futhi zizingela kusihlwa, nasekuseni nasengxenyeni yokuqala yobusuku. Ukubona okuhle nomuzwa ojulile wephunga kusiza ukulandela inyamazane ebumnyameni. Bacasha ngokushisa kwasemini phakathi kwamatshe, otshanini obude, ezihlahleni nasemhosheni opholile. Ngentwasahlobo nasekwindla, ama-gyurza ayasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini.
Okubalulekile! Ngesimo sezulu esibandayo, izinyoka zakwaLevant zibuyela ezikhungweni zazo zasebusika, zizifihla ngazodwana noma ngokuhlanganyela (kufika kubantu abayi-12). Ebusika bahlala emigodini eshiywe dengwane, emifantwini nasezinqwabeni zamatshe. I-Hibernation iqala endaweni ethile ngoNovemba futhi iqeda ngoMashi-Ephreli.
I-Gyurza inokubukeka okukhohlisayo (obukhulu, njengokungathi bunqunywe emzimbeni), ngenxa yalokho inyoka ibhekwa njengokuhamba kancane nokuxakaniseka. Lo mbono ongamanga uye wehlisela phansi abathandi bezinkanyezi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, futhi ngisho nababambe izinyoka abanolwazi bebengahlali bevika i-gyurza ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Izazi ze-Herpetologists ziyazi ukuthi lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sihle kakhulu ekukhuphukeni kwezihlahla, sigxume futhi sihambe ngesivinini phansi, sikhasa ngokushesha sisuke engozini. Ukubona usongo, i-gyurza ayihlali ikhala ngokuzithandela, kepha ivame ukuhlasela ngokushesha, yenze ukuphosa okulingana nobude bomzimba wayo. Akuwona wonke umuntu obambayo angabamba i-gyurza enkulu ngesandla sakhe, ngokukhululeka akhulule ikhanda lakhe. Emizameni yokuphunyuka, inyoka ayiyigodli nokuyivikela imihlathi yayo engezansi, iyiluma ukuze ilimaze umuntu.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani igururza
Endle, izinyoka zeLevantine zihlala cishe iminyaka eyi-10, kepha ziphindwe kabili, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20 - ezimweni zokufakelwa... Kepha noma ngabe i-gyurza ihlala isikhathi esingakanani, ikhipha isikhumba sayo esidala kathathu ngonyaka - ngemuva nangaphambi kokulala, kanye naphakathi nehlobo (le molt iyakhethwa). Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisanda kuzalwa zikhipha isikhumba sazo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi ezihuquzelayo ezisencane kuze kube kasishiyagalombili ngonyaka.
Izici ezahlukahlukene zithinta ushintsho esikhathini se-molt:
- ukungabi nokudla, okuholela ekuqothulweni kwenyoka;
- ukugula nokulimala;
- ukuphola ngaphandle kwesizini, okucindezela umsebenzi we-gyurza;
- umswakama onganele.
Isimo sokugcina cishe sibalulekile ukuze i-molt iphumelele. Ngalesi sizathu, ehlobo / ekwindla, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zichitha kaningi emahoreni asekuseni, futhi zisuse isikhumba sazo ngemuva kwemvula.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma ingekho imvula isikhathi eside, i-gyurza icwiliswa ngamazolo, ilele emhlabathini omanzi noma icwiliswe emanzini, ngemuva kwalokho izikali ziyathamba futhi zihlukane kalula nomzimba.
Kuliqiniso, kusamele wenze umzamo: izinyoka zikhasa kakhulu otshanini, zizama ukushelela phakathi kwamatshe. Ngosuku lokuqala ngemuva kokuncibilika, i-gyurza ihlala endaweni yokukhosela noma ilele inganyakazi eduze kokukhasa kwayo (isikhumba esilahliwe).
Ubuthi beGyurza
Kufana kakhulu ekubunjweni / esenzweni kubuthi benyoka eyaduma kaRussel, edala ukungalawuleki kwegazi okungalawuleki (i-DIC), okuhambisana ne-edema ebabazekayo. IGyurza enesihlungu sayo esinamandla, ngokungafani nezinyoka eziningi, ayesabi abantu futhi ihlala ihlala endaweni yayo, ingakhaseli ikhava. Akajahi ukubaleka, kepha njengomthetho ubamba futhi ulinde ukuthuthukiswa kwemicimbi. Umhambi onganakile futhi othinte inyoka engahlosile ubeka engcupheni yokuhlushwa ukuphonswa nokulunywa ngokushesha.
Ngokushesha nangaphandle kokungabaza okukhulu, izinyoka zeLevantine ziluma izinogada nemfuyo edlelweni. Ngemuva kokulunywa yi-gyurza, izilwane cishe aziphili. Ukuthi ubuthi bungayithinta kanjani impilo yomuntu olunyiwe kuncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene - kumthamo wetyhefu ojojowe enxebeni, ekulungeni kwasendaweni, ekujuleni kokungena kwamazinyo, kepha futhi nasenhlalakahleni yomzimba / yengqondo yalowo ohlaselwe.
Isithombe sokudakwa yisici sobuthi bezinyoka zezinyoka futhi kufaka phakathi izimpawu ezilandelayo (ezimbili zokuqala ziyabonakala ezimweni ezimnene):
- ubuhlungu obukhulu;
- ukuvuvukala okukhulu endaweni yokuluma;
- ubuthakathaka nesiyezi;
- isicanucanu nokuphefumula okuncane;
- i-edema enkulu yokopha;
- ukujiya kwegazi okungalawuleki;
- ukulimala kwezitho zangaphakathi;
- izicubu necrosis esizeni sokulunywa.
Njengamanje, ubuthi be-gyurza bufakiwe ekwakhiweni kwemithi eminingana. IViprosal (ikhambi elidumile le-rheumatism / radiculitis) ikhiqizwa kusuka kubuthi be-gyurza, kanye nomuthi we-hemostatic Lebetox. Esesibili sifunwa kabanzi ekwelapheni i-hemophilia nasekwenzeni ukuhlinzwa kokuhlinzwa kwamathoni. Ukopha ngemuva kokusebenzisa iLebetox kuyeka kungakapheli umzuzu nohhafu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinga lokufa lokulunywa yi-gyurz yaseTranscaucasian icishe ibe ngu-10-15% (ngaphandle kokwelashwa). Njengekhambi, bangenisa i-polyvalent anti-snake serum noma i-antigyurza serum engenisiwe (ayisakhishwa eRussia). Ukuzelapha akuvunyelwe nakancane.
Izinhlobo ze-gyurza
I-taxonomy yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu, iqala ngombono wokuthi lonke uhla olukhulu luhlala ngohlobo olulodwa lwezinyoka ezinkulu. Emakhulwini XIX-XX. ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo banqume ukuthi hhayi eyodwa, kepha izinhlobo ezine ezihlobene - i-V. mauritanica, i-V. schweizeri, i-V. deserti ne-V. lebetina - zihlala eMhlabeni. Ngemuva kwalesi sigaba, yiVipera lebetina kuphela eyabizwa nge-gyurza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abezentela bafuya izinyoka kuhlobo lwezinyoka ezilula (iVipera), kanti igyurza yaba iMacrovipera.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngo-2001, ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwezakhi zofuzo, izinhlobo ezimbili zaseNyakatho Afrika ze-ghurz (M. deserti noM. Mauritanica) zabelwa uhlobo lohlobo lweDaboia, noma kunalokho kuxhaxha lwamaketanga (D. siamensis noD. Russeli) kanye nezinyoka zasePalestine (D. palestinae).
Kuze kube muva nje, odokotela be-herpetologists bahlonze ama-subspecies ama-5 we-gyurza, ama-3 awo atholakala eCaucasus / Central Asia (endaweni yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union). ERussia, i-gyurza yaseTranscaucasian ihlala, inezihlangu eziningi zesisu nokungabikho (inani elincane) lamabala amnyama esiswini.
Manje sekuyisiko ukukhuluma ngama-subspecies ayisithupha, okukodwa okusabuzwa ngakho:
- IMacrovipera lebetina lebetina - ihlala esiqhingini. ECyprus;
- IMacrovipera lebetina turanica (Central Asia gyurza) - ihlala eningizimu yeKazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Western Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan naseNorth West India;
- IMacrovipera lebetina obtusa (Transcaucasian gyurza) - ihlala eTranscaucasia, Dagestan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran naseSyria;
- IMacrovipera lebetina transmediterranea;
- IMacrovipera lebetina cernovi;
- IMacrovipera lebetina peilei yi-subspecies engaziwa.
Indawo yokuhlala
IGyurza inendawo enkulu - ithatha izindawo eziningi zaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, e-Asia (Ephakathi, eNingizimu naseNtshonalanga), iNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, iSyria, i-Iraq, i-Iran, iTurkey, iNtshonalanga yePakistan, i-Afghanistan, iNorth-West India kanye neziqhingi zoLwandle iMedithera.
IGyurza nayo itholakala esikhaleni sangemva kweSoviet - eCentral Asia naseTranscaucasia, kufaka phakathi i-Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan). Abantu abahlala bodwa baseGyurza nabo bahlala eDagestan... Ngenxa yokuqothulwa okuhlosiwe, zimbalwa kakhulu izinyoka ezisele eningizimu yeKazakhstan.
Okubalulekile! I-Gyurza ithanda ama-biotopes wezindawo ezingama-semi-desert, desert kanye nezintaba, lapho kunesisekelo sokudla esiningi ngohlobo lwama-voles, ama-gerbils nama-pikas. Ingakhuphuka izintaba ezifika ku-2.5 km (Pamir) futhi ifike ku-2 km ngaphezu kogu lolwandle (iTurkmenistan ne-Armenia).
Inyoka inamathela ezindaweni ezomile zomthambeka nasemithambekeni enezihlahlana, ikhetha amahlathi ezinkuni ama-pistachio, amabhange emisele yokunisela, amawa nezigodi zemifula, imihosha enemithombo nemifudlana. Imvamisa kukhasa emaphethelweni edolobha, kudonswa iphunga lamagundane nokuba khona kwezindawo zokukhosela.
Ukudla kwe-Gyurza
Ukuba khona kohlobo oluthile lwesidalwa esiphilayo ekudleni kuthonywe indawo yegyurza - kwezinye izifunda kuncika ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kwezinye kuthanda izinyoni. Ukukhonjiswa kokugcina kukhonjisiwe, ngokwesibonelo, yi-gyurz yase-Asia Ephakathi, engayishayi indiva noma iyiphi inyoni elingana nejuba.
Ukudla okujwayelekile kwe-gyurza kwenziwa ngezilwane ezilandelayo:
- ama-gerbils nama-voles;
- amagundane asendlini namagundane;
- ama-hamsters nama-jerboas;
- hares abasha;
- ama-hedgehogs namazinyane ezinkukhu;
- izimfudu ezincane nonogwala;
- ophuzi, ama-phalanges nezinyoka.
Ngendlela, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlaselwa ikakhulukazi yigyurza encane futhi elambile, engatholanga izinto ezikhangayo nezinama-khalori amaningi. Inyoka ibheka izinyoni ezindizele emgodini wokuchelela, zicashe ezihlahleni noma phakathi kwamatshe. Ngokushesha nje lapho inyoni ilahlekelwa ukuqapha kwayo, igyurza iyayibamba ngamazinyo ayo abukhali, kodwa ayikaze iyilandele uma owesifazane oneshwa ekwazi ukuphunyula. Kuyiqiniso, indiza ayihlali isikhathi eside - ngaphansi kwethonya lobuthi, isisulu siwela phansi sife.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inyoka egwinye isisulu sayo ithola umthunzi noma indawo yokukhosela efanele, ilele ukuze ingxenye yomzimba onesidumbu ngaphakathi ibe ngaphansi kwelanga. I-gyurza ephelele ayinyakazi izinsuku ezingama-3-4, igaya okuqukethwe esiswini.
Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi i-gyurza isiza ukonga izitshalo emasimini, iqeda inqwaba yezilokazane ezisebenzayo zezolimo, amagundane amancane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kwe-gyurza kuncike ebangeni lama-subspecies, isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu: ngokwesibonelo, izinyoka ezihlala phezulu ezintabeni ziqala ukuthandana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma intwasahlobo yinde futhi ibanda, izinyoka azijahi ukushiya izindawo zobusika, ezithinta isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwenzalo. Iningi labamele izinhlobo zezilwane ngo-Ephreli-Meyi ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezivumayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuya ocansini kwandulelwa yimidlalo yothando, lapho abalingani behlangana, belula cishe ikota yobude babo phezulu.
Akuzona zonke izinyoka zeLevantine ezi-oviparous - kuningi lobubanzi bazo ziyi-ovoviviparous. IGyurza iqala ukubeka amaqanda ngoJulayi - Agasti, izalela amaqanda ayi-6-43, kuya ngosayizi wowesifazane. Iqanda linesisindo esingu-10-20 g ngobubanzi obungu-20-54 mm. Ama-clutches anesizotha (amaqanda ayi-6-8 ngalinye) abonwa enyakatho yebanga, lapho kutholakala khona i-gyurzy encane kunazo zonke.
Ama-burrows alahliwe kanye nama-void amatshe aba yizifucumfucu, lapho amaqanda (kuya ngethempelesha lomoya) evuthwa izinsuku ezingama-40-50. Ipharamitha ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwemibungu umswakama, ngoba amaqanda ayakwazi ukuncela umswakama, anda ngobuningi. Kodwa umswakama ophezulu ulimaza kuphela - amafomu wesikhunta kugobolondo, futhi umbungu uyafa... Ukuchithwa kweMisa emaqandeni kwenzeka ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba. Ukuzala ku-gyurz akwenzeki ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-3-4.
Izitha zemvelo
Lesi sibankwa sibhekwa njengesitha esiyingozi kunazo zonke ze-gyurza, ngoba ayinaso nhlobo isifo esinobuthi. Kodwa izilwane ezinwabuzelayo nazo zizingelwa izilwane ezidla ezinye, ezingamiswa ngisho nethuba lokulunywa - amakati ehlathi, izimpisi, izimpungushe nezimpungushe. IGyurza ihlaselwa emoyeni - ama-buzzard asemaqeleni nabadla izinyoka babonakala kulokhu. Futhi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ikakhulukazi ezincane, zivame ukuphela etafuleni lezinye izinyoka.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zokonga azikhathali kangako ngezinyoka iLevant, uma kubhekwa ukuthi inani labantu emhlabeni likhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isiphetho sisekelwa yizibalo: endaweni ejwayelekile ye-gurz kunezinyoka ezi-4 ngehektha elilodwa, futhi eduze kwamachibi emvelo (ngo-Agasti-Septhemba) kufika kubantu abangama-20 abathola ihektha ngalinye.
Noma kunjalo, kwezinye izindawo (kufaka phakathi indawo yaseRussia ebangeni), imfuyo yaseGyurza yehle ngokusobala ngenxa yomsebenzi wezomnotho womuntu kanye nokubanjwa okungalawuleki kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Izinyoka zaqala ukunyamalala ngobuningi ezindaweni zazo, lapho uhlobo lweMacrovipera lebetina lwalufakwa eRed Book of Kazakhstan (isigaba II) kanye naseDagestan (II isigaba), kanye nokufakwa kuhlobo olusha lweRed Book of the Russian Federation (isigaba sesithathu).
