Amaxoxo (Rana) yigama elisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi lisabalele elihlanganisa lonke iqembu lezilwane eziku-oda lama-amphibian angenamsila. Ngomqondo obanzi, leli gama lisebenza kunoma yibaphi abamele abangaphansi kwe-Tailless oda, futhi ngomqondo omncane, igama lisebenza kuphela emndenini wamaxoxo weqiniso.
Incazelo yamaxoxo
Ngokuphelele noma yibaphi abamele amaxoxo bahlukaniswa ngokungabikho kwentamo eveziwe, futhi ikhanda lezilwane ezinjalo zasemanzini libonakala likhula kanye nomzimba omfishane futhi obanzi ngokwanele. Ukungabikho ngokuphelele komsila emaxoxo kubonakala ngqo egameni le-oda, elihlanganisa wonke ama-amphibian. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaxoxo anombono owehlukile, ngakho-ke awawavali amehlo ngesikhathi sokulala, futhi ayakwazi nokubheka phambili, phezulu nangasohlangothini ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukubukeka
Ixoxo linekhanda elikhulu futhi eliyisicaba, ohlangothini lwamehlo aphumile atholakala.... Kanye namanye ama-vertebrate asemhlabeni, amaxoxo anamajwabu aphezulu nangaphezulu. Ulwelwesi olucwayizayo lutholakala ngaphansi kwejwabu leso elingezansi le-amphibian, elibizwa ngokuthi "ijwabu leso lesithathu". Ngemuva kwamehlo e-amphibian kunendawo ekhethekile embozwe isikhumba esincane, esibizwa nge-eardrum. Amakhala amabili anama-valve akhethekile atholakala ngaphezu komlomo omkhulu onamazinyo amancane.
Izidladla zexoxo zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezinzwane ezine ezifushane. Imilenze yangemuva yesilwane inamandla futhi ithuthuke kahle, ifakwe izinzwane ezinhlanu, isikhala esiphakathi kwaso siqiniswe ulwelwesi olunesikhumba. Uzipho alukho ngokuphelele eminweni yesilwane. Ingxenye kuphela yokuphuma itholakala esifundeni esingemuva somzimba wexoxo futhi imelwe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvulwa kwe-cloacal. Umzimba wexoxo umbozwe ngesikhumba esingenalutho, sigcotshwe ngokweqile ngamafinyila akhethekile, afihlwe kakhulu yizindlala ezithile ezikhethekile ezingaphansi kwesilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubukhulu bamaxoxo buxhomeke ezinhlotsheni, ngakho-ke amaxoxo aseYurophu kaningi awadluli i-decimeter eyodwa, kanti amaxoxo ase-goliath ase-Afrika ayizinhlobo zabaphethe amarekhodi ngobukhulu, ngakho-ke, lapho eyingxenye yemitha, anesisindo samakhilogremu ambalwa.
Ubukhulu bexoxo elikhulile buyehluka kakhulu kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kepha imvamisa iyahluka phakathi kuka-0.8-32 cm. Umbala wesikhumba nawo uhluke kakhulu futhi ungamelwa ngombala onsundu, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani noma ongajwayelekile. Amalungu amaningi omndeni akhetha ukuzifihla njengezitshalo ezinotshani, amahlamvu noma amagatsha, ngakho-ke anesikhumba sombala oluhlaza okotshani, ompunga noboya obumpunga.
Sincoma futhi: yehluka kanjani iselesele kuleselesele
Umbala wempi, njengomthetho, ukhombisa ubuthi bexoxo, obuchazwa ngokuba khona kwezindlala ezikhethekile esikhunjeni ezikhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi nezingozi empilweni yabantu noma yezilwane. Amanye amaxoxo alingisa kalula, alingisa izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini eziyingozi ukuze abalekele ezitheni.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Amaxoxo ayakwazi ukuhamba kahle emhlabathini, futhi enze ukugxuma okukhulu nje, ukukhuphuka imiqhele yezihlahla ezinde nokumba imigodi engaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo zibonakaliswa ngokwazi hhayi kuphela ukubhukuda ngokuphelele, kepha futhi nokugijima, ukuhamba, ukukhuphuka ngokushesha ezihlahleni ngisho nokundiza kalula ukusuka ekuphakameni.
Isici esithakazelisa kakhulu samaxoxo ukumuncwa komoya-mpilo ngesikhumba. Le nqubo yenziwa ngempumelelo emhlabeni noma emanzini, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane singokwesigaba sama-amphibians. Noma kunjalo, amaxoxo amakhambi aseYurophu, aziwa kakhulu ezweni lethu, asondela emizimbeni yamanzi kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okusebenzayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinkomba zomsebenzi zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezinhlobonhlobo zihluke kakhulu, ngakho-ke eyodwa yalezi zasemanzini ithanda ukuzingela kuphela ebusuku, kepha kukhona abamele abakhaliphile abahlala bengakhathali amahora angamashumi amabili nane ngosuku.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi amaphaphu ayadingeka kumaxoxo ukuze enze imisindo ephezulu kakhulu nehlukile ebizwa ngokuthi yi-croaking.... Amabhamuza omsindo nama-resonator asiza i-amphibian ukuthi ikhiqize imisindo ebanzi kakhulu, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuheha abobulili obuhlukile ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, amaxoxo abantu abadala asula isikhumba sabo, okungesona isitho esidingekayo empilweni yesilwane sasemanzini, bese besidla ngokulindela ukuvuseleleka kokuqina kwesikhumba okusha. Ngendlela yokuphila, wonke amaxoxo wangempela ahlala yedwa, athambekele ekufudukeni kwesikhashana emabangeni amafushane kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Izinhlobo ezihlala endaweni epholile zingena ebusika lapho kuqala ubusika.
Mangaki amasele ahlala
Izilwane ezihlukile, ezimele kakhulu i-oda Ama-amphibians angenamsila, anempilo ehlukile. Ukuzimisela kwayo ku-vivo kwenziwa ngendlela ye-skeletochronology, eyenza sikwazi ukuhlola kahle izinga lokukhula komuntu ngamunye nokuqala kwesikhathi sokuthomba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kososayensi, ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zamaxoxo iphila emvelweni isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, kepha ukubonwa okuningi kukhombisile ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile nezinhlobonhlobo ezinomjikelezo wokuphila weminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
I-dimorphism yezocansi ehlala njalo neyonyaka iyisici esivamile kuma-amphibian amaningi, kufaka phakathi ezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo. Kwamanye amaxoxo ama-dart anobuthi, ukwanda kwamapayipi abesilisa kuyisici, okusetshenziswa ama-amphibians lapho ushaya phansi futhi kunomthelela ekuheheni abesifazane. Abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo bahlukaniswa ngama-eardrum akhuliswe kakhulu. I-dimorphism yesizini ibangelwa ukuba khona kwamahomoni okuthiwa yi-gonadotropic emzimbeni wesilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kunezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ekuhlolweni okubukwayo okungenakwenzeka ukunquma ubulili ngokuya ngesici esisodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuqhathanisa izici eziningana ze-morphological ngasikhathi sinye.
Esinye sezici zocansi ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu nezimenyezwayo eziyizimpawu zamaxoxo wesilisa simelelwa ngokwakhiwa kwamaphakethe wokukhwelana njengempendulo yezinguquko kusizinda se-hormonal yamasende.
Exoxo, amaphedi anjalo akhiwa engxenyeni engezansi yezingalo zangaphambili, eminweni nasoduzane nomlomo, ngenxa yokuthi wonke amaduna avuthiwe ngokobulili ahlala ehlangene nowesifazane noma ngokunyakaza okunamandla kwamanzi noma ukuhlaselwa kwezinye izilwane.
Izinhlobo zexoxo
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-550 zama-amphibian ezibizwa ngamaxoxo.... Amaxoxo Omndeni Wangempela amelwe yimikhaya eminingana ngasikhathi sinye: ihlathi lase-Afrika, i-discopal ne-toad-like, imfushane futhi ingokoqobo, kanye namaxoxo anesihlangu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zithandwa ngendlela emangalisayo ngama-amphibian asendlini futhi zigcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Izinhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zilethwa:
- Ixoxo lesihlahla saseDominican;
- Ixoxo lesihlahla lase-Australia;
- amanye amaxoxo ama-dart noma amaxoxo anobuthi;
- ixoxo elibushelelezi noma ixoxo le-aibolite;
- ixoxo lesihlahla esinamehlo abomvu;
- ixoxo lesiziba;
- ixoxo elibukeka libukhali;
- ugaliki.
Izinhlobo zexoxo ezingajwayelekile kakhulu namuhla zifaka phakathi ixoxo esobala noma lengilazi, ixoxo elinobuthi likakhokho, amasele anoboya futhi andizayo, ixoxo lenkunzi, kanye nexoxo elicijile nexoxo elikhombe lesihlahla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinhlobo zingaba nokwehluka okuphawulekayo esakhiweni. Isibonelo, amaxoxo we-copepod anamaqaba, njengokungathi umzimba ochotshoziwe, kuyilapho amaxoxo wengulube, ngokuphambene nalokho, ebonakala ngomzimba ovuvukile.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Vertebrate asabalalele cishe kuwo wonke amazwe nasemazwenikazi, futhi atholakala naseqhweni lase-Arctic. Kepha amaxoxo akhetha kakhulu izindawo ezingamahlathi ezishisayo, lapho kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo nezinhlobo zasemanzini ezinjalo. Amaxoxo ikakhulukazi ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi amasha.
Amaxoxo angempela angamalungu omndeni we-Tailless Amphibian (Anura), acishe atholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Melika, eningizimu ye-Australia naseNew Zealand. Izwe lethu liphethwe yixoxo elijwayelekile lotshani (iRana temporaria) kanye nexoxo lesiziba (iRana esculenta).
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwama-subspecies nezinhlobo zamaxoxo kungancishiswa yizimbangela zemvelo, kufaka phakathi imifula, izintaba nezingwadule, kanye nezinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezifana nemigwaqo emikhulu nemisele.
Ezimweni ezishisayo, ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zasemanzini kukhulu kakhulu kunezindawo ezibonakaliswa yizimo ezibandayo noma ezipholile. Izinhlobo ezithile nezinhlobonhlobo zamaxoxo ziyakwazi ukuhlala ngisho emanzini anosawoti noma ngale kwe-Arctic Circle.
Ukudla kwamaxoxo
Amaxoxo angcolisayo angaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezidlayo... Ama-amphibians anjalo adla ngenjabulo enkulu inani elikhulu lomiyane, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimvemvane nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezincane. Ikakhulukazi abantu abadala abadala abayinambuzane abayideleli inyamazane ebabazekayo ngosayizi, engamelwa yizinhlobo ezithile zamaxoxo ezilwane nezihlobo zazo ezincanyana.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amaxoxo ezinhlobo eziningi asiza kakhulu abantu. Bacekela phansi futhi badle izikelemu eziningi, izimbungulu nezinambuzane eziyingozi futhi eziyingozi kubantu nasezitshalweni.
Ukuzingela izisulu zabo kwenziwa amasele esebenzisa ulimi olunamathelayo nolude ngokwanele, olubamba ngobunyoninco ama-midge, ojekamanzi, amabhu nezinye izilwane ezinamaphiko ngqo endizeni. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezikhona njengamanje nama-subspecies amaxoxo, ama-omnivorous amphibians nawo ayaziwa, asebenzisa izithelo noma amajikijolo ngenjabulo ukudla.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzalisa ama-amphibian asezindaweni ezishisayo siwela ngenkathi yemvula, futhi noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni epholile zizala kuphela entwasahlobo, ngemuva nje kokuvuka ebusika. Ngokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, amaxoxo akha amaqoqo amakhulu lapho wonke amadoda ethanda ukuhlala emagqumeni noma kuma-hummock. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane "zicula" kakhulu, futhi ukukhala okwedlula lokhu kwabesilisa kudonsela abesifazane kahle.
Ezesilisa ezigibela ngemuva kwezinsikazi zivundisa amaqanda aphonswa emanzini bese ezula abe izigaxa eziyindilinga neziminyene. Ngenkathi yokuzala, ukubamba amaxoxo ahlala eNingizimu Afrika kudedela amafinyila agcwele kakhulu futhi anamagwebu, amboza wonke amaqanda. Ngemuva kokuba uketshezi olugwebu seluqinile, kwakheka uhlobo lwesidleke ezitshalweni, ngaphakathi lapho amaqanda afukanyelwa khona bese izibungu zichanyuselwa.
Amaxoxo ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene abeka inani elihlukile lamaqanda, angahluka kusuka kwamayunithi amaningana kuya emaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokufukamela amaqanda sincike ngqo kumbuso wokushisa kwemvelo, kepha imvamisa kusuka ezinsukwini ezintathu kuya kweziyishumi. Izibungu zesilwane sasemanzini zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho ziqala ziphenduke onoshobishobi, kuthi emuva kwesikhashana zibe amaselesele amancane. Isikhathi sokuthuthuka esijwayelekile sithatha izinsuku ezingama-40-120.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kumaxoxo, noma imiphi imizwa yezihlobo ayihlukile, ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezinkulu zivame ukuzingela ama-amphibian amancane noma zidle inzalo yazo, kepha ama-bullfrogs amadala ahlala ebhukuda ekhala ezinganeni zawo futhi axoshe noma adle owonile.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zamaxoxo zimelwe yimibungu, izibungu zamabhungane okubhukuda nojekamanzi, kanye nezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye, kufaka phakathi i-pike perch, perch, bream, pike kanye ne-catfish. Futhi, amaxoxo azingelwa ngenkuthalo ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kufaka phakathi izinyoka nezinyoka. Ama-Amphibian ajwayele ukuba yizisulu zikanogolantethe nabantu abadala, amagwababa namagwababa ezinyoni zasemanzini, ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ezibandakanya i-desman, amagundane nama-muskrats, ama-shrews kanye nabamele ama-mustelids.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukwehla okukhulu kwenani eliphelele lamaxoxo... Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu zalesi simo esibi kangaka ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okubonakalayo kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane.
Ikakhulu okubhubhisayo futhi okuyingozi kubantu beselesele izifo ezithathelwanayo, ezimelelwa yi-chytridiomycosis ne-ranavirus. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ama-amphibian ngokuvamile, kanye namanye amaxoxo ikakhulukazi, azwela kakhulu ekungcoleni okukhulu kwemvelo, ngenxa yesikhumba esingenayo nezici zomjikelezo wempilo.
